Visual function and postoperative care after cataract surgery in rural China: study of cataract outcomes and up-take of services (SCOUTS) in the caring is hip project, report 2.

OBJECTIVE:

To study the postoperative visual function and uptake of refraction and second-eye surgery among persons undergoing cataract surgery in rural China.

METHODS:

Self-reported visual function was measured 10 to 14 months after surgery. Subjects with improvement of 2 or more lines with refraction were offered glasses, and those with significant cataract were offered second-eye surgery.

RESULTS:

Among 313 eligible subjects, 242 (77%) could be contacted; 176 (73%) of those contacted were examined. Interviewed subjects had a mean +/- SD age of 69.9 +/- 10.2 years, and 63.6% were female. The mean +/- SD visual function score was 88.4 +/- 12.3, higher than previously reported for cataract programs in rural China and significantly (P = .03) correlated with presenting vision. Forty-two percent of subjects had spectacles, more than half being reading glasses. Though 87% of subjects' vision improved with refraction, only 35% accepted prescriptions, the most common reason for refusal being lack of perceived need. Second-eye surgery was accepted by a total of 48% (85 of 176) of patients, cost being the biggest reason for refusal.

CONCLUSIONS:

Visual function was high in this cohort. Potential benefit of refraction and second-eye surgery was substantial, but uptake of services was modest. Programs to improve service uptake should focus on reading glasses and cost-reduction strategies such as tiered pricing.

Traffic gap judgment in people with significant peripheral field loss.

PURPOSE: Subjects with significant peripheral field loss (PFL) self report difficulty in street crossing. In this study, we compared the traffic gap judgment ability of fully sighted and PFL subjects to determine whether accuracy in identifying crossable gaps was adversely affected because of field loss. Moreover, we explored the contribution of visual and nonvisual factors to traffic gap judgment ability. METHODS: Eight subjects with significant PFL as a result of advanced retinitis pigmentosa or glaucoma with binocular visual field <20 degrees and five age-matched normals (NV) were recruited. All subjects were required to judge when they perceived it was safe to cross at a 2-way 4-lane street while they stood on the curb. Eye movements were recorded by an eye tracker as the subjects performed the decision task. Movies of the eye-on-scene were made offline and fixation patterns were classified into either relevant or irrelevant. Subjects' street-crossing behavior, habitual approach to street crossing, and perceived difficulties were assessed. RESULTS: Compared with normal vision (NV) subjects, the PFL subjects identified 12% fewer crossable gaps while making 23% more errors by identifying a gap as crossable when it was too short (p < 0.05). The differences in traffic gap judgment ability of the PFL subjects might be explained by the significantly smaller fixation area (p = 0.006) and fewer fixations distributed to the relevant tasks (p = 0.001). The subjects' habitual approach to street crossing and perceived difficulties in street crossing (r > 0.60) were significantly correlated with traffic gap judgment performance. CONCLUSIONS: As a consequence of significant field loss, limited visual information about the traffic environment can be acquired, resulting in significantly reduced performance in judging safe crossable gaps. This poor traffic gap judgment ability in the PFL subjects raises important concerns for their safety when attempting to cross the street.

High-Resolution Microwave Near-Field Imaging Using Resonance Probes

A novel microwave high-resolution near-field imaging technique is proposed and experimentally evaluated in reflectometry imaging scenarios involving planar metal-dielectric structures. Two types of resonance near field probes-a small helix antenna and a loaded subwavelength slot aperture are studied in this paper. These probes enable very tight spatial field localization with the full width at half maximum around one tenth of a wavelength, λ, at λ/100-λ/10 standoff distance. Importantly, the proposed probes permit resonance electromagnetic coupling to dielectric or printed conductive patterns, which leads to the possibility of very high raw image resolution with imaged feature-to-background contrast greater than 10-dB amplitude and 50° phase. In addition, high-resolution characterization of target geometries based on the cross correlation image processing technique is proposed and assessed using experimental data. It is shown that printed elements features with subwavelength size ~λ/15 or smaller can be characterized with at least 10-dB resolution contrast.

A Systematic Review of End-of-Life Visual Impairment in Open-Angle Glaucoma: An Epidemiological Autopsy

PURPOSE: Glaucoma patients are still at risk of becoming blind. It is of clinical significance to determine the risk of blindness and its causes to prevent its occurrence. This systematic review estimates the number of treated glaucoma patients with end-of-life visual impairment (VI) and blindness and the factors that are associated with this.

METHODS: A systematic literature search in relevant databases was conducted in August 2014 on end-of-life VI. A total of 2574 articles were identified, of which 5 on end-of-life VI. Several data items were extracted from the reports and presented in tables.

RESULTS: All studies had a retrospective design. A considerable number of glaucoma patients were found to be blind at the end of their life; with up to 24% unilateral and 10% bilateral blindness. The following factors were associated with blindness: (1) baseline severity of visual field loss: advanced stage of glaucoma or substantial visual field loss at the initial visit; (2) factors influencing progression: fluctuation of intraocular pressure (IOP) during treatment, presence of pseudoexfoliation, poor patient compliance, higher IOP; (3) longer time period: longer duration of disease and older age at death because of a longer life expectancy; and (4) coexistence of other ocular pathology.

CONCLUSIONS: Further prevention of blindness in glaucoma patients is needed. To reach this goal, it is important to address the risk factors for blindness identified in this review, especially those that can be modified, such as advanced disease at diagnosis, high and fluctuating IOP, and poor compliance.

A construção ilusória da realidade, ressignificação e recontextualização do "Bumba meu boi" do Maranhão a partir da música

A presente tese inscreve-se no domínio da etnomusicologia. Resulta da realização de trabalho de campo no estado do Maranhão/Brasil, entre 2012 e 2014, e propõe um exercício de reflexão sobre as transformações pelas quais passou a prática performativa Bumba meu Boi, a partir da introdução dos instrumentos de sopro na sua componente musical, dando origem ao Boi de Orquestra. Parti do estudo etnográfico dos quatro principais estilos de Bumba meu Boi (sotaques) existentes antes da criação do Boi de Orquestra, e de uma pesquisa de cunho histórico que buscou o modo como esta prática se configurou já no século XX e como ela se traduz na performance (folguedo). Argumento que a criação do sotaque de orquestra favoreceu a aceitação do folguedo pela elite social do Maranhão, que o identificou como próximo da cultura europeia, da qual se sentia caudatária. O repertório performativo analisado neste trabalho inclui as toadas, as danças, as indumentárias e os rituais de batizado e morte do boi, a partir dos registros sonoros e visuais efetuados no mês de junho e julho de 2013. Desta forma, este trabalho procura contribuir para a compreensão do lugar que a música ocupou nos movimentos gerados pelos povos subjugados no período pós-colonial, na luta pela afirmação do seu direito à existência singular. Neste sentido serão analisados os processos de ressignificação e de recontextualização do Bumba Meu Boi e da música, enquanto dispositivos que, no caso do Maranhão, contribuíram para a construção de mundos comuns a partir da criação de realidades ilusórias.

Ficção e encenação : o desenho como narrativa visual

Tese de doutoramento, Belas-Artes (Ciências da Arte), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Belas-Artes, 2014

Contribuições para a localização e mapeamento em robótica através da identificação visual de lugares

Tese de doutoramento, Informática (Engenharia Informática), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2015

O treino da perceção visual e da consciência fonológica como promotor da fluência da leitura num aluno do 2º ciclo do ensino básico

Aprender a ler é um dos maiores desafios que as crianças enfrentam quando entram para a escola. A dificuldade no domínio do código alfabético, nos níveis da consciência fonológica e a falta de fluência na leitura são fatores que interferem em larga escala na aprendizagem global dos alunos. Habilitar um aluno para a prática da leitura é um estímulo que tem vindo a dar origem a várias investigações e intervenções no campo da educação. Este projeto descreve dois programas de treino: “Programa de treino da percepção Visual” e “Programa de promoção do desenvolvimento da consciência fonológica”, num aluno do 2º ciclo do ensino básico com dificuldade de fluência na leitura, ao longo de quinze aulas de 90 minutos. No que respeita aos resultados do primeiro estudo, que teve por base o “Programa de treino da percepção visual”, não foram encontradas diferenças relevantes quanto ao seu efeito na fluência da leitura do aluno. No entanto, no segundo estudo, que se centrou na aplicação do “Programa de promoção do desenvolvimento da consciência fonológica” em complemento com o “Programa de treino da percepção visual”, mostrou que o aluno ficou mais fluente na leitura diminuindo o número de erros de precisão (substituições, omissões, inversões, adições e erros complexos). Assim, sugere-se uma monotorização sistemática das aprendizagens dos alunos para que as intervenções possam ser cada vez mais precoces e direcionadas para as suas necessidades.

Visual and verbal processing effects on human memory

In this study in the field of Consumer Behavior, brand name memory of consumers with regard to verbal and visual incongruent and congruent information such as memory structure of brands was tested. Hence, four experimental groups with different constellations of verbal and visual congruity and incongruity were created to compare their brand name memory performance. The experiment was conducted in several classes with 128 students, each group with 32 participants. It was found that brands, which are presented in a congruent or moderately incongruent relation to their brand schema, result in a better brand recall than their incongruent counterparts. A difference between visual congruity and moderately incongruity could not be confirmed. In contrast to visual incongruent information, verbal incongruent information does not result in a worse brand recall performance.

Spatial relational learning and memory abilities do not differ between men and women in a real-world, open-field environment

This study assesses gender differences in spatial and non-spatial relational learning and memory in adult humans behaving freely in a real-world, open-field environment. In Experiment 1, we tested the use of proximal landmarks as conditional cues allowing subjects to predict the location of rewards hidden in one of two sets of three distinct locations. Subjects were tested in two different conditions: (1) when local visual cues marked the potentially-rewarded locations, and (2) when no local visual cues marked the potentially-rewarded locations. We found that only 17 of 20 adults (8 males, 9 females) used the proximal landmarks to predict the locations of the rewards. Although females exhibited higher exploratory behavior at the beginning of testing, males and females discriminated the potentially-rewarded locations similarly when local visual cues were present. Interestingly, when the spatial and local information conflicted in predicting the reward locations, males considered both spatial and local information, whereas females ignored the spatial information. However, in the absence of local visual cues females discriminated the potentially-rewarded locations as well as males. In Experiment 2, subjects (9 males, 9 females) were tested with three asymmetrically-arranged rewarded locations, which were marked by local cues on alternate trials. Again, females discriminated the rewarded locations as well as males in the presence or absence of local cues. In sum, although particular aspects of task performance might differ between genders, we found no evidence that women have poorer allocentric spatial relational learning and memory abilities than men in a real-world, open-field environment.

The effect of social condition and diet on the frequency of male-male agonistic displays in the field cricket, gryllus bimaculatus /

The frequency and type of agonistic displays involved in male-male encounters should be significantly influenced by the presence of females. Discrete agonistic displays vary in energy expenditure and risk, and therefore should be dependent on available resources. The influence of live females and the scent of females, on the frequency of male agonistic displays was observed in a laboratory terrarium using the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. The effect of energy constraints on display frequency was also determined. Half the males were fed a diet high in protein and fet; the other males were fed a lower quality diet, for a 7-11 day period. The frequency of five individual displays and mating frequency were recorded using an Event Recorder and notebook. Each group of males was presented with three experimental conditions, over three days, involving the presence or absence of live females and female scent. The presence of females elicited an increase in all displays except antennation; female scent increased the frequency of antennations, mandible flares and grapples, but to a lesser extent than did live females. The frequency of grapples significantly increased for males fed the high quality diet; however diet did not influence the other displays. The combined influence of diet and condition was significant for mandible flare only. Mating frequency was not influenced by diet. However, the frequency ofthe displays were positively correlated with mating frequency for high quality fed males. Escalated displays involving high costs, such as grapple and mandible flare, increased in frequency when the benefits of winning contests were high in G.bimaculatus. Escalation to grapple behaviour was less evident for males fed the lower quality diet as this imposed energy constraints on high cost displays.

Réponse auditive oscillatoire chez le non-voyant : investigation par magnétoencéphalographie

Les personnes non-voyantes montrent dans les différents aspects de leurs vies qu’elles sont capables de s’adapter à la privation visuelle en utilisant les capacités intactes comme l’ouï ou le toucher. Elles montrent qu’elles peuvent bien évoluer dans leur environnement en absence de vision et démontrent même des fois des habiletés supérieures à celles des personnes voyantes. La recherche de ces dernières décennies s’est beaucoup intéressée aux capacités adaptatives des non-voyants surtout avec l’avènement des nouvelles techniques d’imagerie qui ont permis d’investiguer des domaines qui ne l’étaient pas ou l’étaient difficilement avant. Les capacités supérieures des non voyants dans l’utilisation plus efficace des informations auditives et tactiles semblent avoir leur base neuronale dans le dans le cortex visuel désafférenté, qui continu à être fonctionnel après la privation sensorielle et s’en trouve recruté pour le traitement de stimulations dites intermodales : auditives, tactiles et même montre une implication dans des processus de plus haut niveau, comme la mémoire ou le langage. Cette implication fonctionnelle intermodale résulte de la plasticité du cortex visuel c'est-à-dire sa capacité à changer sa structure, sa fonction et d’adapter ses interactions avec les autres systèmes en l’absence de vision. La plasticité corticale n’est pas exclusive au cortex visuel mais est un état permanent de tout le cerveau. Pour mesurer l’activité du cortex visuel des non voyants, une mesure d’excitabilité de ses neurones consiste à mesurer le temps de recouvrement de l’onde N1 en potentiels évoqués, qui est plus rapide chez les non voyants dans la modalité auditive. En effet, les réponses en potentiels et champs évoqués ont été utilisés en EEG/MEG pour mettre en évidence des changements plastiques dans le cortex visuel des non-voyants pour le traitement de stimuli dans les modalités auditives et tactiles. Ces réponses étaient localisées dans les régions postérieures chez les non voyants contrairement aux contrôles voyants. Un autre type de réponse auditive a reçu moins d’intérêt dans la recherche concernant la réorganisation fonctionnelle en relation avec la privation sensorielle, il s’agit de la réponse auditive oscillatoire (Auditory Steady-State Response ASSR). C’est une réponse qui a l’avantage d’osciller au rythme de stimulation et d’être caractérisé par une réponse des aires auditives étiquetée à la fréquence de stimulation. Cette étiquette se présente sous la forme qu’un pic d’énergie spectrale important qui culmine aux fréquences présentes dans la stimulation. Elle a également l’avantage d’être localisée dans les régions auditives primaires, de là tout changement de localisation de cette réponse chez des non voyants en faveur des régions visuelles pourrait être considéré comme une évidence de la réorganisation fonctionnelle qui s’opère après une privation sensorielle précoce. Le but de cette thèse est donc d’utiliser la réponse oscillatoire à l’écoute des sons modulés en amplitude (MA) pour mettre en évidence les corrélats de la réorganisation fonctionnelle dans le cortex visuel des non-voyants précoces. La modulation de la réponse auditive dans les régions visuelles nous permettra de montrer qu’une réorganisation est possible chez les non-voyants pour ce traitement intermodal. La première étude est une validation du paradigme expérimental «frequency tagged sounds». Il s’agit de montrer qu’une tâche de détection de changement dans la stimulation, permet de moduler la réponse ASSR aux sons modulés en amplitude en vue de l’utiliser dans les études chez les non voyants et dans les conditions d’une privation visuelle transitoire (avec les yeux bandés). Un groupe de sujets voyants ont réalisé une tâche de détection de changement dans la stimulation les yeux ouverts dans deux conditions : écoute active qui consiste à détecter un changement dans la fréquence porteuse de la modulation en appuyant avec l’index droit sur un bouton de réponse et une condition d’écoute passive. Les sons étaient présentés en écoute monaurale et dichotique. Les résultats ont montré une différence significative à l’occurrence du changement dans la stimulation en écoute dichotique seulement. Les schémas de plus grande réponse controlatérale et de suppression binaurale décrit dans la littérature ont été confirmés. La deuxième étude avait pour but de mettre en évidence une réorganisation rapide de la réponse ASSR chez un groupe de sujets voyants dans les conditions de privation visuelle transitoire de courte durée, par bandage des yeux pendant six heures. Le même protocole expérimental que la première étude a été utilisé en écoute active seulement. Les résultats montrent que dans ces conditions une modulation de la réponse corticale en écoute dichotique dans les régions visuelles est possible. Ces sources d’activité occipitale adoptent une propriété du cortex auditif qui est le battement binaural, c'est-à-dire l’oscillation de la réponse ASSR à la différence des fréquences présentées dans chaque oreille. Cet effet est présent chez la moitié des sujets testés. La représentation corticale des sources occipitales évolue durant la période de privation et montre un déplacement des sources d’activité dans la direction antéropostérieure à la fin de la période de privation. La troisième étude a permis de comparer le traitement de la réponse ASSR dans un groupe de non-voyants congénitaux à un groupe de voyants contrôles, pour investiguer les corrélats de la réorganisation fonctionnelle de cette réponse après une privation sensorielle de longue durée c'est-à-dire chez des non voyants congénitaux. Les résultats montrent des différences significatives dans la représentation spectrale de la réponse entre les deux groupes avec néanmoins des activations temporales importantes aussi bien chez les non voyants que chez les contrôles voyants. Des sources distribuées ont été localisées dans les régions associatives auditives dans les deux groupes à la différence des non voyants où il y avait en plus l’implication des régions temporales inférieures, connues comme étant activées par la vision des objets chez les voyants et font partie de la voie visuelle du quoi. Les résultats présentés dans le cadre de cette thèse vont dans le sens d’une réorganisation rapide de la réponse auditive oscillatoire après une privation visuelle transitoire de courte durée par l’implication des régions visuelles dans le traitement de la réponse ASSR par l’intermédiaire du démasquage de connections existantes entre le cortex visuel et le cortex auditif. La privation visuelle de longue durée, elle conduit à des changements plastiques, d’une part intra modaux par l’extension de l’activité aux régions temporales supérieures et médianes. D’autre part, elle induit des changements inter modaux par l’implication fonctionnelle des régions temporales inférieures visuelles dans le traitement des sons modulés en amplitude comme objets auditifs alors qu’elles sont normalement dédiées au traitement des objets visuels. Cette réorganisation passe probablement par les connections cortico-corticales.

Vector-Based Integration of Local and Long-Range Information in Visual Cortex

Integration of inputs by cortical neurons provides the basis for the complex information processing performed in the cerebral cortex. Here, we propose a new analytic framework for understanding integration within cortical neuronal receptive fields. Based on the synaptic organization of cortex, we argue that neuronal integration is a systems--level process better studied in terms of local cortical circuitry than at the level of single neurons, and we present a method for constructing self-contained modules which capture (nonlinear) local circuit interactions. In this framework, receptive field elements naturally have dual (rather than the traditional unitary influence since they drive both excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons. This vector-based analysis, in contrast to scalarsapproaches, greatly simplifies integration by permitting linear summation of inputs from both "classical" and "extraclassical" receptive field regions. We illustrate this by explaining two complex visual cortical phenomena, which are incompatible with scalar notions of neuronal integration.

Translation Invariance in Object Recognition, and Its Relation to Other Visual Transformations

Human object recognition is generally considered to tolerate changes of the stimulus position in the visual field. A number of recent studies, however, have cast doubt on the completeness of translation invariance. In a new series of experiments we tried to investigate whether positional specificity of short-term memory is a general property of visual perception. We tested same/different discrimination of computer graphics models that were displayed at the same or at different locations of the visual field, and found complete translation invariance, regardless of the similarity of the animals and irrespective of direction and size of the displacement (Exp. 1 and 2). Decisions were strongly biased towards same decisions if stimuli appeared at a constant location, while after translation subjects displayed a tendency towards different decisions. Even if the spatial order of animal limbs was randomized ("scrambled animals"), no deteriorating effect of shifts in the field of view could be detected (Exp. 3). However, if the influence of single features was reduced (Exp. 4 and 5) small but significant effects of translation could be obtained. Under conditions that do not reveal an influence of translation, rotation in depth strongly interferes with recognition (Exp. 6). Changes of stimulus size did not reduce performance (Exp. 7). Tolerance to these object transformations seems to rely on different brain mechanisms, with translation and scale invariance being achieved in principle, while rotation invariance is not.