Sireenit, floksit ja iirikset- Puu-Käpylän koristekasvit

Puu-Käpylä (“Wooden Käpylä”), a neighbourhood of Helsinki, is the earliest example of the Garden City Movement in Finland. The suburb of valuable wooden architecture was built between 1920 and 1925, with the aim to provide a healthy housing area for working-class families with many children. The houses were erected by a co-operative (Käpylän kansanasunnot, “People?s Dwellings”) and they are protected by the city plan since 1960?s. However, the historical value of the sheltered courtyards has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to survey the garden flora of Puu-Käpylä and to evaluate the authenticity of the courtyard gardens. The survey covered the area of one residential quarter (1.2 ha) with twelve 2-storey semi-detached timber houses arranged around a common yard, which was originally appointed for the tenants? vegetable gardens. The houses are still rented, and each flat is allowed a small lot of the courtyard for cultivation. A complete list was made of all perennial, ornamental plant taxa present in the quarter. Spring bulbs were missed due to the timing of the survey. Generally, the plants were recorded on species level, with the exception of common lilacs, shrub roses, irises and peonies that were thoroughly studied for cultivar identification. It was assumed that plants initially grown in the courtyard could be distinguished by studying Finnish garden magazines, books and nursery catalogues published in the 1920?s and by comparing the present vegetation to surviving documents from the quarter. The total number of ornamental plant taxa identified was 172, of which 17 were trees, 47 shrubs, 7 climbers and 101 herbaceous perennials. The results indicated that a major part of the shrubs, climbers and perennials presumably originated from the 1970?s or later, whereas ca. 70 % of the tree specimens were deemed as original. The survey disclosed a heritage variety of common lilac, resembling cultivar „Prince Notger?, a specific peony taxon, Paeonia humilis Retz., cultivated in Nordic countries since long ago, and a few historic iris varieties. Well-preserved design elements included front gardens on one side of the quarter, a maple alley on another side as well as trees at the garden gates. Old garden books and magazines did not shed much light on the Finnish garden flora commonly used in the period when Puu-Käpylä was built. However, they gave a valuable picture of contemporary planting design. Nursery catalogues offered insight into the assortment of ornamental plants traded in the 1920?s. Conclusions on the authenticity of the current flora were mainly drawn on the basis of old photographs and a vegetation survey map drawn in the 1970?s. This study revealed a need for standardization of syrvey methods applied when investigating garden floras. Uniform survey techniques would make the results comparable and enable a future compilation of data from e.g. historic gardens.

A hitchhiker's guide to a crowded syconium: how do fig nematodes find the right ride?

P>1Organisms with low mobility, living within ephemeral environments,need to find vehicles that can disperse them reliably to new environments. The requirement for specificity in this passenger-vehicle relationship is enhanced within a tritrophic interaction when the environment of passenger and vehicle is provided by a third organism. Such relationships pose many interesting questions about specificity within a tritrophic framework. 2. Central to understanding how these tritrophic systems have evolved, is knowing how they function now. Determining the proximal cues and sensory modalities used by passengers to find vehicles and to discriminate between reliable and non-reliable vehicles is, therefore, essential to this investigation. 3. The ancient, co-evolved and highly species-specific nursery pollination mutualism between figs and fig wasps is host to species-specific plant-parasitic nematodes which use fig wasps to travel between figs. Since individual globular fig inflorescences, i.e. syconia, serve as incubators for hundreds of developing pollinating and parasitic wasps, a dispersal-stage nematode within such a chemically,complex and physically crowded environment is faced with the dilemma of choosing the right vehicle for dispersal into a new fig. Such a system therefore affords excellent opportunities to investigate mechanisms that contribute to the evolution of specificity between the passenger and the vehicle. 4. In this study of fig-wasp-nematode tritrophic interactions in Ficus racemosa within which seven wasp species can breed, we demonstrate using two-choice as well as cafeteria assays that plant-parasitic nematodes (Schistonchus racemosa) do not hitch rides randomly on available eclosing wasps within the fig syconium, but are specifically attracted, at close range, i.e. 3 mm distance, to only that vehicle which can quickly, within a few hours, reliably transfer it to another fig. This vehicle is the female pollinating wasp. Male wasps and female parasitic wasps are inappropriate vehicles since the former are wingless and die within the fig, while the latter never enter another fig. Nematodes distinguished between female pollinating wasps and other female parasitic wasps using volatiles and cuticular hydrocarbons. Nematodes could not distinguish between cuticular hydrocarbons of male and female pollinators but used other cues, such as volatiles, at close range, to find female pollinating wasps with which they have probably had a long history of chemical adaptation. 5. This study opens up new questions and hypotheses about the evolution and maintenance of specificity in fig-wasp-nematode tritrophic interactions.

Toiseustarinat : äitinä suomalaisessa yhteiskunnassa

The focus of this study is to analyse the power relations on how our society normalizes motherhood and what kind techniques of power can be found in the motherhood culture. This study is an educational family research, and the aim of this study was to analyse those power frames that try to limit mothers in their motherhoods. There were seven mother participants in this study. They wrote essays about their experiences of motherhood in the Finnish society. The method of the research was qualitative, and the data was analysed by discourse analysis. The theoretical part of the research consists of distinguish in parenthood, family policy in families with children and motherhood in the Finnish society. The methodological approach is Michel Foucault´s analytic of power relations, and in this viewpoint I try to find out the different discourses of motherhood. In this study, mothers process against those assumptions of motherhood, which limit their freedom as acting in their role as mothers. Mothers locate themselves in the position of the Other that differs from those motherhood discourses which mothers were talking about. From the point of the Others , mothers processed their own motherhood, and they feel that they were always distinguished from the motherhood which they were expected to belong. Six categories were found in the motherhood assumptions: the norm of education, the myths of motherhood, the role assumptions in the motherhood, the norm of motherhood and discourse of good parenting, and discourse of project parenting. These discourses of motherhood assumptions make limitations, classifications and difference among motherhood. These assumptions were told by people for example in maternity clinics, first and security houses, judiciary systems, nursery, or by some other people. Mothers in this study made a comparison between the motherhood assumptions and themselves. In this study, mothers also criticize the culture of motherhood in the society and feel incompatible with the norms of motherhood around them. This may also increase mothers exhaustion.

Phytophthora in Finnish nurseries

Human-mediated movement of plants and plant products is now generally accepted to be the primary mode of introduction of plant pathogens. Species of the genus Phytophthora are commonly spread in this way and have caused severe epidemics in silviculture, horticulture as well as natural systems all over the world. The aims of the study were to gather information on the occurrence of Phytophthora spp. in Finnish nurseries, to produce information for risk assessments for these Phytophthora spp. by determining their host ranges and tolerance of cold temperatures, and to establish molecular means for their detection. Phytophthora cactorum was found to persist in natural waterbodies and results suggest that irrigation water might be a source of inoculum in nurseries. In addition to P. cactorum, isolates from ornamental nursery Rhododendron yielded three species new to Finland: P. ramorum, P. plurivora and P. pini. The only species with quarantine status, P. ramorum, was most adapted to growth in cold temperatures and able to persist in the nursery in spite of an annual sanitation protocol. Phytophthora plurivora and the closely related P. pini had more hosts among Nordic tree and plant species than P. ramorum and P. cactorum, and also had higher infectivity rates. All four species survived two weeks in -5 °C , and thus soil survival of these Phytophthoras in Finland is likely under current climatic conditions. The most common tree species in Finnish nurseries, Picea abies, was highly susceptible to P. plurivora and P. pini in pathogenicity trials. In a histological examination of P. plurivora in P. abies shoot tissues, fast necrotrophic growth was observed in nearly all tissues. The production of propagules in P. abies shoot tissue was only weakly indicated. In this study, a PCR DGGE technique was developed for simultaneous detection and identification of Phytophthora spp. It reliably detected Phytophthora in plant tissues and could discriminate most test species as well as indicate instances of multiple-species infections. It proved to be a useful detection and identification tool either applied alone or in concert with traditional isolation culture techniques. All of the introduced species of Phytophthora had properties that promote a high risk of establishment and spread in Finland. It is probable that more pathogens of this genus will be introduced and become established in Finland and other Nordic countries unless efficient phytosanitary control becomes standard practice in the international plant trade.

Jos olisin viisas niin siivoisin : Lasten luovat prosessit päiväkodissa

It has been found usually to talk in the early childhood education in connection with the creativity about arts and skills and about play. In this treatise, the creativity is approached besides play but also from the point of view of the creativity of the everyday. The starting point for the study is the view according to which the creativity is complex interaction between a creative person and an environment. The theoretical body of the study is the Componential theory of creativity of Amabile (1996). The process which is open and product which is new and suitable or acceptable were defined creative. In the opinion of many researchers, the creativity is a phenomenon that has determined in a certain time and place so the creativity is examined from the point of view of the social constructionism. As creative processes in the day nursery it has been defined pretend play, child´s involvement and children´s agentive perception which is based on the Children´s agentive perception theory of Reunamo (2007). The purpose of the study is to clarify how the child's personal factors and the social environment affect the creative processes of children in the day nursery. This Master's thesis is based on the Children' s agentive perception uncovered study led by Jyrki Reunamo (2010) which was carried out in the spring of 2010 in Keski-Uusimaa and in Hämeenlinna and Taiwan. From the study, a name has also been used "on the sources of Orientation", a research project and development project. The study includes the children's evaluation sector, the observation sector, the children's interview sector and the evaluation sector of the pedagogic environment. 891 Children 1-7 year-old by age participated in the study. All the sectors which belong to the study of Reunamo were utilized in this treatise and the Finnish day nurseries or preschool groups which had participated in the study were marked off as the target group. The main component analysis, sum variables, the correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney s U-test and Kruskall-Wallas test were used for the statistical examination of the quantitative material. In this treatise it was noticed, both the personal properties of the child and a social environment, that they affected all the examined creative processes which also had a significant connection with each other statistically. The definition of creativity was filled best by the participative answers. However, the number of the participative answers was only 8% in the questions concerning adults. That raised the question whether an attempt should be made to have effect so that the children's better participation also in the interaction with the adults would be possible in the educational culture of the day nursery. In the further study, the conscious building of the social environment which supports the creativity from a social constructionism point of view could indeed be an interesting task. The treatise is suitable for an examination of the interaction between the child's person and a social environment especially from the point of view of the creativity.

Parasites exert conflicting selection pressures to affect reproductive asynchrony of their host plant in an obligate pollination mutualism

1. Plant reproductive phenology is generally viewed as an individual's strategy to maximize gamete exchange and propagule dispersal and is often considered largely dependent on patterns of floral initiation. Reproductive phenology, however, can be affected by proximate responses to pollinators, parasites and herbivores which could influence floral longevity or fruit development time. 2. We examined the influence of insect interactants on within-plant reproductive phenology in the fig-fig wasp nursery pollination mutualism in Ficus racemosa (Moraceae). Most figs support a wasp community comprised of a mutualistic pollinator, with several host-plant-specific non-pollinating herbivorous gallers and parasitoids. These wasps reproduce within enclosed inflorescences called syconia, which develop into fruit after pollination. While different wasp species oviposit into syconia at varying times during its ontogeny, all wasp progeny are constrained to exit syconia simultaneously just prior to fruit ripening. Developing larvae of early-ovipositing wasps may hasten syconium ontogeny through formation of earlier and larger nutrient sinks, whereas larvae of late-arriving parasites may lengthen syconium ontogeny to complete their development successfully. Seeds are also important nutrient sinks. The number of seeds and the type and number of developing wasps may therefore be expected to influence syconium development times, thereby affecting the reproductive synchrony of syconia on a plant. 3. Observations on naturally pollinated and parasitized syconia indicated that their seed and wasp content affected syconium development time. Experimental manipulations of syconia to produce only seeds or various combinations of wasps confirmed this finding. Early-ovipositing galler progeny reduced syconium development times, while gallers ovipositing concurrently with pollinators had no effect on syconium development. Late-ovipositing parasitoid progeny, the presence of only seeds within the syconium, or delayed pollination increased syconium development time. The differential development of syconia, which was influenced by mutualistic or parasitic progeny, accordingly contributed to within-tree reproductive asynchrony. 4. Synthesis. Individual reproductive units in fig trees called syconia, which also function as brood sites for pollinating and parasitic fig wasps, have plastic development durations dependent on pollination timing and species of wasps developing within them. Syconium development times are a likely compromise between conflicting demands from developing seeds and different wasp species.

High Temperatures Result in Smaller Nurseries which Lower Reproduction of Pollinators and Parasites in a Brood Site Pollination Mutualism

In a nursery pollination mutualism, we asked whether environmental factors affected reproduction of mutualistic pollinators, non-mutualistic parasites and seed production via seasonal changes in plant traits such as inflorescence size and within-tree reproductive phenology. We examined seasonal variation in reproduction in Ficus racemosa community members that utilise enclosed inflorescences called syconia as nurseries. Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall defined four seasons: winter; hot days, cold nights; summer and wet seasons. Syconium volumes were highest in winter and lowest in summer, and affected syconium contents positively across all seasons. Greater transpiration from the nurseries was possibly responsible for smaller syconia in summer. The 3-5 degrees C increase in mean temperatures between the cooler seasons and summer reduced fig wasp reproduction and increased seed production nearly two-fold. Yet, seed and pollinator progeny production were never negatively related in any season confirming the mutualistic fig-pollinator association across seasons. Non-pollinator parasites affected seed production negatively in some seasons, but had a surprisingly positive relationship with pollinators in most seasons. While within-tree reproductive phenology did not vary across seasons, its effect on syconium inhabitants varied with season. In all seasons, within-tree reproductive asynchrony affected parasite reproduction negatively, whereas it had a positive effect on pollinator reproduction in winter and a negative effect in summer. Seasonally variable syconium volumes probably caused the differential effect of within-tree reproductive phenology on pollinator reproduction. Within-tree reproductive asynchrony itself was positively affected by intra-tree variation in syconium contents and volume, creating a unique feedback loop which varied across seasons. Therefore, nursery size affected fig wasp reproduction, seed production and within-tree reproductive phenology via the feedback cycle in this system. Climatic factors affecting plant reproductive traits cause biotic relationships between plants, mutualists and parasites to vary seasonally and must be accorded greater attention, especially in the context of climate change.

How to be a fig wasp parasite on the fig-fig wasp mutualism

The nursery pollination mutualism between figs and pollinating fig wasps is based on adaptations that allow wasps to enter the enclosed inflorescences of figs, to facilitate seed set, and to have offspring that develop within the nursery and that leave to enter other inflorescences for pollination. This closed mutualistic system is not immune to parasitic fig wasps. Although the life histories and basic biology of the mutualists have been investigated, the biology of the fig wasp parasites has been severely neglected. This review brings together current knowledge of the many different ways in which parasites can enter the system, and also points to the serious lacunae in our understanding of the intricate interactions between gallers, kleptoparasites, seed eaters and parasitoids within this mutualism.

How to be a dioecious fig: Chemical mimicry between sexes matters only when both sexes flower synchronously

In nursery pollination mutualisms, which are usually obligate interactions, olfactory attraction of pollinators by floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the main step in guaranteeing partner encounter. However, mechanisms ensuring the evolutionary stability of dioecious fig-pollinator mutualisms, in which female fig trees engage in pollination by deceit resulting in zero reproductive success of pollinators that visit them, are poorly understood. In dioecious figs, individuals of each sex should be selected to produce odours that their pollinating wasps cannot distinguish, especially since pollinators have usually only one choice of a nursery during their lifetime. To test the hypothesis of intersexual chemical mimicry, VOCs emitted by pollen-receptive figs of seven dioecious species were compared using headspace collection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. First, fig-flower scents varied significantly among species, allowing host-species recognition. Second, in species in which male and female figs are synchronous, intersexual VOC variation was not significant. However, in species where figs of both sexes flower asynchronously, intersexual variation of VOCs was detectable. Finally, with one exception, there was no sexual dimorphism in scent quantity. We show that there are two ways to use scent to be a dioecious fig based on differences in flowering synchrony between the sexes.

Evaluación preliminar de veinte lineas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), por su reacción a plagas y enfermedades, INTA-CNIA, dos mil uno

La presente investigación se llevó a efecto en el Centro Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (CNIA- INTA), ubicado en el Km. 14 de la carretera norte, 2 Km. al sur en el municipio de Managua, departamento de Managua. El ensayo se estableció en la época de postrera del 2001, en suelos de origen volcánico y textura franco arenosa. El propósito del experimento fue contribuir a la obtención de líneas de sorgo [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) resistentes y/o tolerantes a plagas y enfermedades. Los materiales utilizados (provenientes de la Universidad de Texas A & M) son parte de un ADIN (AII Disease and lnsect Nursery). La parcela experimental tuvo un tamaño de 3.75 m2 que constó de 1 surco de 5 metros lineales (1 línea por surco). El ensayo se estableció utilizando la metodología de la Universidad de Texas A & M con 20 tratamientos (líneas) y 2 repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron: a) Daño foliar causado por el gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), b) Días a floración, e) Número de mosquitas (Stenodipfosis sorghicola Coquillett) por panoja, d) Número de parasitoides de mosquita (Aprostocetus diplosidis Crawford) por panoja, y e) Severidad de las enfermedades foliares. Para la primera y la última variable se utilizó la escala de daño propuesta por la Universidad de Texas A & M, a estos datos se les efectuó un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Para las variables b, e y d se realizó un análisis de varianza y prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan (P:s:0.05), además se les efectuó un análisis de correlación parcial. En cuanto al daño foliar causado por el gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), no existen diferencias en el comportamiento de las líneas. Este aspecto no representó una incidencia relevante. Con respecto al período de floración, la línea MB1088 presentó el mayor número de dias a floración, en tanto que la línea Tx2911/9281941 presentó el menor número de días a floración. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el comportamiento de las 20 líneas de sorgo [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] ante el ataque de mosquita (Stenodiplosis sorghico/a Coquillett) y la incidencia de su parasitoide (Aprostocetus diplosidis Crawford) es similar para cada línea; la línea R.9618 fue la que presentó el mayor valor con respecto a esta variable, mientras que la línea que presentó el menor número de mosquitas por panoja fue Tx7078; Existe relación entre la variable número de mosquitas (Stenodip/osis sorghico/a Coquillett) por panoja y días a floración y esta relación es afectada por el parasitoide de la mosquita (Aprostocetus diplosidis Crawford). Puede identificarse que la línea Tx2783 presentó el menor porcentaje de severidad por enfermedades foliares (12.5%) mientras que el mayor porcentaje de severidad por enfermedades foliares lo obtuvo la línea R.9618 (65.12%). De las 6 enfermedades que se presentaron en el ensayo, la más predominante fue antracnosis (Collectotrichum graminicola G. W. Wilson).

Evaluación preliminar de diecinueve lineas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) por su reacción a las principales plagas: Cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith), mosquita del sorgo (Stenodiplosis sorghicola coquillet) y enfermedades, CNIA-INTA, 2001

La presente investigación se llevó a efecto en el Km 14 de la carretera Norte, en el Centro Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (CNIA – INTA), 2 Km. al sur en el municipio de Managua, departamento de Managua. El ensayo se estableció en la época de postrera del 2001, en suelos de origen volcánico y textura franco arenosa. El propósito del experimento fue evaluar de forma preliminar 19 líneas de sorgo Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench por su reacción a la mosquita del sorgo ( Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coquillet), el cogollero ( Spodoptera frugiperda J:E:Smith) y enfermedades. Los materiales utilizados son parte de un ADIN (All Diseases and Insect Nursery). La parcela experimental tuvo un tamaño de 3.75 m 2 y constó de 1 surco de 5 metros lineales (1 línea por surco). El ensayo se estableció utilizando la metodología de la Universidad de Texas A & M con19 tratamientos (líneas) y 2 repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron: a) daño foliar causado por el gusano cogollero ( Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith ), b) días a floración, c) número de mosquitas d el sorgo ( Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coquillett ) por panoja, d) número de parasitoides de mosquita del sorgo ( Aprostocetus diplosidis Crawford) por panoja, e) severidad de las enfermedades foliares y vasculares. Para la primera y la última variable se utilizó la escala de daño propuesta por la Universidad de Texas A & M. A estos datos se les efectuó un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Para las variables b, c y d se realizó un análisis de varianza y prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan (P ≤ 0.05), además se les efectuó un análisis de correlación de Pearson. En cuanto al daño foliar causado por el gusano cogollero ( Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith ), no existieron diferencias en el comportamiento de las líneas. Este aspecto no representó una incidencia relevante. Con respecto al período de floración, la línea 96CA5986 presentó el mayor número de días a floración, en tanto que la línea Tx2880 presentó el menor número de días a floración. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el comportamiento de las 19 líneas de sorgo [ Sorghum bicolor ( L.) Moench ] ante el ataque de mosquita del sorgo ( Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coquillett ) y la incidencia de su parasitoide ( Aprostocetus diplosidis Crawford ) es similar para cada línea; La línea 98BRON122 fue la que presentó el mayor valor con respecto a esta variable, mientras que la línea que presentó el menor número de mosquitas por panoja fue B9104; Existe relación entre la variable número de mosquitas ( Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coquillett ) por panoja y días a floración y esta relación es afectada por el parasitoide de la mosquita ( Aprostocetus diplosidis Crawford ). Puede identificarse que la Linea 87EO366*9EO328 fue la que presentó la mayor severidad de enfermedades foliares tales como antracnosis ( Colletotrichum graminicola G. W. Wilson ), mancha zonada ( Gloeocercospora sorghi D.Bain.& Edgerton ex Deighton) , mancha gris de la hoja (Cercospora sorghi Ellis y Everth) tizón de la hoja ( Exserohilum turcicum (pass.). La línea que presentó la menor severidad fue 94B1055. La enfermedad que presentó mayor severidad en el ensayo fue Antracnosis.

Evaluación de veinte lineas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) por su reacción a enfermedades en tres localidades de Nicaragua, postrera 2003

Para contribuir a resolver la problemática varietal en el país, se han sumado esfuerzos en evaluar líneas de sorgo por lo que se realizó un experimento en diferentes zonas productoras de sorgo en Nicaragua utilizando un vivero de líneas para evaluar plagas y enfermedades ADIN (All Diseases and Insect Nursery), facilitado por el Dr. Larry E. Claflin, fitopatológo de la Universidad del Estado Kansas (KSU), mediante el programa INTSORMIL (International Sorghum and Millet Project. El estudio se desarrolló de agosto a diciembre del 2003. Se utilizó, parcelas experimentales de 5 m. lineales con un área total de 75 m2 con dos repeticiones en cada localidad; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria, (CNIA–INTA), Managua; Tisma, Masaya y Ranchería, Chinandega. Entre las variables estudiadas se evaluó severidad de enfermedades foliares, severidad de mohos en panoja y rendimiento de grano. Para la evaluación de las enfermedades se utilizó una escala de daño que incluye valores de 0 %-100 % de severidad propuesta por (Frederiksen, 2000); modificada por (Pichardo, 2001). Los datos colectados fueron procesados y sometidos aun ANDEVA, y separación de medias utilizando la prueba de Tukey (α=0.05). Se realizó análisis de regresi ón lineal para determinar el rendimiento predictivo por localidad y líneas. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que existen diferencias estadísticas entre las líneas para las tres localidades. Las líneas evaluadas en Ranchería presentaron los menores niveles o valores de severidad de en fermedades (7-21 %); valores intermedios (15-39%) las líneas evaluadas en Tisma y los más altos valores (39-58 %) las líneas evaluadas en el CNIA–INTA. Las enfermedades presentes en el estudio fueron: mancha gris de la hoja causada por Cercospora sorghi, Ellis & Everth, antracnosis causada por Colletotrichum graminicola G. W. Wilson y mancha zonada de la hoja causada por Gloeocercospora sorghi D. Bain & Edgerton ex Deighton. Los mayores rendimientos fueron obtenidos por la línea Sureño con 9 037.31, 5 296.57 y 3 566.18 kg ha-1 en CNIA-INTA, Tisma y Ranchería respectivamente; y los menores rendimientos por BLD6(w+y) en CNIA-INTA, con 1 184 kg ha-1, B.9955 en Tisma, con 870.53 kg ha-1 y en Ranchería la línea 98BRON122 con 1 352.55 kg ha -1.

Evaluacion de veinticuatro lineas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) por su reaccion a plagas y enfermedades, en dos localidades CNIA-INTA, Managua y Guanacastillo, Masaya postrera 2004

El estudio de investigación se realizo en época de postrera Septiembre-Diciembre 2004. Se establecieron dos ensayos en dos zonas diferentes: Centro Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (CNIA-INTA), ubicado en el km 14 de la carretera norte, 2 km al sur en Managua y en Guanacastillo en el km 40 carretera Tipitapa-Masaya, 3 km hacia el oeste. El objetivo fue contribuir a la obtención de materiales resistentes a plagas y enfermedades. Los materiales utilizados son partes de un vivero ADIN (All Diseases and Insect Nursery) El diseño utilizado fue parcelas experimentales con veinticuatro tratamientos y tres repeticiones en cada localidad. Cada tratamiento fue representado por una línea en un surco y a la vez es la parcela útil. El área total para cada ensayo fue de 324mt2 Las variables evaluadas fueron: Daño causado por cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), severidad de las enfermedades foliares y mohos de la panoja. Se realizó un Análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y prueba de rangos múltiple de Tukey (P =0.05), para la variable cogollero y descriptivo, para la reacción de las enfermedades basada en la escala de severidad. Todas las líneas evaluadas fueron afectadas por gusano cogollero. Las enfermedades foliares que afectaron las líneas de sorgo, en ambas localidades fueron: Mancha gris de la hoja ( Cercospora sorghi Ellis & Everth), Antracnosis (Colletotrichum graminicola (cesati) G. W. Willson ) y Mancha zonada de la hoja ( Gloeocercospora sorghi D. Bain & Edgerton ex Deighton). La enfermedad que predominó por su mayor severidad en las líneas evaluadas fue la Antracnosis, seguido de Mancha zonada y Mancha gris en ambas localidades. De las 24 líneas evaluadas en ambas localidades 6 de ellas no presentaron afectación por enfermedades foliares. Los mayores grados de severidad por mohos en la panoja, se registraron en líneas evaluadas en CNIA-INTA. Los mejores rendimientos fueron obtenidos por las líneas 03LI6134,35, (3224.26 kg/ha, 2612.29 kg/ha), 03LI6196,97, (3112.58 kg/ha, 3662.43 kg/ha), 03LI6210,11 , (2579.35 kg/ha, 2659.24 kg/ha), en CNIA-INTA y Guanacastillo, y los menores rendimientos por 03CS268, (1194.25 kg/ha, 1291.92 kg/ha), 03LI6224,25, (1108.18 kg/ha, 1111.95 kg/ha).

Aquaculture Asia, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp.1-36, January - March 2006

*Table of Contents* Research & farming techniques Nursery rearing of Puntius goniotus: A preliminary trial K.N. Mohnta, J.K. Jena & S.N. Mohanty Artemia enrichment and biomass production for larval finfish and shellfish culture A.S. Ninawe Vembanad Lake: A potential spawner bank of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii on the southwest coast of India Paramaraj Balamurugan, Pitchaimuthu Mariappan & Chellam Balasundaram Seed production of mud crab Scylla serrata at the Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu, India Mohamed Shaji, Emilia T. Quinitio, Thampi Samraj, S. Kandan, K. Ganesh, Dinesh Kumar, S. Arulraj, S. Pandiarajan, Shajina Ismail and K. Dhandapan. Sustainable aquaculture Fish wastes in urban and suburban markets of Kolkata: Problems and potentials Kausik Mondal, Anilava Kaviraj & P.K. Mukhopadhyay People in aquaculture Peter Edwards writes on rural aquaculture: Farming carps in leased ponds by groups of poor women in Chandpur, Bangladesh Aquatic animal health Lymphocystis disease and diagnostic methods in China Jing Xing, Xiuzhen Sheng & Wenbin Zhan Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish Aquaculture Network Mesocosm technology advances grouper culture in northern Australia Elizabeth Cox, Peter Fry & Anjanette Johnston

Aquaculture Asia, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp.1-42, October-December 2005

*Table of Contents* Sustainable aquaculture Peter Edwards writes on rural aquaculture: Small-scale pond culture in Bangladesh. People in aquaculture Community based aquaculture - issues and challenges H.K. De and G.S. Saha. Aquaculture as an action programme: An exercise in building confidence and self worth. B. Shanthi, V.S. Chandrasekaran, M. Kailasam, M. Muralidar, T. Ravisankar,.C. Saradad and M. Krishnan The STREAM Column: Transforming policy recommendations into pro-poor service provision Graham Haylor. Research & farming techniques. Grow out of juvenile spotted Babylon to marketable size in earthen ponds II: Polyculture with seabass. S. Kritsanapuntu, N. Chaitanawisuti, W. Santhaweesuk and Y. Natsukari Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish Aquaculture Network. Influence of economic conditions of importing nations and unforeseen global events on grouper markets. Sih Yang Sim. Present status of hatchery technology for cobia in Vietnam. Nhu Van Can. Report on grouper hatchery training course in Indonesia. Nguyen Quoc Thai. Aquatic animal health. Biosecured and improved penaeid shrimp production through organic nursery raceway system in India. Felix. S. and M. Samaya Kannan. Management of monogenean parasites in brackishwater finfish. K.P. Jithendran, M. Natarajan and I.S. Azad. Vembanad Lake: A potential spawner bank of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii on the southwest coast of India. Paramaraj Balamurugan, Pitchaimuthu Mariappan & Chellam Balasundaram.