Identification of differentially expressed genes associated with pathogen-host interaction in 'Villard Blanc' and its expression analysis in grapevine cultivars resistant and susceptible to downy mildew.

2011

Development and characterization of a novel, antimicrobial, sterile hydrogel dressing for burn wounds : single-step production with gamma irradiation creates silver nanoparticles and radical polymerization

Patients with burn wounds are susceptible to wound infection and sepsis. This research introduces a novel burn wound dressing that contains silver nanoparticles (SNPs) to treat infection in a 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid sodium salt (AMPS-Na(+) ) hydrogel. Silver nitrate was dissolved in AMPS-Na(+) solution and then exposed to gamma irradiation to form SNP-infused hydrogels. The gamma irradiation results in a cross-linked polymeric network of sterile hydrogel dressing and a reduction of silver ions to form SNPs infused in the hydrogel in a one-step process. About 80% of the total silver was released from the hydrogels after 72 h immersion in simulated body fluid solution; therefore, they could be used on wounds for up to 3 days. All the hydrogels were found to be nontoxic to normal human dermal fibroblast cells. The silver-loaded hydrogels had good inhibitory action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Results from a pilot study on a porcine burn model showed that the 5-mM silver hydrogel was efficient at preventing bacterial colonization of wounds, and the results were comparable to the commercially available silver dressings (Acticoat(TM) , PolyMem Silver(®) ). These results support its use as a potential burn wound dressing.

Microbe-induced activation of inflammatory cytokine response in human cells

Human body is in continuous contact with microbes. Although many microbes are harmless or beneficial for humans, pathogenic microbes possess a threat to wellbeing. Antimicrobial protection is provided by the immune system, which can be functionally divided into two parts, namely innate and adaptive immunity. The key players of the innate immunity are phagocytic white blood cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), which constantly monitor the blood and peripheral tissues. These cells are armed for rapid activation upon microbial contact since they express a variety of microbe-recognizing receptors. Macrophages and DCs also act as antigen presenting cells (APCs) and play an important role in the development of adaptive immunity. The development of adaptive immunity requires intimate cooperation between APCs and T lymphocytes and results in microbe-specific immune responses. Moreover, adaptive immunity generates immunological memory, which rapidly and efficiently protects the host from reinfection. Properly functioning immune system requires efficient communication between cells. Cytokines are proteins, which mediate intercellular communication together with direct cell-cell contacts. Immune cells produce inflammatory cytokines rapidly following microbial contact. Inflammatory cytokines modulate the development of local immune response by binding to cell surface receptors, which results in the activation of intracellular signalling and modulates target cell gene expression. One class of inflammatory cytokines chemokines has a major role in regulating cellular traffic. Locally produced inflammatory chemokines guide the recruitment of effector cells to the site of inflammation during microbial infection. In this study two key questions were addressed. First, the ability of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria to activate inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in different human APCs was compared. In these studies macrophages and DCs were stimulated with pathogenic Steptococcus pyogenes or non-pathogenic Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The second aim of this thesis work was to analyze the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the regulation of microbe-induced chemokine production. In these studies bacteria-stimulated macrophages and influenza A virus-infected lung epithelial cells were used as model systems. The results of this study show that although macrophages and DCs share several common antimicrobial functions, these cells have significantly distinct responses against pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. Macrophages were activated in a nearly similar fashion by pathogenic S. pyogenes and non-pathogenic L. rhamnosus. Both bacteria induced the production of similar core set of inflammatory chemokines consisting of several CC-class chemokines and CXCL8. These chemokines attract monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and T cells. Thus, the results suggest that bacteria-activated macrophages efficiently recruit other effector cells to the site of inflammation. Moreover, macrophages seem to be activated by all bacteria irrespective of their pathogenicity. DCs, in contrast, were efficiently activated only by pathogenic S. pyogenes, which induced DC maturation and production of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In contrast, L. rhamnosus-stimulated DCs matured only partially and, most importantly, these cells did not produce inflammatory cytokines or chemokines. L. rhamnosus-stimulated DCs had a phenotype of "semi-mature" DCs and this type of DCs have been suggested to enhance tolerogenic adaptive immune responses. Since DCs have an essential role in the development of adaptive immune response the results suggest that, in contrast to macrophages, DCs may be able to discriminate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and thus mount appropriate inflammatory or tolerogenic adaptive immune response depending on the microbe in question. The results of this study also show that pro-inflammatory cytokines can contribute to microbe-induced chemokine production at multiple levels. S. pyogenes-induced type I interferon (IFN) was found to enhance the production of certain inflammatory chemokines in macrophages during bacterial stimulation. Thus, bacteria-induced chemokine production is regulated by direct (microbe-induced) and indirect (pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced) mechanisms during inflammation. In epithelial cells IFN- and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) were found to enhance the expression of PRRs and components of cellular signal transduction machinery. Pre-treatment of epithelial cells with these cytokines prior to virus infection resulted in markedly enhanced chemokine response compared to untreated cells. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study show that pro-inflammatory cytokines can enhance microbe-induced chemokine production during microbial infection by providing a positive feedback loop. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines can render normally low-responding cells to high chemokine producers via enhancement of microbial detection and signal transduction.

Paracoccidioidomycosis in a Dog: Case Report of Generalized Lymphadenomegaly

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a severe systemic mycosis, endemic in Latin America and highly prevalent in Brazil, where it ranks eighth as a mortality cause among infectious and parasitic diseases in humans. The disease in animals has been little explored. It is observed that armadillos can harbor the fungus at high frequencies, although the active disease has not been well documented in this wild mammal. Dogs are susceptible to experimental infection, and the naturally acquired PCM-disease was reported only recently in a dog from Brazil. The present work reports the second case of naturally acquired PCM in a 6-year-old female dog that presented emaciation, lymphadenomegaly, and hepatosplenomegaly. Biochemical and pulmonary radiographic evaluation did not reveal any abnormalities. PCM was diagnosed by clinical findings, culturing, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology of popliteal lymph node. The fungus was recovered from popliteal lymph node, and the molecular analysis showed respective sequencing similarities of 99 and 100% for 803 nucleotides of the Gp43 gene and 592 nucleotides from the ITS-5.8S region of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Immunohistochemistry revealed severe lymphadenitis and presented numerous yeasts, which reacted against the gp43 antibody. Histopathology revealed a severe granulomatous lymphadenitis associated with numerous single or multiple budding yeasts. After diagnosis, the dog was successfully treated with itraconazol for 2 years. Veterinarians should be aware of the importance of considering PCM for differential diagnosis, especially in dogs from PCM-endemic areas, whose monophagocytic system involvement is evident.

Characterization and transcriptional analysis of the promoter region of the Duffy blood group, chemokine receptor (DARC) gene in cattle

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Cytokine production in lungs and adrenal glands of high and low antibody producing mice infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Mice genetically selected for high (H) and low (L) antibody production (HIV-A and L-IV-A) were used in an experimental model of paracoccidioidomycosis. In a previous work, it was observed that male HIV-A animals were more susceptible to the infection due to adrenal gland damage. Male HIV-A and LIV-A animals were intravenously inoculated with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (strain 18) and sacrificed 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after inoculation. At each time interval, lungs and adrenals were removed to estimate recoverability of the fungus, as well as to determine Th1 (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine profiles. While viable fungi recoverability from the lungs of HIV-A mice was higher after 4 and 8 weeks, there was less fungal recovery from the adrenals of LIV-A animals after the 2nd week, with total fungal elimination after the 8th week. With regard to Th2 cytokines, there was an inhibition in IL-4 production in the organs from infected animals, the extent of which varied according to the organ and the time period after initiation of infection. IL-10 production was found to be lower in both organs. Determination of Th1 cytokines revealed that IFN-gamma production increased in both organs, mainly in the adrenal of LIV-A after 8 and 10 weeks, when these animals showed a total fungal elimination. A significant difference was observed between HIV-A and LIV-A concerning TNF-alpha production in both organs and at all recovery times, in that LIV-A produced a higher level of this cytokine, mainly in the adrenal. These results may explain the high susceptibility of HIV-A to P. brasiliensis infection, is due, at least in part, to adrenal involvement. The higher production of Th1 cytokines by LIV-A in comparison to HIV-A mice may account for LIV-A resistance to P. brasiliensis infection. Our data reveal the importance of this experimental model in the study of the adrenal involvement in paracoccidioidomycosis, since this gland may be highly compromised in the patients, leading to the development of Addison's Disease.

Morte celular programada em células mononucleares periféricas infectadas com o vírus da cinomose

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produção de um anticorpo policlonal anti-Duffy de Bos taurus taurus para detecção e quantificação do antígeno em eritrócitos bovinos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação da susceptibilidade de camundongos BALB/c e Swiss, hamster e Proechimys roberti à infecção por Leishmania (Viannia) Naiffi e Leishmania (Viannia) Lindenbergi

Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi e Leishmania (Viannia) lindenbergi são espécies causadoras da leishmaniose cutânea na Amazônia e apresentam grande similaridade no seu perfil isoenzimático, anticorpos monoclonais e produção de infecção inaparente em hamsters. O fato de não se ter um modelo experimental altamente suscetível à infecção por L. (V.) naiffi e L. (V.) lindenbergi, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a susceptibilidade de camundongos BALB/c e Swiss, hamster e Proechimys roberti à infecção por essas duas espécies. Foram preparados inóculos com glândulas salivares e sem glândulas, associados às formas promastigotas das duas espécies de Leishmania. Doze animais de cada espécie foram divididos em quatro grupos (machos e fêmeas inoculados com glândulas salivares e machos e fêmeas sem glândulas salivares). Todos foram inoculados intradermicamente na face dorsal das duas patas traseiras e foram observados durante 90 dias. No período de 30, 60 e 90 dias pós-inoculação, os animais foram sacrificados e diferentes fragmentos de pele do local de inoculação foram divididos e utilizados na cultura in vitro, exame microscópico direto e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Não foi possível observar lesões nos animais inoculados com L. (V.) naiffi e L. (V.) lindenbergi tanto na presença ou ausência de glândulas salivares. Assim como, formas amastigotas durante 30, 60 e 90 dias após a inoculação. Na cultura, todos os animais inoculados com L. (V.) lindenbergi não desenvolveram formas promastigotas. Por outro lado, todos os grupos de camundongos BALB/c inoculados com L. (V.) naiffi apresentaram positividade quando sacrificados com 30 dias após inoculação e até 90 dias nos machos inoculados com glândulas salivares e fêmeas inoculadas sem glândulas salivares. A PCR apresentou baixa sensibilidade comparada à cultura. Desse modo, concluímos que L. (V.) naiffi e L.(V.) lindenbergi são espécies que apresentam baixa infectividade e nenhum dos animais utilizados no estudo podem ser considerados modelo experimental altamente susceptíveis à infecção por essas duas espécies.

Estudo epidemiológico de agentes virais (HIV, HTLV, VHB e CMV) identificados em adolescentes grávidas atendidas em um centro de referência do Sistema Único de Saúde de Belém, Pará

A prevalência da infecção por agentes virais como o HIV-1, HTLV1/2, VHB e CMV, ainda é pouco conhecida na população de adolescentes grávidas na região norte do Brasil. Este trabalho teve como um dos objetivos descrever esta prevalência das infecções HIV-1, HTLV1/2, VHB e CMV em adolescentes grávidas atendidas em um centro de referência do estado do Pará. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 324 gestantes procedentes de vários municípios do estado no período de novembro de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. As amostras foram submetidas a um ensaio imunoenzimático do tipo ELISA, para a detecção de anticorpos anti-HIV, anti HTLV-1/2, anti-VHB e anti-CMV IgM/IgG. A análise sorológica revelou uma amostra soropositiva para o HIV-1, duas amostras positivas para HTLV1/2, enquanto a maioria das amostras apresentaram anticorpos anti-CMV IgG, embora a ocorrência da infecção aguda tenha sido baixa (2,2%). A prevalência da infecção para VHB em adolescentes gestantes foi de 0,62%, porém numero expressivo (83,3%) de adolescentes estão suscetíveis a infecção pelo VHB, o que sugere que não foram imunizadas. A maioria (63,4%) das adolescentes continuaram estudando mesmo sabendo da gravidez e 34,6% buscaram o pré-natal tardiamente possibilitando um numero mínimo de quatro consultas de pre natal O resultado reforça a hipótese que estas adolescentes grávidas possuem uma prevalência de infecções desses tipos virais, semelhante a taxas nacionais das gestantes de modo geral. A prevalência dos subtipos virais (HTLV-2 e HIV-1 subtipo B) obtidas através da caracterização molecular das amostras soropositivas das gestantes foi concordante com a prevalência dos subtipos da região norte.

Prevalência dos Vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas 1 e 2 (HTLV-1 e HTLV-2), Herpesvírus humano 5 (Citomegalovírus) e Vírus da hepatite B (VHB) em mulheres grávidas portadoras do Vírus da imunodeficiência humana 1 (HIV-1) do Estado do Pará, e Tocantins

A prevalência da infecção por agentes virais, como o HTLV, o VHB e o CMV ainda é pouco conhecida na população de mulheres grávidas portadoras do HIV-1 na Região Norte do Brasil. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a soroprevalência das infecções pelo HTLV, CMV e VHB em grávidas portadoras do HIV-1 atendidas em um centro de referência do Pará e de Tocantins. Foram coletas amostras de sangue de 47 mulheres grávidas portadoras do HIV-1, procedentes de várias localidades do estado do Pará, no período de agosto de 2005 a janeiro de 2008 e de 18 mulheres grávidas portadoras do HIV-1 oriundas de várias localidades do estado de Tocantins no período de maio a outubro de 2007. As amostras foram submetidas a um ensaio enzimático do tipo ELISA para a detecção de anticorpos anti-HTLV, anti-VHB (anti-HBc total, anti-HBc IgM, anti-HBs, HBsAg) e anti-CMV IgM/IgG. A análise sorológica revelou que nenhuma das amostras de soro de ambos os estados foi positiva para o anti-HTLV e anti-CMV IgM. Entretanto, todas as amostras de ambos os estados apresentaram anticorpos anti-CMV IgG. A prevalência da infecção pelo VHB em grávidas portadoras do HIV-1 do estado do Pará foi de 19,1% e em Tocantins essa prevalência foi de 27,8%. Apenas no Estado de Tocantins verificamos que houve apenas uma grávida (5,6%) co-infectada HIV-1/VHB. A prevalência da co-infecção HIV/HTLV é baixa nas populações examinadas, assim como a ocorrência da infecção aguda pelo CMV. Entretanto, verificou-se um grande número de mulheres de ambos os estados ainda suscetíveis à infecção pelo VHB, o que sugere que estas populações devam ser vacinadas contra o VHB.

Calciphylaxis: a rare but potentially fatal event of chronic kidney disease. Case report

Calciphylaxis or calcific uremic arteriolopathy is a rare cutaneous-systemic disease occurring in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. The classical clinical picture is that of a necrotic and progressive skin ulcer of reticular pattern, mostly in the lower legs and susceptible to local infection. It is a product of mural calcification and occlusion of cutaneous and sub-cutaneous arteries and arterioles. The authors report the case of a 73-year-old male patient in his late stage of renal disease presenting severe necrotic cutaneous ulcers on lower legs followed by local and systemic infection and death due to sepse after parathyroidectomy.

Infecção de aves (Gallus gallus domesticus) com Salmonella enterica subesp. enterica sorovar Enteritidis contendo deleções nos genes cobS, cbiA, pduC, pduD e pduE: avaliação da colonização intestinal, invasão sistêmica e resposta imune

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Helminth communities of Leptodactylus latrans (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Atlantic rainforest, south-eastern Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Herpes zoster-associated acute urinary retention in immunocompetent patient

Herpes zoster-associated urinary retention is an uncommon event related to virus infection of the S2-S4 dermatome. The possible major reasons are ipsilateral hemicystitis, neuritis-induced or myelitis-associated virus infection. We report a case of a 65-year-old immunocompetent female patient who presented an acute urinary retention after four days under treatment with valacyclovir for gluteal herpes zoster. The patient had to use a vesical catheter, was treated with antibiotics and corticosteroids and fully recovered after eight weeks.