Accelerometer data reduction : a comparison of four reduction algorithms on select outcome variables

Purpose Accelerometers are recognized as a valid and objective tool to assess free-living physical activity. Despite the widespread use of accelerometers, there is no standardized way to process and summarize data from them, which limits our ability to compare results across studies. This paper a) reviews decision rules researchers have used in the past, b) compares the impact of using different decision rules on a common data set, and c) identifies issues to consider for accelerometer data reduction. Methods The methods sections of studies published in 2003 and 2004 were reviewed to determine what decision rules previous researchers have used to identify wearing period, minimal wear requirement for a valid day, spurious data, number of days used to calculate the outcome variables, and extract bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). For this study, four data reduction algorithms that employ different decision rules were used to analyze the same data set. Results The review showed that among studies that reported their decision rules, much variability was observed. Overall, the analyses suggested that using different algorithms impacted several important outcome variables. The most stringent algorithm yielded significantly lower wearing time, the lowest activity counts per minute and counts per day, and fewer minutes of MVPA per day. An exploratory sensitivity analysis revealed that the most stringent inclusion criterion had an impact on sample size and wearing time, which in turn affected many outcome variables. Conclusions These findings suggest that the decision rules employed to process accelerometer data have a significant impact on important outcome variables. Until guidelines are developed, it will remain difficult to compare findings across studies

Geminin and Brahma act antagonistically to regulate EGFR–Ras–MAPK signaling in Drosophila

Geminin was identified in Xenopus as a dual function protein involved in the regulation of DNA replication and neural differentiation. In Xenopus, Geminin acts to antagonize the Brahma (Brm) chromatin-remodeling protein, Brg1, during neural differentiation. Here, we investigate the interaction of Geminin with the Brm complex during Drosophila development. We demonstrate that Drosophila Geminin (Gem) interacts antagonistically with the Brm–BAP complex during wing development. Moreover, we show in vivo during wing development and biochemically that Brm acts to promote EGFR–Ras–MAPK signaling, as indicated by its effects on pERK levels, while Gem opposes this. Furthermore, gem and brm alleles modulate the wing phenotype of a Raf gain-of-function mutant and the eye phenotype of a EGFR gain-of-function mutant. Western analysis revealed that Gem over-expression in a background compromised for Brm function reduces Mek (MAPKK/Sor) protein levels, consistent with the decrease in ERK activation observed. Taken together, our results show that Gem and Brm act antagonistically to modulate the EGFR–Ras–MAPK signaling pathway, by affecting Mek levels during Drosophila development.

Mitochondrial genome acquisition restores respiratory function and tumorigenic potential of cancer cells without mitochondrial DNA

We report that tumor cells devoid of their mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) show delayed tumor growth and that tumor formation is associated with acquisition of mtDNA from host cells. This leads to partial recovery of mitochondrial function in cells derived from primary tumors grown from cells without mtDNA and a shorter lag in tumor growth. Cell lines from circulating tumor cells showed further recovery of mitochondrial respiration and an intermediate lag to tumor growth, while cells from lung metastases exhibited full restoration of respiratory function and no lag in tumor growth. Stepwise assembly of mitochondrial respiratory supercomplexes was correlated with acquisition of respiratory function. Our findings indicate horizontal transfer of mtDNA from host cells in the tumor microenvironment to tumor cells with compromised respiratory function to re-establish respiration and tumor-initiating efficacy. These results suggest a novel pathophysiological process for overcoming mtDNA damage and support the notion of high plasticity of malignant cells.

Now you're talking

Undergraduate medical imaging students at an urban Australian university attend their first clinical placement towards the end of Semester two in their first year. While they often have a great deal of contextual knowledge and targeted theoretical learning prior to their first clinical placement, many of them are unfamiliar with the dynamics of a hospital environment. With the increase in online communication platforms, there was a concern that face-to-face clinical communication skills were becoming a source of anxiety for students, especially prior to their first clinical placements. Given the impact of anxiety on communication, reducing communication-related apprehension was considered a programme priority. A pilot series of scenario-based tutorials was implemented in the general radiography unit for the first year students.

Total transcriptome, proteome, and allergome of Johnson grass pollen, which is important for allergic rhinitis in subtropical regions

Background Genomic data are lacking for many allergen sources. To circumvent this limitation, we implemented a strategy to reveal the repertoire of pollen allergens of a grass with clinical importance in subtropical regions, where an increasing proportion of the world's population resides. Objective We sought to identify and immunologically characterize the allergenic components of the Panicoideae Johnson grass pollen (JGP; Sorghum halepense). Methods The total pollen transcriptome, proteome, and allergome of JGP were documented. Serum IgE reactivities with pollen and purified allergens were assessed in 64 patients with grass pollen allergy from a subtropical region. Results Purified Sor h 1 and Sor h 13 were identified as clinically important allergen components of JGP with serum IgE reactivity in 49 (76%) and 28 (43.8%), respectively, of patients with grass pollen allergy. Within whole JGP, multiple cDNA transcripts and peptide spectra belonging to grass pollen allergen families 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, and 25 were identified. Pollen allergens restricted to subtropical grasses (groups 22-24) were also present within the JGP transcriptome and proteome. Mass spectrometry confirmed the IgE-reactive components of JGP included isoforms of Sor h 1, Sor h 2, Sor h 13, and Sor h 23. Conclusion Our integrated molecular approach revealed qualitative differences between the allergenic components of JGP and temperate grass pollens. Knowledge of these newly identified allergens has the potential to improve specific diagnosis and allergen immunotherapy treatment for patients with grass pollen allergy in subtropical regions and reduce the burden of allergic respiratory disease globally.

Double diffusive Marangoni convection flow of electrically conducting fluid in a square cavity with chemical reaction

Double diffusive Marangoni convection flow of viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid in a square cavity is studied in this paper by taking into consideration of the effect of applied magnetic field in arbitrary direction and the chemical reaction. The governing equations are solved numerically by using alternate direct implicit (ADI) method together with the successive over relaxation (SOR) technique. The flow pattern with the effect of governing parameters, namely the buoyancy ratio W, diffusocapillary ratio w, and the Hartmann number Ha, is investigated. It is revealed from the numerical simulations that the average Nusselt number decreases; whereas the average Sherwood number increases as the orientation of magnetic field is shifted from horizontal to vertical. Moreover, the effect of buoyancy due to species concentration on the flow is stronger than the one due to thermal buoyancy. The increase in diffusocapillary parameter, w caus

Founder p.Arg 446* mutation in the PDHX gene explains over half of cases with congenital lactic acidosis in Roma children

Investigation of 31 of Roma patients with congenital lactic acidosis (CLA) from Bulgaria identified homozygosity for the R446* mutation in the PDHX gene as the most common cause of the disorder in this ethnic group. It accounted for around 60% of patients in the study and over 25% of all CLA cases referred to the National Genetic Laboratory in Bulgaria. The detection of a homozygous patient from Hungary and carriers among population controls from Romania and Slovakia suggests a wide spread of the mutation in the European Roma population. The clinical phenotype of the twenty R446* homozygotes was relatively homogeneous, with lactic acidosis crisis in the first days or months of life as the most common initial presentation (15/20 patients) and delayed psychomotor development and/or seizures in infancy as the leading manifestations in a smaller group (5/20 patients). The subsequent clinical picture was dominated by impaired physical growth and a very consistent pattern of static cerebral palsy-like encephalopathy with spasticity and severe to profound mental retardation seen in over 80% of cases. Most patients had a positive family history. We propose testing for the R446* mutation in PDHX as a rapid first screening in Roma infants with metabolic acidosis. It will facilitate and accelerate diagnosis in a large proportion of cases, allow early rehabilitation to alleviate the chronic clinical course, and prevent further affected births in high-risk families.

Impaired physical function associated with childhood obesity: How should we intervene?

- Background This study examined relationships between adiposity, physical functioning and physical activity. - Methods Obese (N=107) and healthy-weight (N=132) children aged 10-13 years underwent assessments of percent body fat (%BF, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), knee extensor strength (KE, isokinetic dynamometry), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF, peak oxygen uptake by cycle ergometry), physical health-related quality of life (HRQOL), worst pain intensity and walking capacity [six-minute walk (6MWT)]. Structural equation modelling was used to assess relationships between variables. - Results Moderate relationships were observed between %BF and 6MWT, KE strength corrected for mass and CRF relative to mass (r -.36 to -.69, P≤.007). Weak relationships were found between: %BF and physical HRQOL (r -.27, P=.008); CRF relative to mass and physical HRQOL (r -.24, P=.003); physical activity and 6MWT (r .17, P=.004). Squared multiple correlations showed that 29.6% variance in physical HRQOL was explained by %BF, pain and CRF relative to mass, while 28% variance in 6MWT was explained by %BF and physical activity. - Conclusions It appears that children with a higher body fat percentage have poorer KE strength, CRF and overall physical functioning. Reducing percent fat appears to be the best target to improve functioning. However, a combined approach to intervention, targeting reductions in body fat percentage, pain and improvements in physical activity and CRF may assist physical functioning.

Exploring primary school sex education in Greece : policies and praxis

This study examines how sex education is currently developed and implemented in Greek primary schools. The four publications that comprise it explore the following themes: (1) the position and visibility of sex education as one of the topics for health education programme development; (2) the inhibiting and enhancing factors in the development and implementation of primary school sex education programmes; (3) how issues of sex, sexuality, the human body and romantic relationships are visually and textually represented in primary school textbooks; (4) the impact of sex education on teachers and pupils; and (5) teachers experiences as practitioners who deal with sexuality- related issues at school. -- The research was based on conducting multiple sub-studies using a mixed-methods approach. Specifically, qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed. The initial quantitative data that had been obtained by questionnaire was followed by the collection and analysis of qualitative data. The qualitative data were acquired by way of examining one particular case, various texts, interviews with teachers and self-reflective material. The results of the sub-studies are presented in a more detailed manner in the study s four publications. -- In general, the sub-studies found that sex education as an educational activity occupies a marginal place within the instructional practices of Greek primary school teachers, since the subject is hardly mentioned in classroom material, such as textbooks. However, engaging in the provision of sex education programmes can become a meaningful and rewarding experience for many teachers as well as pupils and their families. Further, teachers classroom experiences pointed to school settings as sexualized environments. These contextual factors and conditions nevertheless affected teachers practices and perceptions on a personal and professional level.Health indicators in Greece provide a picture of a population that faces various sexual health related problems. However, as many studies (including this work) indicate, sex education programmes that meet specific standards can have a positive impact on students overall health and well-being. Sex education teaching has always been a controversial issue. Its successful implementation in Greece demands knowledgeable educators and responsible policy-makers. The findings of this study suggest that the content of Greek primary school textbooks needs to be revised in order to include texts and pictures that deal with the human body and human sexuality, encourage pupils to become involved in designing the content and methods of programmes and give teachers the opportunity to reflect on and discuss their experiences. Keywords: sex education, primary school, Greece

Non-monotonic, distance-dependent relaxation of water in reverse micelles: Propagation of surface induced frustration along hydrogen bond networks

Layer-wise, distance-dependent orientational relaxation of water confined in reverse micelles (RM) is studied using theoretical and computational tools. We use both a newly constructed ``spins on a ring'' (SOR) Ising-type model (with Shore-Zwanzig rotational dynamics) and atomistic simulations with explicit water. Our study explores the effect of reverse micelle size and role of intermolecular correlations, compromised by the presence of a highly polar surface, on the distance (from the interface) dependence of water relaxation. The ``spins on a ring'' model can capture some aspects of distance dependence of relaxation, such as acceleration of orientational relaxation at intermediate layers. In atomistic simulations, layer-wise decomposition of hydrogen bond formation pattern clearly reveals that hydrogen bond arrangement of water at a certain distance away from the surface can remain frustrated due to the interaction with the polar surface head groups. This layer-wise analysis also reveals the presence of a non-monotonic slow relaxation component which can be attributed to this frustration effect and which is accentuated in small to intermediate size RMs. For large size RMs, the long time component decreases monotonically from the interface to the interior of the RMs with slowest relaxation observed at the interface. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4732095]

Effect of compressibility on the velocity gradient tensor at free shear flow boundaries

Analyses of the invariants of the velocity gradient ten- sor were performed on flow fields obtained by DNS of compressible plane mixing layers at convective Mach num- bers Mc=0:15 and 1.1. Joint pdfs of the 2nd and 3rd invariants were examined at turbulent/nonturbulent (T/NT) boundaries—defined as surfaces where the local vorticity first exceeds a threshold fraction of the maximum of the mean vorticity. By increasing the threshold from very small lev-els, the boundary points were moved closer into the turbulent region, and the effects on the pdfs of the invariants were ob-served. Generally, T/NT boundaries are in sheet-like regions at both Mach numbers. At the higher Mach number a distinct lobe appears in the joint pdf isolines which has not been ob-served/reported before. A connection to the delayed entrain-ment and reduced growth rate of the higher Mach number flow is proposed.

Determinación del manejo reproductivo y ciclo de puesta de las gallinas de patio en tres comunidades del municipio de El Sauce, León, Nicaragua

León, Nicaragua; con el objetivo de determinar las principales actividades de manejo reproductivo y comportamiento de postura de las gallinas criadas en libertad, se realizó el presente trabajo, el cual incluyó dos fases. La primera fase consistió en el levantamiento de encuestas en el entorno (3 comunidades del municipio de El Sauce, León) y la segunda fase comprendió el seguimiento en campo como fase principal del trabajo En la primera fase a través de la encuesta, se determinó el tipo de gallina que dedican las campesinas a la postura, el tamaño y forma del huevo para incubar, manejo de las gallinas en el período de clueques, criterios de selección de la vida útil de las aves. Encontrándose que el 76% de las productoras escogen las gallinas dependiendo del peso y su habilidad materna, y de la misma manera resultó que el 69% de las mismas realizan selección huevos normales o uniformes para incubar. En relación al manejo de la gallina en el período de clueques se encontró que el 85% de las productoras no les brindan ninguna atención especial, el 62% no realizan tratamiento anticlueques, el 70 % no preparan nidos y un 85% sólo realizan una de las actividades mencionadas. Con respecto a los criterios de selección de la vida útil de la gallina, el 70% de las productoras deciden que sus gallinas han llegado al final de su vida útil generalmente en el último período de mayor demanda de aves en el mercado. En la parte central de la investigación o segunda fase, la recolección de los datos se realizó diario, a través de papelones que se entregaron a las productoras mensualmente, en los cuales se marcaron los días de puesta de cada una de las aves evaluadas, los días que presentaron pausas o intervalos de puesta y los días que se encontraban traspuestas. Las demás actividades (clueca, echada, amarrada clueca, cuido de pollos, período libre o sin pollos) del ciclo biológico de las aves se anotaron en un cuaderno, registrando los pesos mensuales de los pollos, como también las fechas cuando se sometieron estos a la separación de sus madres y la fecha de separación natural. Las separaciones maternas que se establecieron permitieron registrar los días que transcurrieron desde el último día de puesta con el de la siguiente postura, para lo cual se realizó un análisis de varianza, considerando como factor el tiempo de separación de gallina - pollo y su efecto sobre la siguiente postura, el análisis no mostró diferencias significativas, de manera que la separación a mayor o menor tiempo gallina / pollo, no influyó en el más rápido reinicio de la producción de huevos. Los datos de puesta recolectados mensualmente con la ayuda de las productoras, permitió analizar los índices de puesta por mes y comarca, resultando que entre los meses de enero- junio fue cuando se dio la mayor producción de huevos y los meses de menor producción fueron septiembre – noviembre, por lo que es en la época de invierno cuando suceden las mayores posturas. En lo que respecta a las pautas de puesta, se determinó que están concatenadas con los meses de mayor producción de huevos, al igual de las interrupciones de postura por clueques. Lo contrario sucedió con las interrupciones por trasposición y cuido de los pollos, las cuales resultaron resultaron mayores en los meses de septiembre – noviembre, de igual manera, de la misma manera las interrupciones de postura por períodos libres se vio acentuada en los meses subsecuentes a las interrupciones del cuido de los pollos. Finalmente, en relación a los pollos, se logró obtener la ganancia media mensual y por consiguiente la ganancia media diaria por cada una de las edades evaluadas, las cuales se establecieron en rangos de 0 – 30 y 210 – 240 días de edad, resultando las mayores ganancias en los intervalos de edad de 150 – 180 días y de 180 – 210 días, con ganancia media diaria de 20 y g/día /pollo, respectivamente.

Determinación del tamaño mínimo de muestras de café para análisis nematológico

Con el objetivo de lograr un tamaño adecuado de muestras, que con cierto grado de precisión nos permita hacer una estimación de la densidad de nematodos, se realizó un muestreo en las fincas, La Breña, ubicada en Jinotepe, María Auxiliadora y El Porvenir, ubicadas en San Marcos (IV región de Nicaragua). El objetivo principal del estudio fue determinar en el cultivo del café un tamaño mínimo de muestras para análisis hematológico que permita obtener mayor precisión en la estimación de sus densidades y a la vez resulte menos costos para el productor en la toma de decisiones para el manejo de nematodos en plantaciones de café establecidas. En cada finca se seleccionó una hectárea tomando 25 plantas al azar, en cada planta se muestrearon 4 sitios y en cada sitio se muestrearon 2 profundidades (15 y 30 cm), totalizando 8 muestras por planta. Los géneros estudiados son: Meloídogyne sp, Pratylencbus sp y Rotylencbulus sp. Los resultados muestran que la situación actual de la población de nematodos se encuentra agregada en las fincas, María Auxiliadora y El Porvenir y uniforme en el caso de la Breña. Se determinó que aceptando un 20% de error se hace necesario muestrear 10 plantas (100 grs de raíz), dos sitios por planta, a una profundidad de 15 cms y las muestras se deben tomar a 15 cm de la base del tallo.

Patogenicidad de Fusarium oxysporum fs. y su interacción con meloidogyne sp. en el complejo de la marchitez lenta de cafe

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo de Julio de 1994 a Julio de 1996. Con los objetivos de: (1) Evaluar la Patogenicidad Fusarium oxysporum, sobre el cultivo del café empleando dos métodos de inoculación, un método con navaja, y un método de poda de raíces con inmersión (2) Evaluación de la Interacción Meloidogyne -Fusarium en plantas de café injertadas y no injertadas y, (3) Evaluar el efecto de la interacción Meloidogyne -Fusarium sobre el desarrollo de la marchitez lenta en el comportamiento de la variedad Catrenic. El estudio se dividio en dos fases una fase de campo y una fase de laboratorio. La fase de campo concistió de tres ensayos: Ensayo 1 Evaluación de la patogenicidad de Fusarium oxysporum fs. Cuyos resultados indicaron diferencias significativas en el método de Inmersión concluyendo, que es el método de inoculación más efectivo, para comprobar que Fusarium puede penetrar con mayor rápidez dentro de la planta y causar infección en estas. Ensayo 2 Interacción Meloidogyne sp. - Fusarium oxysporum en plantas de café con injerto y sin injertó,como resultado de este ensayo, las plantas más afectadas en su altura, diámetro del tallo, peso fresco de raíz, e indica de agallas fueron las plantas sin injer.to presentando una menor tolerancia al ataque de nematodos y por ende reflejaron una mayor evidencias de síntomas de la enfermedad marchitez lenta. Ensayo 3 Evaluación de la interacción Meloidogyne sp. - Fusarium oxysporum en la marchitez lenta con la variedad Catrenic. Los resultados de este ensayo demostrarán que Meloidogyne y Fusarium actúan sinergisticamente causando un cuadro claro de deterioro de las plantas de café de la variedad Catrenic.

Efecto de rotaciones de cultivos sobre la vegetación adventicia y el banco de semilla de malezas

Durante la primera de 1997, se realizó un experimento en la finca experimental La Compañía, (San Marcos, Carazo) con repetición en la finca San Diego (Nandaime), con el propósito de cuantificar y determinar la composición del banco de semillas de malezas en el suelo. Las áreas donde se efectuó el experimento han sido sometidas a diferentes rotaciones de cultivo durante los últimos tres años. Las rotaciones de cultivo consideradas en el experimento fueron: maíz - frijol, sorgo - frijol, frijol -frijol y maleza - frijol. Para la determinación de la abundancia actual se realizaron muestreo de campo, con intervalos de 15 días. Los valores registrados fueron los valores máximos determinados en el muestreo inicial. Para la evaluación de la abundancia potencial (banco de semillas) se recolectaron muestras de suelo en cada una de las parcelas con las rotaciones descritas. Las muestras fueron trasladadas al invernadero de la Universidad Nacional Agraria y fueron puestas en condiciones favorables de humedad y temperaturas para promover la germinación de las semillas. Las muestras se colocaron en recipientes plásticos y el sustrato empleado consistió en una capa de suelo de 0.285 kg de peso. Una vez germinadas las plántulas se identificaron por especies y se tomaron datos de abundancia. Se realizaron 5 recuentos, con intervalos de 15 días, hasta agotar la reserva de semillas presentes en la muestra. Los resultados indican que existe mayor enmalezamiento en la finca experimental La Compañía al compararla con la finca San Diego. Los tratamientos en estudios ejercieron efectos evidentes en el banco de semillas de malezas en el suelo, la rotación que incluyó Maíz como cultivo antecesor presentó la menor abundancia potencial en La Compañía. La rotación sorgo-frijol obtuvo la menor abundancia potencial y actual en San Diego. Se obtuvo mayor diversidad de especies en la finca San Diego. En las rotaciones la mayor diversidad en el banco la presentó la rotación frijol-frijol y en el campo la rotación sorgo-frijol