Sentence de la maîtrise des eaux et forêts qui ordonne que les maîtres oiseleurs de Paris, ainsi que les marchands forains qui apporteront en cette ville des serins et autres oiseaux rares et étrangers, seront respectivement maintenus au libre exercice de ce commerce, à la charge de se conformer aux statuts et réglements pour l'exposition, acquit et vente desdits oiseaux ; et pour la contravention faite par un marchand forain y dénommé confisque, au profit de la communauté des oiseleurs, les perroquets, cages et augets saisis sur ce particulier

[Acte. 1755-08-26. Paris]

Sentence de la maîtrise des eaux et forêts qui déclare la saisie d'un filet prohibé et de nouvelle invention, appelé les cliquettes, faite par les jurés de la communauté des pêcheurs à engins de Paris sur Louis Laisné, juré en charge de la communauté, bonne et valable ; ordonne que ledit filet sera confisqué pour être brûlé

[Acte. 1751-08-06. Paris]

Rhumatologie. Une nouvelle option thérapeutique dans la prise en charge de l'inflammation chronique en rhumatologie: les inhibiteurs des janus kinases [A new therapeutical option for chronic inflammation in rheumatology: janus kinases inhibitors (JAK)].

In the last 15 years, the therapeutical options for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases in rheumatology have increased a lot. Nevertheless, some patients do not respond or respond partially to the current therapies--including to the biologics therapy. Tofacitinib (Xeljanz) is now on the Swiss market. It inhibits the JAK pathway. Tofacitinib--as monotherapy or with methotrexate--improves the control of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In a comparative study, tofacitinib was as effective as adalimumab. Further, tofacitinib reduced structural damages in RA and is considered as an alternative, in case of non-response, to anti-TNF and probably to other biologics therapy. The side effects are upper respiratory tract and opportunist infections and tuberculosis. Blood count, lipids, kidney function, liver tests, CK and blood pressure have to be monitored.

Prise en charge du patient avec bronchopneumopathie obstructive: ambulatoire ou hospitalière [Management of the patient with COPD: home case or hospitalization].

Acute exacerbation of COPD is one of the most common causes of hospital admission in patients affected with this disease. In most cases, consideration of differential diagnoses and assessment of important comorbidities will allow to make the decision whether or not the patient needs to be hospitalized. A decision to hospitalize will be based on specific symptoms and signs, as well on the patient's history. Contrary to bronchial asthma, a systematic action plan strategy is lacking for COPD. However, a disease management plan involving all the health care providers may have the potential to improve the patient's well being and to decrease costs related to these exacerbations.

Diabète. Quels repères pour la prise en charge du diabète en 2010 [Diabetes. Perspectives on the management of diabetes in 2010.].

In the absence of works which would significantly change the perspective on the management of diabetes in the elapsed year, this article proposes a reflection on the integration of the evolving knowledge over the past decade into clinical practice. The major preventive impact of an approach targeting all the cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients will remain as the main lesson of this decade. The therapeutic goals need to be tailored to the individual patient's situation based on the evaluation of the benefit: inconvenience-ratio of the treatments. The process of their choice has to include the quest for a shared vision with the patient who is in charge of diabetes management in daily life.

Troubles digestifs associés aux protozoaires et aux helmintes: prise en charge par le médecin de famille [Gastrointestinal complaints associated to helminth and protozoan: management by the general practitioner].

Protozoan and helminthes are frequently associated with persistent digestive complaints, not only in returning travelers from the tropics, but also in industrialized countries. The symptoms are often more vague than those associated to bacterial or viral infections and diarrhea is not always a key feature of the clinical presentation. Three stool examinations and a full blood cells count looking for eosinophilia is the comer stone of the investigations looking for digestive parasites. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic and management of digestive protozoans and helminthes.

Compétences en santé déficientes: obstacle à une prise en charge optimale [Low health literacy: barrier to optimal care].

Health literacy is defined as "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions." Low health literacy mainly affects certain populations at risk limiting access to care, interaction with caregivers and self-management. If there are screening tests, their routine use is not advisable and recommended interventions in practice consist rather to reduce barriers to patient-caregiver communication. It is thus important to include not only population's health literacy but also communication skills of a health system wich tend to become more complex.

Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction reference genes in the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain: validation and literature search.

BACKGROUND: The reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a widely used, highly sensitive laboratory technique to rapidly and easily detect, identify and quantify gene expression. Reliable RT-qPCR data necessitates accurate normalization with validated control genes (reference genes) whose expression is constant in all studied conditions. This stability has to be demonstrated.We performed a literature search for studies using quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR in the rat spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain to verify whether any reference genes had previously been validated. We then analyzed the stability over time of 7 commonly used reference genes in the nervous system - specifically in the spinal cord dorsal horn and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). These were: Actin beta (Actb), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal proteins 18S (18S), L13a (RPL13a) and L29 (RPL29), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) and hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS). We compared the candidate genes and established a stability ranking using the geNorm algorithm. Finally, we assessed the number of reference genes necessary for accurate normalization in this neuropathic pain model. RESULTS: We found GAPDH, HMBS, Actb, HPRT1 and 18S cited as reference genes in literature on studies using the SNI model. Only HPRT1 and 18S had been once previously demonstrated as stable in RT-qPCR arrays. All the genes tested in this study, using the geNorm algorithm, presented gene stability values (M-value) acceptable enough for them to qualify as potential reference genes in both DRG and spinal cord. Using the coefficient of variation, 18S failed the 50% cut-off with a value of 61% in the DRG. The two most stable genes in the dorsal horn were RPL29 and RPL13a; in the DRG they were HPRT1 and Actb. Using a 0.15 cut-off for pairwise variations we found that any pair of stable reference gene was sufficient for the normalization process. CONCLUSIONS: In the rat SNI model, we validated and ranked Actb, RPL29, RPL13a, HMBS, GAPDH, HPRT1 and 18S as good reference genes in the spinal cord. In the DRG, 18S did not fulfill stability criteria. The combination of any two stable reference genes was sufficient to provide an accurate normalization.

HIV-1 Subtype Is an Independent Predictor of Reverse Transcriptase Mutation K65R in HIV-1 Patients Treated with Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Including Tenofovir.

Subtype-dependent selection of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase resistance mutation K65R was previously observed in cell culture and small clinical investigations. We compared K65R prevalence across subtypes A, B, C, F, G, and CRF02_AG separately in a cohort of 3,076 patients on combination therapy including tenofovir. K65R selection was significantly higher in HIV-1 subtype C. This could not be explained by clinical and demographic factors in multivariate analysis, suggesting subtype sequence-specific K65R pathways.