A 'Female Columbus' in 1887 America: Marking New Social Territory

As a self-styled 'female Columbus', E. Catherine Bates took a transcontinental journey across North America with a woman companion in the late 1880s and, on her return to England, published A Year in the Great Republic . This paper, following critical theory approaches to the study of travel writing, explores the ways in which several of Bates's many-layered social identities as a woman of the British e lite class came to the fore in her travel narrative. I argue that Bates constructed her narrative primarily around her shifting gender identities- as 'feminine' and 'feminist'- and suggest that imperialistic writing was less apparent because she was travelling to a place that had an 'empire-to-empire' rather than a 'colony-to-empire', relationship to Britain during its 'Age of Empire'. In this paper I am searching for a middle ground between what I have termed 'modernist' interpretations of women's travel writing and the more recent post-structural interpretations. I make the case that Victorian women travellers' revisionist commentary on gender roles, as well as their observations of domestic scenes, should remain in focus as we continue to mark them for historical study.

Men in Black: Fashioning Masculinity in Nineteenth-Century Spain

Clothes offer us a commentary on the individual who wears them, and one of those comments deals with gender. Clothing is fundamental to gender, turning male and female bodies into men and women. In the nineteenth century the preoccupation with appear- ances was greater than in previous periods thanks to changes in the social system and a reformulation of gender roles, as well as the popularity of physiognomic theory. Given this increased sensitivity to the gaze, it is curious that men would uniformly adopt the black suit as their garment of choice. This revolution in male fashion was born from contradic- tory motives. On the one hand, the man in black attempted to avoid the gaze so as not to be anyone’s object of desire. An exception to this rule was the elegante, for whom fashion was a way of life. The elegante became a frequent target of the satirical press, which ques- tioned his masculinity. On the other hand, the black suit came simbolize the power of the ascendant middle class because it recalled Spain’s most important monarchs, such as Carlos V and Felipe II. The black suit thus became a polysemic signifier, and the man who wore it attempted, impossibly, to be both the subject and object of the gaze.

Alcohol consumption and binge drinking in young adult childhood cancer survivors

Background This study compared frequency of alcohol consumption and binge drinking between young adult childhood cancer survivors and the general population in Switzerland, and assessed its socio-demographic and clinical determinants. Procedure Childhood cancer survivors aged <16 years when diagnosed 1976–2003, who had survived >5 years and were currently aged 20–40 years received a postal questionnaire. Reported frequency of alcohol use and of binge drinking were compared to the Swiss Health Survey, a representative general population survey. Determinants of frequent alcohol consumption and binge drinking were assessed in a multivariable logistic regression. Results Of 1,697 eligible survivors, 1,447 could be contacted and 1,049 (73%) responded. Survivors reported more often than controls to consume alcohol frequently (OR = 1.7; 95%CI = 1.3–2.1) and to engage in binge drinking (OR = 2.9; 95%CI = 2.3–3.8). Peak frequency of binge drinking in males occurred at age 24–26 years in survivors, compared to age 18–20 in the general population. Socio-demographic factors (male gender, high educational attainment, French and Italian speaking, and migration background from Northern European countries) were most strongly associated with alcohol consumption patterns among both survivors and controls. Conclusions The high frequency of alcohol consumption found in this study is a matter of concern. Our data suggest that survivors should be better informed on the health effects of alcohol consumption during routine follow-up, and that such counseling should be included in clinical guidelines. Future research should study motives of alcohol consumption among survivors to allow development of targeted health interventions for this vulnerable group.

Sexing the Male: Manifestations of Masculinity in Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights, and Villette

Abstract: This project considers Emily and Charlotte Brontë's constructions of masculinity in Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights, and Villette. There is a vast proliferation of scholarship focusing on gender in the Victorian Era, but as much of this criticism focuses on women, the analysis of heterosexual masculinity in these novels provides a unique perspective on the complexities involved in gender constructions during this period. Masculine identity was in a transitory state in the early nineteenth century, as Romantic values were replaced by Victorian conceptions of masculinity, largely influencing the expectations of men. This paper argues that based on an understanding of femininity and masculinity as defined in relation to each other, the Brontë heroes look to the female characters as a source of stability to define themselves against, constructing a stagnant feminine role to frame an understanding of how masculinity was changing. The female characters resist this categorization, however, never allowing the men to fully classify them into stable feminine roles, which leads both shifting gender roles to intertwine and collapse in the novels, undermining any conceptualization of a stable or universal understanding of gender. The paper considers the role of masculinity based in class, relationships with women, and the understanding of sexual passion, to argue that the Brontës' portrayal of men emulates the anxieties surrounding the shift from Romantic to Victorian values of manliness, ultimately rejecting any stable definition of the nineteenth-century man.

'Le Siège de Calais' by Pierre-Laurent de Belloy

Le Siège de Calais, hailed by its author in 1765 as France’s ‘première tragédie nationale’, rolled into Paris like a storm. Pierre-Laurent de Belloy’s play about French bravery during the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) appeared on the heels of France’s defeat in the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763). Le Siège de Calais was performed throughout Europe and published numerous times during the second half of the eighteenth century. De Belloy emerged as a national hero, receiving prizes from Louis XV, accolades from the city of Calais, and membership to the prestigious Académie française. Since the French Revolution, however, the popularity of Le Siège de Calais has eclipsed, owing to its overt glorification of France’s royal machine. Several hundred years later, the play warrants a fresh look from a holistic perspective. De Belloy’s tragedy and the varied responses it provoked – many of which are included in this edition – offer complex representations of French political history and patriotic sentiment. Le Siège de Calais reveals conflicting images of gender roles, political debate and family values during the twilight of the Ancien régime; it also constituted one of the last moments when serious drama asserted its role as a popular force.

Towards a Variety of Family Models: Economic Contributions of Spouses and Family Power

In Western societies the increase in female employment (especially among married women) is seen as having brought about the crisis of the traditional model of the family, reinforcing the position of the "modern" model - the egalitarian family with two working spouses and a "dual-career" family. In contrast, the transitional situation in the post-communist countries during the 1990s is producing a crisis of the family with two working spouses (the basic type of the communist period) and leading to new power relations within the family. While the growth of dual-earner households in this century has implied modification of family models towards greater symmetry of responsibility for breadwinning and homemaking, there is considerable evidence that women's increased employment does not necessarily lead to a more egalitarian approach to gender roles within the family. The group set out to investigate the economic situation of families and economic power within the fame as a crucial factor in the transformation of families with two working spouses in order to reveal the specific patterns of gender contracts and power relations within the family that are emerging in response to the current political and economic transformation. They opted for a comparative approach, selecting the Czech Republic as a country where the very similar tendencies of a few years ago (almost 100% of women employed and the family as a realm of considerable private freedom where both women's and men's gender identities and the traditional distribution of family responsibilities were largely preserved) are combined with a very different experience in terms of economic inequalities during the 1990s to that of Russia. In the first stage of the study they surveyed 300 married couples (150 in each country) on the question of breadwinning. They then carried out in-depth interviews with 10 couples from each country (selected from among the educated layers of the population), focusing on the process of the social construction of gender, using breadwinning and homemaking as gender boundaries which distinguish men from women. By analysing changes in social position and the type of interpersonal interaction of spouses they distinguished two main types of family contracts: the neo-traditional "communal sharing" (with male breadwinner, traditional distribution of family chores and negotiated family power) and the modern one based on negotiated agreement. The most important pre-conditions of husband-wife agreement about breadwinning seemed to imply their overall gender ideology rather than the economic and/or family circumstances. In general, wives were more likely to express egalitarian views, supporting the blurring or even elimination of many gender boundaries. Husbands, on the other hand, more often gave responses calling for the continued maintenance of gender boundaries. The analysis showed that breadwinning is still an important gender boundary in these cultures, one that is assumed unless it is explicitly questioned and that is seen as part of what makes a man a "real man". The majority of respondents seemed to be committed to egalitarian ideology on gender roles and the distribution of family tasks, including decision making, but this is contradicted by the persistent idea of the husband as the breadwinner. This contradiction is more characteristic of the Russian situation than of the Czech. The quantitative study showed a difference in prevailing family models between the two countries, with a clearer shift towards the traditional family contract in the Russian case. The Czechs were more likely to consider their partnerships as based on negotiated agreement, while the Russians saw theirs as based on egalitarian contract, in both cases seeing this as the norm. The majority of couples said they felt satisfied with their marriage, although in both countries wives seemed to be less satisfied. There was however a difference in the issues that aroused dissatisfaction, with Czech women being more sensitive to issues such as self-realisation, personal independence, understanding and recognition in the family, and Russians to issues of love, understanding and recognition. The most disputed area for the majority of families was chores in the home, presumably because in many families both husband and wife were working hard outside the home and because a number of partners had differing views as to the ideal distribution of chores within the family. The distribution of power in the family seems to be linked to the level of well being. The analysis showed that in the dominant democratic model there is still an inverse connection between family leadership and well being: the more prominent the wife's position as head of the family is, the lower the level of family income. This may reflect both the husband's refusal to play the leading role in the family and even his rejection of any involvement in family issues in such a family. The qualitative research revealed that both men and women see the breadwinning role to be an essential part of masculine identity, a role which the female partner would take on temporarily to assist the male but not permanently since this would threaten the gender boundaries and the man's identity. At the same time, few breadwinners expressed a sense of job satisfaction and all considered their choice as imposed on them by the circumstances (i.e. having a family in difficult times). The group feel that family orientation and some loss of personal involvement in their profession is partly reflected in the fact that many of the men felt more comfortable and self-confident at home than at work. Women's work, on the other hand, was largely seen as a source of personal and self-realisation and social life. Eight out of ten of the Russian women interviewed were employed, although only two on a full-time basis, but none saw their jobs as adding substantially to the family budget. Both partners see the most important factor as the wife's wish to work or stay at home, and do not think it wise for the wife to work at the expense of her part of the "family contract", although husbands from the "egalitarian" relationships expressed more willingness to compromise. The analysis showed clearly that wives and husbands did not construct gender boundaries in isolation, with the interviews providing clear evidence of negotiation. At the same time, husbands' interpretations of their wives' employment were less susceptible to the influence of negotiation than were their gender attitudes and norms about breadwinning. One of the most interesting aspects of the spouses' negotiations was the extent to which they disagreed about what they seemed to have agreed upon. Most disagreements about the breadwinning boundaries, however, were over norms and were settled by changes in norms rather than in behavioural interpretation. Changes in norms were often a form of peace offering or were in response in changes in circumstances. The study did show, however, that many of the efforts at cooperation and compensation were more symbolic than real and the group found the plasticity of expressed gender ideology to be one of the most striking findings of their work. They conclude that the shift towards more traditional gednder distributions of incomes and domestic chores does not automatically mean the reestablishment of a patriarchal model of family power. On the contrary, it seems to be a compromise formation, relatively unstable, temporary and containing self-defeating forces as the split between the personal and professional value of work and its social value expressed in a money equivalent cannot be maintained for generations.

Human and embodied energy analysis applied to water source protection and household water treatment interventions used in Mali, West Africa

As water quality interventions are scaled up to meet the Millennium Development Goal of halving the proportion of the population without access to safe drinking water by 2015 there has been much discussion on the merits of household- and source-level interventions. This study furthers the discussion by examining specific interventions through the use of embodied human and material energy. Embodied energy quantifies the total energy required to produce and use an intervention, including all upstream energy transactions. This model uses material quantities and prices to calculate embodied energy using national economic input/output-based models from China, the United States and Mali. Embodied energy is a measure of aggregate environmental impacts of the interventions. Human energy quantifies the caloric expenditure associated with the installation and operation of an intervention is calculated using the physical activity ratios (PARs) and basal metabolic rates (BMRs). Human energy is a measure of aggregate social impacts of an intervention. A total of four household treatment interventions – biosand filtration, chlorination, ceramic filtration and boiling – and four water source-level interventions – an improved well, a rope pump, a hand pump and a solar pump – are evaluated in the context of Mali, West Africa. Source-level interventions slightly out-perform household-level interventions in terms of having less total embodied energy. Human energy, typically assumed to be a negligible portion of total embodied energy, is shown to be significant to all eight interventions, and contributing over half of total embodied energy in four of the interventions. Traditional gender roles in Mali dictate the types of work performed by men and women. When the human energy is disaggregated by gender, it is seen that women perform over 99% of the work associated with seven of the eight interventions. This has profound implications for gender equality in the context of water quality interventions, and may justify investment in interventions that reduce human energy burdens.

Frauen im Matthäusevangelium – revisited

This article tries to rediscover the role women play in the text of the Gospel of Matthew, in dialogue with former works about women in the Gospel. The focus lies on the way women are presented in the narratives and on the question if their performance in the story identifies them as disciples although they are never called disciples explicitly. Whereas the main story of the gospel has to be called androcentric showing women in stereotypical gender roles, this analysis reveals an underlying counter story that shows women in gender roles unexpected for the time the text was written in. This counter story already starts in the genealogy by breaking through the male line of succession referring to five women. Through the main part of the Gospel several other stories show women in unexpected places and roles. The counter story culminates in the passion and resurrection stories where women take over the main acting parts, instead of the male disciples, thus helping the story to continue.

Men, Women, Microblogging: Where Do We Stand?

With millions of users worldwide, microblogging has developed into a powerful tool for interaction and information dissemination. While both men and women readily use this technology, there are significant differences in how they embrace it. Understanding these differences is important to ensure gender parity, provide advertisers with actionable insights on the marketing potential of both groups, and to inform current theories on how microblogging affordances shape gender roles. So far, existing research has not provided a unified framework for such analysis, with gender insights scattered across multiple studies. To fill this gap, our study conducts a comprehensive meta-review of existing research. We find that current discourse offers a solid body of knowledge on gender differences in adoption, shared content, stylistic presentation, and a rather convoluted picture of female and male interaction. Together, our structured findings offer a deeper insight into the underlying dynamics of gender differences in microblogging.

El sexismo en el lugar de trabajo a la luz de los valores personales y de las percepciones de justicia organizacional

El sexismo contra las mujeres continúa ocasionando profundas desigualdades en el ámbito laboral a nivel mundial, a pesar de los esfuerzos por erradicarlo. Frente a esta problemática, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar empíricamente el impacto de variables sociodemográficas, psicológicas y organizacionales, sobre la emergencia del sexismo en el lugar de trabajo. Se efectuó una verificación empírica enmarcada en los lineamientos de la triangulación metodológica, a través de tres aproximaciones sucesivas. La primera aproximación metodológica, de corte cualitativo, estuvo orientada al desarrollo de un instrumento para explorar la tendencia a la discriminación de género en el lugar de trabajo. Se llevaron a cabo encuentros de grupo focal y entrevistas en profundidad con muestras teóricas de la población objetivo (12 y cuatro empleados, respectivamente). El análisis de la información recogida permitió la elaboración, puesta a punto y validación de la versión definitiva del instrumento. La segunda aproximación metodológica, de corte cuantitativo, tuvo como finalidad la adaptación y validación del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente para su empleo con muestras argentinas. En esta etapa se trabajó con una muestra por disponibilidad de 345 sujetos. Finalmente, la tercera aproximación metodológica, encuadrada en una perspectiva cuantitativa, tuvo como objetivo poner a prueba las hipótesis de trabajo planteadas. En esta oportunidad, se tomó una nueva muestra por disponibilidad integrada por 414 empleados de diversas organizaciones de la provincia de Santa Fe. La batería de recolección de datos incluyó la escala desarrollada en la primera aproximación, el inventario validado en la segunda, y reconocidos instrumentos para medir individualismo-colectivismo, percepciones de justicia organizacional y deseabilidad social. Los datos reunidos fueron sometidos a análisis descriptivos, correlacionales y multidimensionales. Los resultados más destacados muestran que: (a) los varones, los sujetos con nivel educativo primario/secundario y los trabajadores de organizaciones privadas, pequeñas y del sector industrial, presentan mayores niveles de sexismo que las mujeres, los individuos con nivel educativo superior, y los trabajadores de organizaciones públicas y grandes; (b) los empleados del sector privado y del ramo salud registran menores percepciones de justicia procedimental que los empleados del sector público; (c) los empleados permanentes perciben menos justicia distributiva, y los empleados contratados menos justicia procedimental, que sus superiores; (d) las dimensiones verticales del colectivismo e individualismo se relacionan positivamente con el sexismo en todas sus facetas, en tanto que el individualismo horizontal se vincula positivamente con el prejuicio sexista; (e) mientras el sexismo hostil se asocia negativamente con la justicia interpersonal, el sexismo benévolo se relaciona positivamente con las facetas distributiva, procedimental e informacional de la justicia organizacional; (f) por su parte, la tendencia a la discriminación de género en el lugar de trabajo presenta correlaciones positivas con la justicia procedimental; (g) los principales predictores del sexismo son el género (varón), el nivel educativo (primario secundario), el tamaño organizacional (pequeño), el colectivismo vertical y el individualismo vertical. Los resultados obtenidos se discuten a la luz de las teorías consideradas. Se concluye proponiendo posibles acciones para disminuir el sexismo y mejorar las percepciones de equidad en las organizaciones, y se efectúan sugerencias para futuros estudios en el área

Período fundacional de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (1905-1920). Divergencias filosóficas, epistemológicas y pedagógicas

Este artículo indaga sobre dos instituciones de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata durante su período fundacional (1905-1920): el Internado del Colegio Nacional, fundado en 1906, cuyo director-tutor fue el pedagogo Ernesto Nelson, y la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, creada en 1914, cuyo primer decano fue Víctor Mercante. Se analiza el modo en que ambas instituciones respondieron a concepciones pedagógicas divergentes en un mismo período. El artículo trata acerca de la influencia que el Internado recibió de la filosofía educacional de Dewey (1859-1952) -pensador pragmatista representante del movimiento escolanovista-, así como de la recibida por la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, que respondió en cambio a la filosofía científica del positivismo de base experimental de Comte y Spencer. Ambas corrientes son analizadas en su base filosófica y educacional. En el caso del Internado, se analizan los trabajos de su director Ernesto Nelson, quien mantuvo vínculos intelectuales y educacionales con Dewey, y se hace también referencia al proyecto del doctor Joaquín V. González basado en las propuestas pedagógicas de los internados secundarios ingleses de la época. En lo que se refiere a la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, se analiza en este trabajo la propuesta institucional del doctor Mercante, quien implementó planes de estudio y concepciones pedagógicas basadas en el positivismo científico-experimental europeo.

El sexismo en el lugar de trabajo a la luz de los valores personales y de las percepciones de justicia organizacional

El sexismo contra las mujeres continúa ocasionando profundas desigualdades en el ámbito laboral a nivel mundial, a pesar de los esfuerzos por erradicarlo. Frente a esta problemática, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar empíricamente el impacto de variables sociodemográficas, psicológicas y organizacionales, sobre la emergencia del sexismo en el lugar de trabajo. Se efectuó una verificación empírica enmarcada en los lineamientos de la triangulación metodológica, a través de tres aproximaciones sucesivas. La primera aproximación metodológica, de corte cualitativo, estuvo orientada al desarrollo de un instrumento para explorar la tendencia a la discriminación de género en el lugar de trabajo. Se llevaron a cabo encuentros de grupo focal y entrevistas en profundidad con muestras teóricas de la población objetivo (12 y cuatro empleados, respectivamente). El análisis de la información recogida permitió la elaboración, puesta a punto y validación de la versión definitiva del instrumento. La segunda aproximación metodológica, de corte cuantitativo, tuvo como finalidad la adaptación y validación del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente para su empleo con muestras argentinas. En esta etapa se trabajó con una muestra por disponibilidad de 345 sujetos. Finalmente, la tercera aproximación metodológica, encuadrada en una perspectiva cuantitativa, tuvo como objetivo poner a prueba las hipótesis de trabajo planteadas. En esta oportunidad, se tomó una nueva muestra por disponibilidad integrada por 414 empleados de diversas organizaciones de la provincia de Santa Fe. La batería de recolección de datos incluyó la escala desarrollada en la primera aproximación, el inventario validado en la segunda, y reconocidos instrumentos para medir individualismo-colectivismo, percepciones de justicia organizacional y deseabilidad social. Los datos reunidos fueron sometidos a análisis descriptivos, correlacionales y multidimensionales. Los resultados más destacados muestran que: (a) los varones, los sujetos con nivel educativo primario/secundario y los trabajadores de organizaciones privadas, pequeñas y del sector industrial, presentan mayores niveles de sexismo que las mujeres, los individuos con nivel educativo superior, y los trabajadores de organizaciones públicas y grandes; (b) los empleados del sector privado y del ramo salud registran menores percepciones de justicia procedimental que los empleados del sector público; (c) los empleados permanentes perciben menos justicia distributiva, y los empleados contratados menos justicia procedimental, que sus superiores; (d) las dimensiones verticales del colectivismo e individualismo se relacionan positivamente con el sexismo en todas sus facetas, en tanto que el individualismo horizontal se vincula positivamente con el prejuicio sexista; (e) mientras el sexismo hostil se asocia negativamente con la justicia interpersonal, el sexismo benévolo se relaciona positivamente con las facetas distributiva, procedimental e informacional de la justicia organizacional; (f) por su parte, la tendencia a la discriminación de género en el lugar de trabajo presenta correlaciones positivas con la justicia procedimental; (g) los principales predictores del sexismo son el género (varón), el nivel educativo (primario secundario), el tamaño organizacional (pequeño), el colectivismo vertical y el individualismo vertical. Los resultados obtenidos se discuten a la luz de las teorías consideradas. Se concluye proponiendo posibles acciones para disminuir el sexismo y mejorar las percepciones de equidad en las organizaciones, y se efectúan sugerencias para futuros estudios en el área

Período fundacional de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (1905-1920). Divergencias filosóficas, epistemológicas y pedagógicas

Este artículo indaga sobre dos instituciones de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata durante su período fundacional (1905-1920): el Internado del Colegio Nacional, fundado en 1906, cuyo director-tutor fue el pedagogo Ernesto Nelson, y la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, creada en 1914, cuyo primer decano fue Víctor Mercante. Se analiza el modo en que ambas instituciones respondieron a concepciones pedagógicas divergentes en un mismo período. El artículo trata acerca de la influencia que el Internado recibió de la filosofía educacional de Dewey (1859-1952) -pensador pragmatista representante del movimiento escolanovista-, así como de la recibida por la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, que respondió en cambio a la filosofía científica del positivismo de base experimental de Comte y Spencer. Ambas corrientes son analizadas en su base filosófica y educacional. En el caso del Internado, se analizan los trabajos de su director Ernesto Nelson, quien mantuvo vínculos intelectuales y educacionales con Dewey, y se hace también referencia al proyecto del doctor Joaquín V. González basado en las propuestas pedagógicas de los internados secundarios ingleses de la época. En lo que se refiere a la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, se analiza en este trabajo la propuesta institucional del doctor Mercante, quien implementó planes de estudio y concepciones pedagógicas basadas en el positivismo científico-experimental europeo.

El sexismo en el lugar de trabajo a la luz de los valores personales y de las percepciones de justicia organizacional

El sexismo contra las mujeres continúa ocasionando profundas desigualdades en el ámbito laboral a nivel mundial, a pesar de los esfuerzos por erradicarlo. Frente a esta problemática, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar empíricamente el impacto de variables sociodemográficas, psicológicas y organizacionales, sobre la emergencia del sexismo en el lugar de trabajo. Se efectuó una verificación empírica enmarcada en los lineamientos de la triangulación metodológica, a través de tres aproximaciones sucesivas. La primera aproximación metodológica, de corte cualitativo, estuvo orientada al desarrollo de un instrumento para explorar la tendencia a la discriminación de género en el lugar de trabajo. Se llevaron a cabo encuentros de grupo focal y entrevistas en profundidad con muestras teóricas de la población objetivo (12 y cuatro empleados, respectivamente). El análisis de la información recogida permitió la elaboración, puesta a punto y validación de la versión definitiva del instrumento. La segunda aproximación metodológica, de corte cuantitativo, tuvo como finalidad la adaptación y validación del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente para su empleo con muestras argentinas. En esta etapa se trabajó con una muestra por disponibilidad de 345 sujetos. Finalmente, la tercera aproximación metodológica, encuadrada en una perspectiva cuantitativa, tuvo como objetivo poner a prueba las hipótesis de trabajo planteadas. En esta oportunidad, se tomó una nueva muestra por disponibilidad integrada por 414 empleados de diversas organizaciones de la provincia de Santa Fe. La batería de recolección de datos incluyó la escala desarrollada en la primera aproximación, el inventario validado en la segunda, y reconocidos instrumentos para medir individualismo-colectivismo, percepciones de justicia organizacional y deseabilidad social. Los datos reunidos fueron sometidos a análisis descriptivos, correlacionales y multidimensionales. Los resultados más destacados muestran que: (a) los varones, los sujetos con nivel educativo primario/secundario y los trabajadores de organizaciones privadas, pequeñas y del sector industrial, presentan mayores niveles de sexismo que las mujeres, los individuos con nivel educativo superior, y los trabajadores de organizaciones públicas y grandes; (b) los empleados del sector privado y del ramo salud registran menores percepciones de justicia procedimental que los empleados del sector público; (c) los empleados permanentes perciben menos justicia distributiva, y los empleados contratados menos justicia procedimental, que sus superiores; (d) las dimensiones verticales del colectivismo e individualismo se relacionan positivamente con el sexismo en todas sus facetas, en tanto que el individualismo horizontal se vincula positivamente con el prejuicio sexista; (e) mientras el sexismo hostil se asocia negativamente con la justicia interpersonal, el sexismo benévolo se relaciona positivamente con las facetas distributiva, procedimental e informacional de la justicia organizacional; (f) por su parte, la tendencia a la discriminación de género en el lugar de trabajo presenta correlaciones positivas con la justicia procedimental; (g) los principales predictores del sexismo son el género (varón), el nivel educativo (primario secundario), el tamaño organizacional (pequeño), el colectivismo vertical y el individualismo vertical. Los resultados obtenidos se discuten a la luz de las teorías consideradas. Se concluye proponiendo posibles acciones para disminuir el sexismo y mejorar las percepciones de equidad en las organizaciones, y se efectúan sugerencias para futuros estudios en el área

Período fundacional de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (1905-1920). Divergencias filosóficas, epistemológicas y pedagógicas

Este artículo indaga sobre dos instituciones de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata durante su período fundacional (1905-1920): el Internado del Colegio Nacional, fundado en 1906, cuyo director-tutor fue el pedagogo Ernesto Nelson, y la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, creada en 1914, cuyo primer decano fue Víctor Mercante. Se analiza el modo en que ambas instituciones respondieron a concepciones pedagógicas divergentes en un mismo período. El artículo trata acerca de la influencia que el Internado recibió de la filosofía educacional de Dewey (1859-1952) -pensador pragmatista representante del movimiento escolanovista-, así como de la recibida por la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, que respondió en cambio a la filosofía científica del positivismo de base experimental de Comte y Spencer. Ambas corrientes son analizadas en su base filosófica y educacional. En el caso del Internado, se analizan los trabajos de su director Ernesto Nelson, quien mantuvo vínculos intelectuales y educacionales con Dewey, y se hace también referencia al proyecto del doctor Joaquín V. González basado en las propuestas pedagógicas de los internados secundarios ingleses de la época. En lo que se refiere a la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, se analiza en este trabajo la propuesta institucional del doctor Mercante, quien implementó planes de estudio y concepciones pedagógicas basadas en el positivismo científico-experimental europeo.