Molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses of Oidium heveae, a powdery mildew of rubber tree

Powdery mildew of rubber tree caused by Oidium heveae is an important disease of rubber plantations worldwide. Identification and classification of this fungus is still uncertain because there is no authoritative report of its morphology and no record of its teleomorphic stage. In this study, we compared five specimens of the rubber powdery mildew fungus collected in Malaysia, Thailand, and Brazil based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Morphological results showed that the fungus on rubber tree belongs to Oidium subgen. Pseudoidium. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the large subunit rRNA gene (28S rDNA) were conducted to determine the relationships of the rubber powdery mildew fungus and to link this anamorphic fungus with its allied teleomorph. The results showed that the rDNA sequences of the two specimens from Malaysia were identical to a specimen from Thailand, whereas they differed by three bases from the two Brazilian isolates: one nucleotide position in the ITS2 and two positions in the 28S sequences. The ITS sequences of the two Brazilian isolates were identical to sequences of Erysiphe sp. on Quercus phillyraeoides collected in Japan, although the 28S sequences differed at one base from sequences of this fungus. Phylogenetic trees of both rDNA regions constructed by the distance and parsimony methods showed that the rubber powdery mildew fungus grouped with Erysiphe sp. on Q. phillyraeoides with 100% bootstrap support. Comparisons of the anamorph of two isolates of Erysiphe sp. from Q. phillyraeoides with the rubber mildew did not reveal any obvious differences between the two powdery mildew taxa, which suggests that O. heveae may be an anamorph of Erysiphe sp. on Q. phillyraeoides. Cross-inoculation tests are required to substantiate this conclusion. © The Mycological Society of Japan and Springer-Verlag 2005.

Espacios iberoamericanos: la economía del conocimiento

Incluye Bibliografía

Juventud, clases medias y educación en América Latina: la evidencia en PISA

Incluye Bibliografía

Sistema de indicadores para el seguimiento y la evaluación de las metas del programa de acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo para los Países de América Latina y el Caribe

Incluye Bibliografía

Gastroprotective mechanisms of the chloroform and ethyl acetate phases of Praxelis clematidea (Griseb.) R.M.King & H.Robinson (Asteraceae)

Flavonoid-rich Praxelis clematidea (Griseb.) R.M.King & H.Robinson (Asteraceae) is a native plant of South America. This study evaluates the gastroprotective activity and possible mechanisms for both the chloroform (CHCl3P) and ethyl acetate phases (AcOEtP) obtained from aerial parts of the plant. The activity was investigated using acute models of gastric ulcer. Gastric secretion biochemical parameters were determined after pylorus ligature. The participation of cytoprotective factors such as mucus, nitric oxide (NO), sulfhydryl (SH) groups, prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), reduction of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde level), and polymorphonuclear infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity), was also investigated. CHCl3P (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) and AcOEtP (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg) showed significant gastroprotective activity, reducing the ulcerative index by 75, 83, 88 % and 66, 66, 81 % for ethanol; 67, 67, 56 % and 56, 53, 58 % for a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID); and 74, 58, 59 % and 64, 65, 61 % for stress-induced gastric ulcer, respectively. CHCl3P (125 mg/kg) and AcOEtP (62.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced the ulcerative area by 78 and 83 %, respectively, for the ischemia-reperfusion model. They also did not alter the biochemical parameters of gastric secretion, the GSH level or the activities of SOD, GPx or GR. They increased the quantity of gastric mucus, not dependent on NO, yet dependent on SH groups, and maintained PGE2 levels. The P. clematidea phases demonstrated gastroprotective activity related to cytoprotective factors. © 2012 The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy and Springer.

Temario provisional anotado

Incluye Bibliografía

Provisional annotated agenda

Includes bibliography

La economía de América Latina y el Caribe en 1983: evolución general, crisis y procesos de ajuste = Economy of Latin America and the Caribbean in 1983: main trends, the impact of the crisis and the adjustment processes

Incluye Bibliografía

El dinamismo de las agriculturas asiáticas. El caso de China e India

Incluye Bibliografía

Sistema de planificación local para la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina

Incluye Bibliografía

Sólitons e caos em teorias de campos: um estudo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Fronteiras em construção: representações de migrantes brasileiros na Guiana Francesa

Tem como objetivo central perceber, através de narrativas de migrantes que vivem na Guiana Francesa, algumas representações ao serem classificados como migrantes e/ou estrangeiros, em um processo que considera a construção de estratégias na vivência cotidiana. Neste contexto, examinaram-se as relações entre migrantes de diferentes países e a construção de espaços marcados pela diversidade, revelando identidades e percepções acerca das relações de conflito, solidariedades e alteridades entre o eu e o outro. A investigação vem sendo realizada desde o ano de 2005, com migrantes, sobretudo brasileiros que vivem de forma legalizada ou clandestina no Departamento Ultramarino Francês. Este artigo decorre de pesquisa etnográfica com migrantes brasileiros em situação legalizada e clandestina na Guiana Francesa, pretende levar esta investigação de vivências e identidades migrantes numa perspectiva mais ampla e comparativa.

As funções da definição nos dicionários bilíngües

Definições adequadas têm sido um desafio para os lexicógrafos há séculos. A busca de padrões de definição revelou que as exigências variam em função da classe gramatical e da freqüência das palavras. Após o advento dos dicionários bilíngües que apresentam definições, mais popularmente conhecidos como “semibilíngües”, pode-se observar que a definição tem, nos dicionários bilíngües, papéis distintos dos que tem nos dicionários monolíngües. Entender esses papéis é um dos fatores que capacitam o lexicógrafo a incluir, nos dicionários bilíngües, definições que atendam as necessidades do público a que se destinam.

Exercise training decreases mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 expression and suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis in obese mice

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)