宁夏回族自治区沙坡头地区半荒漠土壤中藻类的垂直分布

对沙坡头地区半荒漠土壤中藻类植物的垂直分布进行了为期一年多的采样、分析 ,结果发现结皮层有藻类植物 2 4种 ,蓝藻及其丝状种类的比例最大 ;结皮下 0～ 5 0 mm和 5 0～ 1 0 0 mm层次分别有 1 5种、1 0种 ,且都以硅藻及单细胞种类最丰富 ;深层次出现的种类在浅层次都出现 ;1 0 0 mm以下层次没有任何藻种发现。生物量从表及里随深度的增加而锐减 ,99%的分布在结皮层 ;就结皮层中 78%的在 0～ 0 .1 mm层次 ,96%在 0～ 1 .0 mm深度。种类数变化在结皮层和结

Theoretical and experimental analysis of pneumatic balloon microactuators

This paper presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of a biologically inspired balloon-type pneumatic microactuator. The operation principle of pneumatic balloon actuators (PBA's) is based on an asymmetric deflection of two PDMS layers with different thicknesses or different Young's moduli that are bonded together. A new analytical 2D model that describes the complex behavior of these actuators is presented and validated using both 3D FEM models and measurements. The actuators have dimensions ranging from 11 mm × 2 mm × 0.24 mm to 4 mm × 1 mm × 0.12 mm. Their fabrication is based on micromolding of PDMS, and can therefore easily be fabricated in high throughput. Measurements showed that the analytical model provides a qualitative description of the actuator behavior, and showed that the larger actuators are capable of delivering a 7 mm stroke at a supply pressure of 70 kPa and a force of max 22 mN at a supply pressure of 105 kPa. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A novel hydraulic microactuator sealed by surface tension

In order to improve the power density of microactuators, recent research focuses on the applicability of fluidic power at microscale. The main encountered difficulties in the development of small fluidic actuators are related to production tolerances and assembly requirements. Furthermore, these actuators tend to comprise highly three-dimensional parts, which are incompatible with traditional microproduction technologies. This paper presents accurate production and novel assembly techniques for the development of a hydraulic microactuator. In addition, a scalable low friction seal, relying on surface tension forces, is presented. A prototype piston-type microactuator with a bore of 1 mm and a length of 13 mm is developed. Using a gallium-based surface tension seal, pressures of more than 90 kPa have been sealed without leakage. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Production and characterization of a hydraulic microactuator

In order to improve the power density of microactuators, recent research focuses on the applicability of fluidic actuation at the microscale. The main encountered difficulties in the development of small fluidic actuators are related to production tolerances and assembly requirements. In addition, these actuators tend to comprise highly three-dimensional parts, which are incompatible with traditional microproduction technologies. This paper presents accurate production and novel assembly techniques for the development of a hydraulic microactuator. Some of the presented techniques are widespread in precision mechanics, but have not yet been introduced in micromechanics. A prototype hydraulic microactuator with a bore of 1 mm and a length of 13 mm has been fabricated and tested. Measurements showed that this actuator is able to generate a force density of more than 0.23 N mm-2 and a work density of 0.18 mJ mm-3 at a driving pressure of 550 kPa, which is remarkable considering the small dimensions of the actuator. © 2005 IOP Publishing Ltd.

The response of antioxidant systems in Nostoc sphaeroides against UV-B radiation and the protective effects of exogenous antioxidants

UV radiation is one of many harmful factors found in space that are detrimental to organisms on earth in space exploration. In the present work, we examined the role of antioxidant system in Nostoc sphaeroides Kutz (Cyanobacterium) and the effects of exogenously applied antioxidant molecules on its photosynthetic rate under UV-B radiation. It was found that UV-B radiation promoted the activity of antioxidant system to protect photosystem 11 (PSII) and exogenously applied antioxidant: sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) had an obvious protection on PSII activity under UV-B radiation. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and content of NIDA (malondialdehyde) and ASC (ascorbate) were improved by 0.5 mM and 1 mM SNP, but 0.1 mM SNP decreased the activity of antioxidant system. Addition of exogenous NAC decreased the activity of SOD, POD, CAT and the content MDA and ASC. In contrast, exogenously applied NAC increased GSH content. The results suggest that exogenous SNP and NAC may protect algae by different mechanisms: SNP may play double roles as both sources of reactive free radicals as well as ROS scavengers in mediating the protective role of PSII on algae under UV-B radiation. On the other hand, NAC functions as an antioxidant or precursor of glutathione, which could protect PSII directly from UV-B radiation. (c) 2007 COSPAR, Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The vertical microdistribution of cyanobacteria and green algae within desert crusts and the development of the algal crusts

Substantial amounts of algal crusts were collected from five different desert experimental sites aged 42, 34, 17, 8 and 4 years, respectively, at Shapotou ( China) and analyzed at a 0.1 mm microscale of depth. It was found that the vertical distribution of cyanobacteria and microalgae in the crusts was distinctly laminated into an inorganic-layer (ca. 0.00 - 0.02 mm, with few algae), an algae-dense-layer ( ca. 0.02 - 1.0 mm) and an algae-sparse-layer ( ca. 1.0 - 5.0 mm). It was interesting to note that in all crusts Scytonema javanicum Born et Flah ( or Nostoc sp., cyanobacterium), Desmococcus olivaceus (Pers ex Ach., green alga) Laundon and Microcoleus vaginatus Gom. ( cyanobacterium) dominated at the depth of 0.02 - 0.05, 0.05 - 0.1 and 0.1 - 1.0 mm, respectively, from the surface. Phormidium tenue Gom. ( or Lyngbya cryptovaginatus Schk., cyanobacterium) and Navicula cryptocephala Kutz.( or Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehr.) Grun. and N. cryptocephala together, diatom) dominated at the depth of 1.0 - 3.0 and 3.5 - 4.0 mm, respectively, of the crusts from the 42 and 34 year old sites. It was apparent that in more developed crusts there were more green algae and the niches of Nostoc sp., Chlorella vulgaris Beij., M. vaginatus, N. cryptocephala and fungi were nearer to the surface. If lichens and mosses accounted for less than 41.5% of the crust surface, algal biovolume was bigger when the crust was older, but the opposite was true when the cryptogams other than algae covered more than 70%. In addition to detailed species composition and biovolume, analyses of soil physicochemical properties, micromorphologies and mineral components were also performed. It was found that the concentration of organic matter and nutrients, electric conductivity, silt, clay, secondary minerals were higher and there were more micro-beddings in the older crusts than the less developed ones. Possible mechanisms for the algal vertical microdistribtion at different stages and the impact of soil topography on crust development are discussed. It is concluded that biomethods ( such as fine species distribution and biovolume) were more precise than mineralogical approaches in judging algal crust development and thus could be a better means to measure the potentiality of algal crusts in desert amelioration.

Growth and characterization of 0.8-mu m gate length AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on sapphire substrates

AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures were grown on 2 inch sapphire substrates by MOCVD, and 0.8-mu m gate length devices were fabricated and measured. It is shown by resistance mapping that the HEMT structures have an average sheet resistance of approximately 380 Omega/sq with a uniformity of more than 96%. The 1-mm gate width devices using the materials yielded a pulsed drain current of 784 mA/mm at V-gs=0.5 V and V-ds=7 V with an extrinsic transconductance of 200 mS/mm. A 20-GHz unity current gain cutoff frequency (f(T)) and a 28-GHz maximum oscillation frequency (f(max)) were obtained. The device with a 0.6-mm gate width yielded a total output power of 2.0 W/mm (power density of 3.33 W/mm) with 41% power added efficiency (PAE) at 4 GHz.

First charge collection and position-precision data on the medium-resistivity silicon strip detectors before and after neutron irradiation up to 2x10(14) n/cm(2)

Test strip detectors of 125 mu m, 500 mu m, and 1 mm pitches with about 1 cm(2) areas have been made on medium-resistivity silicon wafers (1.3 and 2.7 k Ohm cm). Detectors of 500 mu m pitch have been tested for charge collection and position precision before and after neutron irradiation (up to 2 x 10(14) n/cm(2)) using 820 and 1030 nm laser lights with different beam-spot sizes. It has been found that for a bias of 250 V a strip detector made of 1.3 k Ohm cm (300 mu m thick) can be fully depleted before and after an irradiation of 2 x 10(14) n/cm(2). For a 500 mu m pitch strip detector made of 2.7 k Ohm cm tested with an 1030 nm laser light with 200 mu m spot size, the position reconstruction error is about 14 mu m before irradiation, and 17 mu m after about 1.7 x 10(13) n/cm(2) irradiation. We demonstrated in this work that medium resistivity silicon strip detectors can work just as well as the traditional high-resistivity ones, but with higher radiation tolerance. We also tested charge sharing and position reconstruction using a 1030 nm wavelength (300 mu m absorption length in Si at RT) laser, which provides a simulation of MIP particles in high-physics experiments in terms of charge collection and position reconstruction, (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

A Low Power Baseband Chain for CMMB Application

This paper presents experimental results of an analog baseband circuit for China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting (CMMB) direct conversion receiver in 0.35um SiGe BiCMOS process. It is the first baseband of CMMB RFIC reported so far. A 8(th)-order chebyshev low pass filter (LPF) with calibration system is used in the analog baseband circuit, the filter provides 0.5 dB passband ripple and -35 dB attenuation at 6MHz with the cutoff frequency at 4MHz, the calibration of filter is reported to achieve the bandwidth accuracy of 3%. The baseband variable gain amplifier (VGA) achieves more than 40 dB gain tuning with temperature compensation. In addition, A DC offset cancellation circuit is also introduced to remove the offset from layout and self-mixing, and the remaining offset voltage and current consumption are only 6mV and 412uA respectively. Implemented in a 0.35um SiGe technology with 1.1 mm(2) die size, this tuner baseband achieves OIP3 of 25.5 dBm and dissipate 16.4 mA under 2.8-V supply.

Terahertz pulse generation with LT-GaAs photoconductive antenna

Low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) of 1-um thickness was grown at 250 degrees C on semi-insulating GaAs (001) substrate using EPI GEN-II solid-source MBE system. The sample was then in situ annealed for 10 min at 600 degrees C under As-rich condition. THz emitters were fabricated on this LTGaAs with three different photoconductive dipole antenna gaps of 1-mm, 3-mm, and 5-mm, respectively. The spectral bandwidth of 2.75 THz was obtaind with time domain spectroscopy. It is found that THz emission efficiency is increased with decreasing antenna gap. Two carrier lifetimes, 0.469 ps and 3.759 ps, were obtained with time-resolved transient reflection-type pump-probe spectroscopy.

黄土高原降水计算插值与插值计算结果的对比分析

　收集黄土高原及周边地区74 个气象站1952 —2001 年降水数据, 用ArcGIS913 普通克里金(ordinary kriging) 插 值法采用计算插值(calculate then interpolate , CI) 和插值计算(interpolate then calculate , IC) 的方法生成黄土高原地区 1952 —2001 年50 a 平均年降水量和年降水量线性趋势系数空间分布表面, 并对其进行统计分析和地形分析。结果 表明: 1) 从插值结果统计值看, CI、IC 法生成的黄土高原地区50 a 平均年降水量和线性趋势系数空间分布表面平 均值分别为421165、421156 mm和- 01541 0、- 01423 1 mm/ a , 相似系数分别为99178 %和95199 % , 二者一致性良好; 2) 从插值结果表面光滑度看, IC 法稍优于CI 法,借用地形分析对生成表面进行坡度、坡向运算, 可作为评价表面 光滑度、空间数量变化特征和空间方向变化特征的直观方法; 3) 黄土高原地区50 a 平均年降水量具有东南多西北 少、南多北少、东多西少的分布规律, 其中服从东南西北、南北和东西方向递减的地带性分布规律区域占黄土高原 地区面积的89134 % , 非地带性分布规律区域占10166 %; 4) CI 和IC 法计算的黄土高原地区1952 —2001 年降水线 性趋势系数平均- 01541 0 和- 01423 1 mm/ a ,黄土高原地区年降水量有明显减少趋势。

黄土高原不同类型旱区旱作粮田深层土壤干燥化特征

随降水量趋势性减少和粮食产量不断提高,黄土高原旱作粮田深层土壤干燥化现象日益显现。在黄土高原不同类型旱区,测定了32类旱作粮田0~600 cm土层土壤湿度,分析和比较了各类粮田深层土壤贮水量、土壤湿度剖面分布和土壤干燥化强度。结果表明:①32类旱作粮田0~600 cm土层土壤湿度、土壤贮水量和土壤有效贮水量分别为13.90%、1084.4 mm和573.7 mm,其中有16类粮田发生了土壤干燥化现象,土壤水分过耗量平均值85.1 mm;②有28类旱作粮田100~400 cm土层为土壤干层,其中夏粮田土壤干层厚度大于秋粮田,最大耗水深度接近或超过600 cm;③32类旱作粮田和16类干燥化粮田土壤干燥化指数分别为110%和83%,分别属于无干燥化和轻度干燥化强度,土壤干层厚度平均值为267 cm,以半干旱偏旱区粮田土壤干燥化程度最严重。

不同耕作方式对黄土高原旱地麦田土壤物理性状的影响

通过冬小麦田间试验,研究了免耕、深松、翻耕三种不同耕作措施对土壤物理特性的影响。结果表明:冬小麦收获时,免耕与其它处理相比,增大了土壤容重、土壤硬度,其土壤干筛法>0.25 mm团聚体含量比深松和翻耕每层平均增加3%和5%,但较冬小麦耕作处理前每层平均下降5%;免耕条件下,湿筛法>0.25 mm团聚体含量比深松和翻耕每层平均增加11%和32%,较冬小麦耕作处理前每层平均下降42%;免耕可增加土壤蓄水量,收获期土壤蓄水量为373.1 mm,较深松和翻耕提高17%和8%;随着降水量的增加,冬小麦收获期水分入渗速率逐渐减少;且不同耕作方式水分入渗速率为免耕>深松>翻耕。

渭北泥炭资源在栽培基质中的应用研究

针对人工栽培基质中基质配比问题,采用生物试验的方法,对陕西彬县的泥炭、陕西铜川的油页岩、陕西关中土粘化层土壤,进行不同比例的配合后,再对配合基质设制不同处理,进行作物的室内栽培试验,通过生物量、生物性状(根冠比)、及产量分析来判断基质配比的优劣。研究结果表明:随着泥炭比例的增加,小青菜的产量增加,泥炭量达到一定值后,随着泥炭量的增加,小青菜的产量反而降低;泥炭与<1 mm粘土配合(PS)处理中,PS3处理(泥炭∶粘土为3∶1)小青菜地上部分产量最大;在泥炭与7~10 mm粘土配合(PB)处理中,PB2处理(泥炭∶粘土为2∶1)小青菜地上部分产量最大;对小青菜根系生物量来说,在泥炭和粘土比例较小时,小颗粒粘土处理的根量明显高于大颗粒粘土处理,在泥炭和粘土的比例较大时,大颗粒处理高于小颗粒处理。对油页岩处理而言,在泥炭量较少的配合基质中加入8%的油页岩能起到良好的增产作用;而在泥炭含量较多时,对小青菜产量的影响是负面的;石灰处理对小青菜地上部分产量影响都是负面的,但是对小青菜根系生物量的影响基本是正面的。高温处理对小青菜地上部分产量的影响基本上都是负面的,对小青菜根系的生长也基本是起负作用的。根冠比达到某一适宜值...

黄土塬区10m深剖面土壤物理性质研究

土壤水分是影响黄土高原植被生长和生态环境建设的主要因素。已有对黄土高原土壤的持水性能、水分有效性能与移动性能、黄土高原环境的旱化与黄土中水分关系等方面的深入研究[1,2],也有小流域内土壤水分物理性状与地形和利用条件之间关系的具体分析[3,4]。但是这些工作所涉及的土壤剖面深度多为2 m或3 m,深层土壤水分物理参数研究还少有报道。而对于具有深厚土层的黄土塬区,高产农田与多年生林草地在土壤深层产生了不同程度的干燥化[5~7],土壤干燥化的深入探讨需要与剖面土壤物理性质相关联。为此,有必要对植物根系伸展范围以至更深层次的土壤质地、容重、水分特征曲线、饱和导水率、田间持水量以及萎蔫湿度等土壤物理性质进行测定,分析其垂直变化及不同层次的相关性,为土壤深层水分生态和运动规律研究提供基础参数。1材料与方法1·1研究区概况野外测定点位于陕甘交界处的中国科学院长武农业生态试验站的黄土塬面上。所在区域为典型的黄土高塬沟壑区,属暖温带半湿润大陆性季风气候,年平均气温9·1℃。降水年际变异大,多年平均降水量为584·1 mm,主要集中在7月至9月,约占全年降水量的55%以上。塬地主要土壤类型为黑垆土,母质为马兰黄土,非饱和层深厚...