Bislug flow in circular and noncircular channels and the role of interface stretching on energy dissipation

The area of microfluidics has increased in popularity with such fields as MEMS, microreactors, microscaleheat exchangers, etc. A comprehensive understanding of dissipation mechanisms for fluid flow in microchannels is required to accurately predict the behavior in these small systems. Tests were performed using a constant pressure potential created by two immiscible fluids juxtaposed in a microchannel. This study focused on the flow and dissipation mechanisms in round and square microchannels. There are four major dissipation mechanisms in slug flow; wall shear, dissipation at the contact line, menisci interaction and the stretching of the interface. A force balance between the internal driving potential, viscous drag and interface stretching was used to develop a model for the prediction of the velocity of a bislug in a microchannel. Interface stretching is a dissipation mechanism that has been included due to the unique system properties and becomes increasingly more important as the bislug decreases in length.

A STUDY ON REGIONAL CIRCULAR ECONOMY SYSTEM AND ITS CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND SUGGESTION FOR SHANGHAI

The characteristics of the traditional linear economic model are high consumption, high emission and low efficiency. Economic development is still largely at the expense of the environment and requires a natural resource investment. This can realize rapid economic development but resource depletion and environmental pollution become increasingly serious. In the 1990's a new economic model, circular economics, began to enter our vision. The circular economy maximizes production and minimizes the impact of economic activities on the ecological environment through organizing the activities through the closed-loop feedback cycle of "resources - production - renewable resource". Circular economy is a better way to solve the contradictions between the economic development and resource shortages. Developing circular economy has become the major strategic initiatives to achieving sustainable development in countries all over the world. The evaluation of the development of circular economics is a necessary step for regional circular economy development. Having a quantitative evaluation of circular economy can better monitor and reveal the contradictions and problems in the process of the development of recycling economy. This thesis will: 1) Create an evaluation model framework and new types of industries and 2) Make an evaluation of the Shanghai circular economy currently to analyze the situation of Shanghai in the development of circular economy. I will then propose suggestions about the structure and development of Shanghai circular economy.

Augmenting a Laser Pointer with a Diffraction Grating for Monoscopic 6DOF Detection

This article illustrates the detection of 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) for Virtual Environment interactions using a modified simple laser pointer device and a camera. The laser pointer is combined with a diffraction rating to project a unique laser grid onto the projection planes used in projection-based immersive VR setups. The distortion of the projected grid is used to calculate the translational and rotational degrees of freedom required for human-computer interaction purposes.

Time courses and quantitative analysis of atrial fibrillation episode number and duration after circular plus linear left atrial lesions: trigger elimination or substrate modification: early or delayed cure?

OBJECTIVES We sought to analyze the time course of atrial fibrillation (AF) episodes before and after circular plus linear left atrial ablation and the percentage of patients with complete freedom from AF after ablation by using serial seven-day electrocardiograms (ECGs). BACKGROUND The curative treatment of AF targets the pathophysiological corner stones of AF (i.e., the initiating triggers and/or the perpetuation of AF). The pathophysiological complexity of both may not result in an "all-or-nothing" response but may modify number and duration of AF episodes. METHODS In patients with highly symptomatic AF, circular plus linear ablation lesions were placed around the left and right pulmonary veins, between the two circles, and from the left circle to the mitral annulus using the electroanatomic mapping system. Repetitive continuous 7-day ECGs administered before and after catheter ablation were used for rhythm follow-up. RESULTS In 100 patients with paroxysmal (n = 80) and persistent (n = 20) AF, relative duration of time spent in AF significantly decreased over time (35 +/- 37% before ablation, 26 +/- 41% directly after ablation, and 10 +/- 22% after 12 months). Freedom from AF stepwise increased in patients with paroxysmal AF and after 12 months measured at 88% or 74% depending on whether 24-h ECG or 7-day ECG was used. Complete pulmonary vein isolation was demonstrated in <20% of the circular lesions. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in patients with AF treated with circular plus linear left atrial lesions strongly indicate that substrate modification is the main underlying pathophysiologic mechanism and that it results in a delayed cure instead of an immediate cure.

Laser-induced transient grating analysis of dynamics of interaction between sensory rhodopsin II D75N and the HtrII transducer.

The interaction between sensory rhodopsin II (SRII) and its transducer HtrII was studied by the time-resolved laser-induced transient grating method using the D75N mutant of SRII, which exhibits minimal visible light absorption changes during its photocycle, but mediates normal phototaxis responses. Flash-induced transient absorption spectra of transducer-free D75N and D75N joined to 120 amino-acid residues of the N-terminal part of the SRII transducer protein HtrII (DeltaHtrII) showed only one spectrally distinct K-like intermediate in their photocycles, but the transient grating method resolved four intermediates (K(1)-K(4)) distinct in their volumes. D75N bound to HtrII exhibited one additional slower kinetic species, which persists after complete recovery of the initial state as assessed by absorption changes in the UV-visible region. The kinetics indicate a conformationally changed form of the transducer portion (designated Tr*), which persists after the photoreceptor returns to the unphotolyzed state. The largest conformational change in the DeltaHtrII portion was found to cause a DeltaHtrII-dependent increase in volume rising in 8 micros in the K(4) state and a drastic decrease in the diffusion coefficient (D) of K(4) relatively to those of the unphotolyzed state and Tr*. The magnitude of the decrease in D indicates a large structural change, presumably in the solvent-exposed HAMP domain of DeltaHtrII, where rearrangement of interacting molecules in the solvent would substantially change friction between the protein and the solvent.

Comparing the performance of hyperbolic and circular rod quadrupole mass spectrometers with applied higher order auxiliary excitation

This work applies higher order auxiliary excitation techniques to two types of quadrupole mass spectrometers (QMSs): commercial systems and spaceborne instruments. The operational settings of a circular rod geometry commercial system and an engineering test-bed for a hyperbolic rod geometry spaceborne instrument were matched, with the relative performance of each sensor characterized with and without applied excitation using isotopic measurements of Kr+. Each instrument was operated at the limit of the test electronics to determine the effect of auxiliary excitation on extending instrument capabilities. For the circular rod sensor, with applied excitation, a doubling of the mass resolution at 1% of peak transmission resulted from the elimination of the low-mass side peak tail typical of such rod geometries. The mass peak stability and ion rejection efficiency were also increased by factors of 2 and 10, respectively, with voltage scan lines passing through the center of stability islands formed from auxiliary excitation. Auxiliary excitation also resulted in factors of 6 and 2 in peak stability and ion rejection efficiency, respectively, for the hyperbolic rod sensor. These results not only have significant implications for the use of circular rod quadrupoles with applied excitation as a suitable replacement for traditional hyperbolic rod sensors, but also for extending the capabilities of existing hyperbolic rod QMSs for the next generation of spaceborne instruments and low-mass commercial systems.

Das enthüllte Preußenthum oder Deutschlands Zukunft unter Preußischer Oberherrschaft, unter welcher Gestalt sie auch eintrete : Mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Preußische Circular-Note vom 23. Januar 1849

Boberach: Die preußische Zirkularnote für einen Engeren Bund ist ein Meisterstück der Diplomatie, aber Preußen und seinem König ist nicht zu trauen, sie würden nur ein preußisches Kaisertum mit preußischer Bürokratie aufrichten. Das preußische Großmachtstreben würde sofort die kleineren Einzelstaaten bedrohen. - Wentzke: Die Note an und für sich ist ein diplomatisches Meisterstück, indem sie die Notwendigkeit des österreichischen Kaiserstaates für Deutschland und die Ehrlichkeit der preußischen Politik hervorhebt. Leider aber hat die Vergangenheit Preußens, seine Großmachtsgelüste, zu tiefen Anlaß zum Mißtrauen gegeben. Dazu hat die Heuchelei der Reaktion unter Friedrich Wilhelm IV. den Höhepunkt erreicht. Wird Preußens König deutscher Kaiser, so wird er zunächst die kleineren Staaten vernichten und durch seine Bureaukratie das preußische Kaisertum aufrichten

Circular Nº 1

Primera circular de las XXI Jornadas de Cátedra y Carreras de Educación Especial de las Universidades Nacionales (RUEDES) y XV Jornadas Nacionales de la Red de Estudiantes de Cátedras y Carreras de Educación Especial (RECCEE). Se desarrollarán el 6,7 y 8 de septiembre de 2012 en la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina). El tema de estas Jornadas es "las relaciones entre la educación común y especial. Dilemas de una construcción socio-educativa".

Córdoba en pedazos : habitar/circular en contextos sociosegregados

La ciudad de Córdoba se ha ido constituyendo como ciudad turística/ciudad espectáculo, a través de un “embellecimiento estratégico" que la vuelve extraña a sus propios habitantes, especialmente a los de clases subalternas. Las presentes reflexiones abordan las experiencias de habitar/desplazarse por la ciudad de estos sujetos durante la última década. Partimos de una breve referencia a la forma sociohabitacional ciudad barrio como respuesta de vivienda social generada por el Gobierno Provincial que impactó fuertemente en la experiencia de los “beneficiarios" como en el perfil de la ciudad. Desde una perspectiva metodológica en clave benjaminiana orientada a “pensar en/a partir de imágenes", presentamos algunas escenas expresivas de los modos de habitar, percibir y sentirse en la ciudad, algunas imágenes que condensan ciertos estados de sentir que manifiestan los pobladores -mediante la palabra pero también mediante la forma de apropiación de la vivienda y del barrio observada-. Ponemos en juego estas imágenes con otras, producto de una encuesta realizada en las ciudades barrio. Buscamos así reconstruir algunos de los fragmentos de la urbe cordobesa tal como es vivida, pedazos que abarcan el mero espacio de la casa, y trayectos fuertemente segregados por clase.