830 resultados para confidence in policing


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OBJECTIVE: The Healthy Heart Kit (HHK) is a risk management and patient education kit for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the promotion of CV health. There are currently no published data examining predictors of HHK use by physicians. The main objective of this study was to examine the association between physicians' characteristics (socio-demographic, cognitive, and behavioural) and the use of the HHK. METHODS: All registered family physicians in Alberta (n=3068) were invited to participate in the "Healthy Heart Kit" Study. Consenting physicians (n=153) received the Kit and were requested to use it for two months. At the end of this period, a questionnaire collected data on the frequency of Kit use by physicians, as well as socio-demographic, cognitive, and behavioural variables pertaining to the physicians. RESULTS: The questionnaire was returned by 115 physicians (follow-up rate = 75%). On a scale ranging from 0 to 100, the mean score of Kit use was 61 [SD=26]. A multiple linear regression showed that "agreement with the Kit" and the degree of "confidence in using the Kit" was strongly associated with Kit use, explaining 46% of the variability for Kit use. Time since graduation was inversely associated with Kit use, and a trend was observed for smaller practices to be associated with lower use. CONCLUSION: Given these findings, future research and practice should explore innovative strategies to gain initial agreement among physicians to employ such clinical tools. Participation of older physicians and solo-practitioners in this process should be emphasized.

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In the past, culvert pipes were made only of corrugated metal or reinforced concrete. In recent years, several manufacturers have made pipe of lightweight plastic - for example, high density polyethylene (HDPE) - which is considered to be viscoelastic in its structural behavior. It appears that there are several highway applications in which HDPE pipe would be an economically favorable alternative. However, the newness of plastic pipe requires the evaluation of its performance, integrity, and durability; A review of the Iowa Department of Transportation Standard Specifications for Highway and Bridge Construction reveals limited information on the use of plastic pipe for state projects. The objective of this study was to review and evaluate the use of HDPE pipe in roadway applications. Structural performance, soil-structure interaction, and the sensitivity of the pipe to installation was investigated. Comprehensive computerized literature searches were undertaken to define the state-of-the-art in the design and use of HDPE pipe in highway applications. A questionnaire was developed and sent to all Iowa county engineers to learn of their use of HDPE pipe. Responses indicated that the majority of county engineers were aware of the product but were not confident in its ability to perform as well as conventional materials. Counties currently using HDPE pipe in general only use it in driveway crossings. Originally, we intended to survey states as to their usage of HDPE pipe. However, a few weeks after initiation of the project, it was learned that the Tennessee DOT was in the process of making a similar survey of state DOT's. Results of the Tennessee survey of states have been obtained and included in this report. In an effort to develop more confidence in the pipe's performance parameters, this research included laboratory tests to determine the ring and flexural stiffness of HDPE pipe provided by various manufacturers. Parallel plate tests verified all specimens were in compliance with ASTM specifications. Flexural testing revealed that pipe profile had a significant effect on the longitudinal stiffness and that strength could not be accurately predicted on the basis of diameter alone. Realizing that the soil around a buried HDPE pipe contributes to the pipe stiffness, the research team completed a limited series of tests on buried 3 ft-diameter HDPE pipe. The tests simulated the effects of truck wheel loads above the pipe and were conducted with two feet of cover. These tests indicated that the type and quality of backfill significantly influences the performance of HDPE pipe. The tests revealed that the soil envelope does significantly affect the performance of HDPE pipe in situ, and after a certain point, no additional strength is realized by increasing the quality of the backfill.

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With an ever increasing desire to utilize accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques, it is becoming critical that bridge designers and contractors have confidence in typical details. The Keg Creek Bridge on US 6 in Iowa was a recent ABC example that utilized connection details that had been utilized elsewhere. The connection details used between the drilled shaft and pier column and between the pier column and the pier cap were details needing evaluation. These connection details utilized grouted couplers that have been tested by others with mixed results—some indicating quality performance and others indicating questionable performance. There was a need to test these couplers to gain an understanding of their performance in likely Iowa details and to understand how their performance might be impacted by different construction processes. The objective of the work was to perform laboratory testing and evaluation of the grouted coupler connection details utilized on precast concrete elements for the Keg Creek Bridge. The Bridge Engineering Center (BEC), with the assistance of the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) Office of Bridges and Structures, developed specimens representative of the Keg Creek Bridge connections for testing under static and fatigue loads in the structures laboratory. The specimens were also evaluated for their ability to resist the intrusion of water and chlorides. Evaluation of their performance was made through comparisons with design assumptions and previous research, as well as the physical performance of the coupled connections.

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The usefulness of species distribution models (SDMs) in predicting impacts of climate change on biodiversity is difficult to assess because changes in species ranges may take decades or centuries to occur. One alternative way to evaluate the predictive ability of SDMs across time is to compare their predictions with data on past species distributions. We use data on plant distributions, fossil pollen and current and mid-Holocene climate to test the ability of SDMs to predict past climate-change impacts. We find that species showing little change in the estimated position of their realized niche, with resulting good model performance, tend to be dominant competitors for light. Different mechanisms appear to be responsible for among-species differences in model performance. Confidence in predictions of the impacts of climate change could be improved by selecting species with characteristics that suggest little change is expected in the relationships between species occurrence and climate patterns.

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Aerosolien vaikutusta säteilynkulkuun ilmakehässä tutkitaan muun muassa niiden ilmastonmuutokseen vaikuttavien ominaisuuksien sekä erilaisten maanpuolustukseen liittyvien sovellusten vuoksi. Tässä työssä keskityttiin aerosolien aiheuttamaan infrapunasäteilyn vaimenemiseen horisontaalisella polulla. Mitattuja vaimennuksen arvoja verrattiin mallinnettuihin ja etsittiin syitä niiden välisiin eroihin. Työn alussa tutustuttiin aerosolien tyypillisiin ominaisuuksiin sekä säteilyn ja aerosolien väliseen vuorovaikutukseen. Tämän jälkeen esiteltiin mittauksissa käytetyt laitteet sekä mallinnuksessa käytetty ohjelmisto ja tiedonkäsittely. Työssä tutkittiin mitattujen ja mallinnettujen aerosolivaimennuskertoimien käyttäytymistä eri sääpametrien (näkyvyys, suhteellinen kosteus ja lämpötila) suhteen. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin myös mitattuja kokojakaumia ja niitä verrattiin mallinnuksessa käytettyihin. Mittalaitteiden epävarmuuksien ja käyttökelpoisten mittaustulosten vähyyden johdosta täyttä varmuutta mittauksien tarkkuudesta ei saavutettu. Mittausten epävarmuudesta huolimatta kävi ilmi, että mitatut kokojakaumat eivät täysin vastaa mallin käyttämiä kokojakaumia. Tulevaisuudessa mittauksia pitää jatkaa, jotta tiedon analysointiin saadaan tarpeeksi kelvollisia mittaustuloksia ja mittalaitteiden luotettavuus selviää.

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Työn tavoitteena oli tehdä Apros-laskentamalli PKL-koelaitteistosta ja testata kuinka hyvin Apros pystyy laskemaan PKL-koelaitteistolla suoritetun E2.2 pienen vuodon kokeen. Tavoitteena oli myös tarkastella boorittoman veden tulpan etenemistä pienen vuodon kokeen aikana. PKL-koelaitteisto vastaa saksalaista sähköteholtaan 1300 MW olevaa Philippsburg 2 painevesilaitosta. Koelaitteiston tilavuudet ja teho on skaalattu kertoimella 145. Työssä tehdyllä laskentamallilla tarkasteltiin boorittoman veden tulpan liikkumista pienen vuodon kokeen aikana. Kun malli oli valmis, laskenta suoritettiin Apros 5.05 versiolla. Boorittoman veden tulpan etenemisen laskennassa käytettiin toisen kertaluvun diskretointia, jolla booripitoisuuden muutokset säilyvät teräväreunaisina. Laskentamalli pystyi kuvaamaan koelaitteistolla suoritetussa pienen vuodon kokeessa tapahtuneet ilmiöt varsin hyvin. Eroa koetuloksiintuli pääkiertopiirien luonnonkiertojen alkamishetkistä ja primääripaineen käyttäytymisessä. Kokeen alkutilanne ei ollut stationääritila, joten alkutilanteen asettamisessa oli hankaluuksia. Varsinkin pääkiertopiirien veden pinnankorkeuksienasettamisessa oli vaikeuksia, koska veden pinnankorkeuksien erot pyrkivät tasoittumaan nopeasti kokeen aikana. Apros pystyi laskemaan PKL-koelaitteistolla suoritetun pienen vuodon kokeen hyvin. Mallilla tulisi kuitenkin laskea vielä toisentyyppisiäkin kokeita, ennen kuin voidaan varmuudella tietää mallin toimivuus. PKL-koelaitteisto vastaa pääpiirteiltään Suomeen rakennettavaa Olkiluoto 3 ydinvoimalaitosta. Tehty työ antaa lisävarmuutta, kun Olkiluoto 3 laitoksen turvallisuustarkasteluita tehdään.

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Forensic intelligence is a distinct dimension of forensic science. Forensic intelligence processes have mostly been developed to address either a specific type of trace or a specific problem. Even though these empirical developments have led to successes, they are trace-specific in nature and contribute to the generation of silos which hamper the establishment of a more general and transversal model. Forensic intelligence has shown some important perspectives but more general developments are required to address persistent challenges. This will ensure the progress of the discipline as well as its widespread implementation in the future. This paper demonstrates that the description of forensic intelligence processes, their architectures, and the methods for building them can, at a certain level, be abstracted from the type of traces considered. A comparative analysis is made between two forensic intelligence approaches developed independently in Australia and in Europe regarding the monitoring of apparently very different kind of problems: illicit drugs and false identity documents. An inductive effort is pursued to identify similarities and to outline a general model. Besides breaking barriers between apparently separate fields of study in forensic science and intelligence, this transversal model would assist in defining forensic intelligence, its role and place in policing, and in identifying its contributions and limitations. The model will facilitate the paradigm shift from the current case-by-case reactive attitude towards a proactive approach by serving as a guideline for the use of forensic case data in an intelligence-led perspective. A follow-up article will specifically address issues related to comparison processes, decision points and organisational issues regarding forensic intelligence (part II).

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Tässä työssä tarkastellaan tietojärjestelmän toimitusprojektia. Tutkimusongelmana on järjestelmäasiakkaiden prosessien muutostarpeet analyysiprosessin yhteydessä ja asiakkaan luottamuksen vahvistaminen toimittajan toimialaosaamiseen ja kokemukseen vastaavista projekteista. Työn tavoitteena on pyrkiä kehittämään parannettu toimintamalli tai palvelutuote. Tuotteen tavoitteena on systematisoida prosessit, jotta ne voidaan esittää asiakkaalle selkeinä ja luotettavina toimintamalleina jo myyntitilanteessa.Kirjallisuustutkimuksella selvitetään osa-alueet, joita teoreettisesti tulisi käyttää menestyksekkäässä toimitusprojektissa. Siinä tutustutaan yleisen projektinhallinnan teoriaan sekä ohjaus- että toteutusprosessin näkökulmasta. Lisäksi tutustutaan projektia varmistaviin osa-alueisiin kuten kumppanuuden ja luottamuksen vaikutukseen toimituksen onnistumisessa. Yrityksen nykyiset prosessit käsitellään ohjeistojen ja käsikirjan pohjalta. Ongelmat kartoitetaan teemahaastattelulla, jolla selvitetään nykyisten prosessien toimintaongelmia.Työn kehittämisosassa kootaan yhteen teoriasta ja käytännöstä saatuja tietoja ja esitetään, mitä muutoksia ja lisäyksiä nykyisiin prosesseihin tulisi tehdä. Osassa myös esitetään, mitä kehitystekijöitä tulee huomioida jatkettaessa työskentelyä kohti tuotteistettua toimitusprojektia. Lopuksi esitetään työn keskeiset tulokset ja miten kehitystyötä tulisi jatkaa tutkimuksen pohjalta.

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The impact of round-the-clock cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Gram stain on overnight empirical therapy for suspected central nervous system (CNS) infections was investigated. All consecutive overnight CSF Gram stains between 2006 and 2011 were included. The impact of a positive or a negative test on empirical therapy was evaluated and compared to other clinical and biological indications based on institutional guidelines. Bacterial CNS infection was documented in 51/241 suspected cases. Overnight CSF Gram stain was positive in 24/51. Upon validation, there were two false-positive and one false-negative results. The sensitivity and specificity were 41 and 99 %, respectively. All patients but one had other indications for empirical therapy than Gram stain alone. Upon obtaining the Gram result, empirical therapy was modified in 7/24, including the addition of an appropriate agent (1), addition of unnecessary agents (3) and simplification of unnecessary combination therapy (3/11). Among 74 cases with a negative CSF Gram stain and without formal indication for empirical therapy, antibiotics were withheld in only 29. Round-the-clock CSF Gram stain had a low impact on overnight empirical therapy for suspected CNS infections and was associated with several misinterpretation errors. Clinicians showed little confidence in CSF direct examination for simplifying or withholding therapy before definite microbiological results.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the opinions of women regarding the satisfaction about the quality of maternity care received. We hope to establish whether health care technology increases satisfaction or whether it actually interferes with the construction of personal satisfaction in the process of care. Design and setting: Information was gathered using the focus group technique. The area of study comprised the post-natal groups run as part of the Sexual and Reproductive Health Programme of the Catalan Health Authority. (Spain) Participants: Five focus groups were held between May 2006 and July 2007. Findings: Quality of care is a complex concept in which a number of independent core features can be identified. We have grouped these core features into three basic categories. Safety: the hospital and its technological facilities, and the technical expertise of health professionals. The other two main pillars of quality of care are the human dimension of the relationship between the carers and the patient, and finally the structural aspects that determine the context in which the heath care is provided. Key conclusions and implications for practice: The mothers of our study feel satisfied with healthcare technology and view it as a source of security; technology become indispensable features in order to reduce the anxiety provoked by the perceived lack of confidence in their ability as mothers. In this study, women, both during pregnancy and especially when giving birth, believe their feelings and values should be understood by professionals, from whom they seek empathy and a personal commitment, and not just information.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the opinions of women regarding the satisfaction about the quality of maternity care received. We hope to establish whether health care technology increases satisfaction or whether it actually interferes with the construction of personal satisfaction in the process of care. Design and setting: Information was gathered using the focus group technique. The area of study comprised the post-natal groups run as part of the Sexual and Reproductive Health Programme of the Catalan Health Authority. (Spain) Participants: Five focus groups were held between May 2006 and July 2007. Findings: Quality of care is a complex concept in which a number of independent core features can be identified. We have grouped these core features into three basic categories. Safety: the hospital and its technological facilities, and the technical expertise of health professionals. The other two main pillars of quality of care are the human dimension of the relationship between the carers and the patient, and finally the structural aspects that determine the context in which the heath care is provided. Key conclusions and implications for practice: The mothers of our study feel satisfied with healthcare technology and view it as a source of security; technology become indispensable features in order to reduce the anxiety provoked by the perceived lack of confidence in their ability as mothers. In this study, women, both during pregnancy and especially when giving birth, believe their feelings and values should be understood by professionals, from whom they seek empathy and a personal commitment, and not just information.

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Tässä työssä on tarkasteltu työyhteisön hyvinvointia ja työilmapiiriä tulehduttavia tekijöitä case yrityksessä. Tutkielman tavoitteena on ollut löytää tiedonkulun ja tiimityöskentelyn ongelmiin ratkaisuja. Tutkimusmenetelmänä on käytetty laadullista tutkimusta ja empiirinen materiaali koostuu avoimen anonyymi-kyselyn vastauksien sisällöstä. Kyselyn tuloksista merkittävimmiksi ongelma-alueiksi työyhteisössä muodostuivat tiedonkulun heikkous ja keskinäisen arvostuksen puute. Erityisen positiivisiksi asioiksi työntekijät kokivat fyysisen työturvallisuuden ja luottamuksen työn jatkuvuuteen. Henkilöstövoimavarojen johtamisen vaatimusten kasvaessa muuttuvan liiketoiminnan mukana on erityisesti pienien pk-yrityksen kiinnitettävä huomiota henkilöstöosaston toimintaan ja työlainsäädännön vaateisiin. Yritysten yhä enemmän panostaessa ydinosaamiseensa, korostuu henkilöstöhankinnassa ja henkilöstöjohtamisessa alan erityisosaajien sitouttaminen. Nykypäivänä työntekijät eivät enää motivoidu ainoastaan palkan suuruudesta, vaan vaativat sitoutumisensa vastapainoksi työhyvinvointiin panostamista. Huonon työilmapiirin vallitessa ihmiset alkavat helposti suhtautua työhön ulkokohtaisesti eivätkä halua jakaa omaamaansa tietoa muille.

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This paper describes the chemical composition and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of an active chromatographic fraction of the EtOAc extract of Citrus limon leaves. The composition of the active fraction presented a mixture of two coumarins, 5,8-dimethoxy-psoralen and 5,7- dimethoxycoumarin, identified by ¹H and ¹³C NMR data analysis, including DEPT, COSY, HMBC and HSQC experiments. It was also demonstrated that this mixture presents qualitative and quantitative AChE inhibition. In vitro studies indicated a CE50 value of 340 µg/mL with 95% of confidence. In vivo studies (10 and 25 mg/kg) revealed inhibition of 30.09 and 30.06% of AChE activity in relation to neostigmine, respectively.

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The aim of this thesis is to gain new understanding of health based on the work Penseés (Thoughts) by Blaise Pascal. The research interest originates from the motive of the heart for the greatness of man in conjunction with his baseness. The study is hermeneutic and the purpose is to describe health formulated as new abductive theses based on the assumption that caring science and caring theology can be conjoined in the same ontology. The work Penseés is, in Gadamer’s sense, alive since the text is constantly being made use of and is in this occurence interpreted through the requirements made by caring science. Pascal’s arguments continue through the historically effected consciousness while the interpretation is confronted with the ontological model of health. In the initial horizon we find the understanding of the motion of health and the extension towards text materials which is undertaken by Pascal’s Penseés. to open up the perspective and be able to project the horizon of the text. In the encounter with the text, the core content will first be discussed in an interpretative part after which the understanding gained will be summarized into new abductive assumptions. On the basis of Gadamer’s emphasis on the applications of the interpretations, the merging of the horizons will identify health as something desired by man, what he is and what he wants to accomplish. The creation of health is the reason of the heart, and on the basis of what man wants to confide in, the rise of health will be established. The totality of greatness and baseness of man is achieved by the accomplishment of health. That man owns spiritual devotedness means health whereas unhealthy means that he is insecure of his character and leads a life with ill-considered amusements. When according to Pascal, man’s desires and thoughts are joined in the heart, a connecting relation will arise. Hence the spiritual edification that man will fail to secure if he puts too much of his confidence in transient reason is included, something that is insufficient when it comes to understand the meaning of health.

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Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli kuvata potilaan kokemuksia tiedollisesta yksityisyydestään sekä tiedollista yksityisyyttä edistäviä ja estäviä tekijöitä heräämössä. Tämän tiedon pohjalta on mahdollista kehittää heräämön hoitotyötä potilaiden tiedollisen yksityisyyden osalta. Tutkimus toteutettiin kuvailevana haastattelututkimuksena. Aineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoidun teemahaastattelun avulla. Tutkimuksessa haastateltiin yhden suomalaisen yliopistosairaalan korva-, nenä- ja kurkkutautien (KNK) klinikan heräämössä hoidettuja aikuispotilaita 1-2 tunnin kuluessa heräämöhoidon päättymisestä. Haastatteluaineisto koostui 17:stä päiväkirurgisen – tai vuodeosastopotilaan haastattelusta. Tallennetut haastattelut litteroitiin ja aineisto analysoitiin induktiivisella sisällönanalyysillä. Potilaat kuvasivat tiedollista yksityisyyttä potilaan tietojen hallintana: potilaan tietojen luottamuksellisena käsittelynä ja oikeutena omiin tietoihin. Tiedollista yksityisyyttä pidettiin tärkeänä, mutta potilaat eivät olleet erityisen huolissaan tämän toteutumisesta heräämössä. Tiedollinen yksityisyys toteutui potilaiden mielestä melko hyvin heräämössä lukuun ottamatta tilanteita, joissa henkilökunta vaihtoi suullisesti tietoja potilaasta keskenään. Suurin osa potilaista totesi KNK-vaivojen olevan niin neutraaleja, ettei niiden joutuminen ulkopuolisten tietoon ollut heistä merkityksellistä. Tieto leikkauksesta kiinnosti potilaita ja he olivat tyytyväisiä saatuaan siitä tietoa heräämössä. Tiedollisen yksityisyyden toteutumista edistivät potilaan uppoutuminen omaan maailmaansa, mahdollisuus kontrolloida ja saada tietoa asioistaan, kahdenkeskinen vuorovaikutus, tieto tiedollisesta yksityisyydestä, heräämön tilajärjestelyt ja tiedollista yksityisyyttä koskevien sääntöjen noudattaminen. Muiden potilaiden uteliaisuus, potilaan kyvyttömyys suojata omia tietojaan ja ulkopuolisuus omissa asioissaan, kahdenkeskeisen vuorovaikutuksen mahdottomuus, yksityisen tilan puute ja tiedollista yksityisyyttä koskevan sääntelyn noudattamattomuus koettiin tietojen luottamuksellisen käsittelyn esteiksi heräämössä. Potilaiden tietojen luottamuksellista käsittelyä voitaisiin parantaa kiinnittämällä huomiota raportointimenetelmiin ja -paikkaan heräämössä. Käytettävissä olevia keinoja, kuten sermejä ja potilaiden sijoittelu heräämössä, kannattaa käyttää hyödyksi potilaan tiedollisen yksityisyyden suojaamiseksi. Tiedollisen yksityisyyden määritelmää tulisi jatkossa täsmentää käsiteanalyysin avulla. Lisäksi tiedollista yksityisyyttä olisi hyvä tutkia hoitotyön ympäristöissä, joissa potilaiden hoitoon liittyy mahdollisesti arkaluonteisempia tietoja kuin KNK- potilailla.