Influence of the dipolar interactions in the magnetization reversal asymmetry of hard-soft magnetic ribbons

Partial crystallization of the metallic glass Co66Si16B12Fe4Mo2 was performed by annealing at temperatures between 500 and 540°C for 10-20 min, resulting in crystallite volume fractions of (0.7-5)×10¿3 and sizes of 50-100 nm. This two-phase alloy presents a remarkable feature: a hysteresis loop shift that can be tailored by simply premagnetizing the sample in the adequate magnetic field. Shifts as large as five times the coercive field have been obtained which make them interesting for application as magnetic cores in dc pulse transformers. The asymetrical magnetic reversal is explained in terms of the magnetic dipolar field interaction and the observed hysteresis loops have been satisfactorily simulated by a modification of Stoner-Wohlfarth¿s model of coherent rotations.

NMR studies of the exchange reactions of CH3CN.BX3 with excess CH3CN /|nJoseph Fogelman. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

Exchange reactions between molecular complexes and excess acid or base are well known and have been extensively surveyed in the literature(l). Since the exchange mechanism will, in some way involve the breaking of the labile donor-acceptor bond, it follows that a discussion of the factors relating to bonding in molecular complexes will be relevant. In general, a strong Lewis base and a strong Lewis acid form a stable adduct provided that certain stereochemical requirements are met. A strong Lewis base has the following characteristics (1),(2) (i) high electron density at the donor site. (ii) a non-bonded electron pair which has a low ionization potential (iii) electron donating substituents at the donor atom site. (iv) facile approach of the site of the Lewis base to the acceptor site as dictated by the steric hindrance of the substituents. Examples of typical Lewis bases are ethers, nitriles, ketones, alcohols, amines and phosphines. For a strong Lewis acid, the following properties are important:( i) low electron density at the acceptor site. (ii) electron withdrawing substituents. (iii) substituents which do not interfere with the close approach of the Lewis base. (iv) availability of a vacant orbital capable of accepting the lone electron pair of the donor atom. Examples of Lewis acids are the group III and IV halides such (M=B, AI, Ga, In) and MX4 - (M=Si, Ge, Sn, Pb). The relative bond strengths of molecular complexes have been investigated by:- (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v] (vi) dipole moment measurements (3). shifts of the carbonyl peaks in the IIIR. (4) ,(5), (6) .. NMR chemical shift data (4),(7),(8),(9). D.V. and visible spectrophotometric shifts (10),(11). equilibrium constant data (12), (13). heats of dissociation and heats of reactions (l~), (16), (17), (18), (19). Many experiments have bben carried out on boron trihalides in order to determine their relative acid strengths. Using pyridine, nitrobenzene, acetonitrile and trimethylamine as reference Lewis bases, it was found that the acid strength varied in order:RBx3 > BC1 3 >BF 3 • For the acetonitrile-boron trihalide and trimethylamine boron trihalide complexes in nitrobenzene, an-NMR study (7) showed that the shift to lower field was. greatest for the BB~3 adduct ~n~ smallest for the BF 3 which is in agreement with the acid strengths. If electronegativities of the substituents were the only important effect, and since c~ Br ,one would expect the electron density at the boron nucleus to vary as BF3therefore, the acid strength would vary as BF~BC1)BBr3: However, for the boron trihalides, the trend is in the opposite direction as determined experimentally. Considerable back-bonding (20), (21) between the halogen and the boron atoms has been proposed as the predominating factor, i.e. ~rt- back-bond between a lone electron pair on the halogen and the vacant orbital on the boron site. The degree of back-bonding varies inversely as the bo~on halogen distance and one would therefore expect the B-F bond to exhibit greater back-bonding character than the B-Cl or B-Br bonds. Since back-bonding transfers electron density from substituent to the boron atom site, this process would be expected to weaken the Lewis acid strength. This explains the Lewis acid strength increasing in the order BF 3 BC1 3 BBr 3 . When the acetonitrile boron trihalide complex is formed, the boron atom undergoes ~_cbange of hybridization from sp2 to sp3. From a linear relationship between the heat of formation of ethyl acetate adducts and the shift in the carbonyl I.R. stretch, Drago (22) et al have proposed that the angular di~tortion of the X-B-X bonds from sp2 (12 ) to sp3 (10 hybridization is proportional to the amount of charge transferred, i.e. to the nature of the base, and they have rejected the earlier concept of reorganization energy in explaining the formation of the adduct bond (19).

Acid-base, electron-donating and magnetic properties of Nd2O3 and its mixed oxides with alumina catalysts

The electron donor properties of Nd2O3 activated at 300, 500 and 800°C were investigated through studies on the adsorption of electron acceptors of various electron affinities - 7, 7, 8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (2.84 eV). 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrachloro-l , 4-benzoquinone (2.40 eV). p-dinitrobenzene (1.77 eV), and m-dinitrobenzene (1.26 eV) in solvents acetonitrile and 1, 4-dioxan. The extent of electron transfer during adsorption has been found from magnetic measurements and electronic spectral data. The corresponding data on mixed oxides of neodymium and aluminium are reported for various. compositions. The acid-base properties of catalysts were also determined using a set of Hammett indicators.

Electron-donating, acid-base, and magnetic properties of samaria catalyst

The electron-donor properties of Sm2O3 activated at 300, 500, and 800°C are reported from studies on the adsorption of electron acceptors of various electron affinities (electron affinity values in eV are given in parentheses): 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino-dimethane (2.84), 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2.40), p-dinitrobenzene (1.77), and m-dinitrobenzene (1.26) in acetonitrile and 1,4-dioxane. The extent of electron transfer during the adsorption was determined from magnetic measurements. The acid-base properties of Sm2O3 at different activation temperatures are reported using a set of Hammett indicators. Electron donor-acceptor interactions at interfaces are important in elucidating the adhesion forces.

Exchange-correlation effects on quantum wires with spin-orbit interactions under the influence of in-plane magnetic fields.

Within the noncollinear local spin-density approximation, we have studied the ground state structure of a parabolically confined quantum wire submitted to an in-plane magnetic field, including both Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interactions. We have explored a wide range of linear electronic densities in the weak (strong) coupling regimes that appear when the ratio of spin-orbit to confining energy is small (large). These results are used to obtain the conductance of the wire. In the strong coupling limit, the interplay between the applied magnetic field¿irrespective of the in-plane direction, the exchange-correlation energy, and the spin-orbit energy-produces anomalous plateaus in the conductance vs linear density plots that are otherwise absent, or washes out plateaus that appear when the exchange-correlation energy is not taken into account.

On the synthesis and magnetic properties of multiwall carbon nanotube– superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle nanocomposites

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) possessing an average inner diameter of 150 nm were synthesized by template assisted chemical vapor deposition over an alumina template. Aqueous ferrofluid based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) was prepared by a controlled co-precipitation technique, and this ferrofluid was used to fill the MWCNTs by nanocapillarity. The filling of nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by electron microscopy. Selected area electron diffraction indicated the presence of iron oxide and graphitic carbon from MWCNTs. The magnetic phase transition during cooling of the MWCNT–SPION composite was investigated by low temperature magnetization studies and zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled experiments. The ZFC curve exhibited a blocking at ∼110 K. A peculiar ferromagnetic ordering exhibited by the MWCNT–SPION composite above room temperature is because of the ferromagnetic interaction emanating from the clustering of superparamagnetic particles in the constrained volume of an MWCNT. This kind of MWCNT–SPION composite can be envisaged as a good agent for various biomedical applications

Probing the large-scale topology of the heliospheric magnetic field using Jovian electrons

Jupiter’s magnetosphere acts as a point source of near-relativistic electrons within the heliosphere. In this study, three solar cycles of Jovian electron data in near-Earth space are examined. Jovian electron intensity is found to peak for an ideal Parker spiral connection, but with considerable spread about this point. Assuming the peak in Jovian electron counts indicates the best magnetic connection to Jupiter, we find a clear trend for fast and slow solar wind to be over- and under-wound with respect to the ideal Parker spiral, respectively. This is shown to be well explained in terms of solar wind stream interactions. Thus, modulation of Jovian electrons by corotating interaction regions (CIRs) may primarily be the result of changing magnetic connection, rather than CIRs acting as barriers to cross-field diffusion. By using Jovian electrons to remote sensing magnetic connectivity with Jupiter’s magnetosphere, we suggest that they provide a means to validate solar wind models between 1 and 5 AU, even when suitable in situ solar wind observations are not available. Furthermore, using Jovian electron observations as probes of heliospheric magnetic topology could provide insight into heliospheric magnetic field braiding and turbulence, as well as any systematic under-winding of the heliospheric magnetic field relative to the Parker spiral from footpoint motion of the magnetic field.

Using coordinated observations in polarized white light and Faraday rotation to probe the spatial position and magnetic field of an interplanetary sheath

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can be continuously tracked through a large portion of the inner heliosphere by direct imaging in visible and radio wavebands. White light (WL) signatures of solar wind transients, such as CMEs, result from Thomson scattering of sunlight by free electrons and therefore depend on both viewing geometry and electron density. The Faraday rotation (FR) of radio waves from extragalactic pulsars and quasars, which arises due to the presence of such solar wind features, depends on the line-of-sight magnetic field component B ∥ and the electron density. To understand coordinated WL and FR observations of CMEs, we perform forward magnetohydrodynamic modeling of an Earth-directed shock and synthesize the signatures that would be remotely sensed at a number of widely distributed vantage points in the inner heliosphere. Removal of the background solar wind contribution reveals the shock-associated enhancements in WL and FR. While the efficiency of Thomson scattering depends on scattering angle, WL radiance I decreases with heliocentric distance r roughly according to the expression Ir –3. The sheath region downstream of the Earth-directed shock is well viewed from the L4 and L5 Lagrangian points, demonstrating the benefits of these points in terms of space weather forecasting. The spatial position of the main scattering site r sheath and the mass of plasma at that position M sheath can be inferred from the polarization of the shock-associated enhancement in WL radiance. From the FR measurements, the local B ∥sheath at r sheath can then be estimated. Simultaneous observations in polarized WL and FR can not only be used to detect CMEs, but also to diagnose their plasma and magnetic field properties.

Boundary condition effects in the simulation study of equilibrium properties of magnetic dipolar fluids

In this paper we investigate the equilibrium properties of magnetic dipolar (ferro-) fluids and discuss finite-size effects originating from the use of different boundary conditions in computer simulations. Both periodic boundary conditions and a finite spherical box are studied. We demonstrate that periodic boundary conditions and subsequent use of Ewald sum to account for the long-range dipolar interactions lead to a much faster convergence (in terms of the number of investigated dipolar particles) of the magnetization curve and the initial susceptibility to their thermodynamic limits. Another unwanted effect of the simulations in a finite spherical box geometry is a considerable sensitivity to the container size. We further investigate the influence of the surface term in the Ewald sum-that is, due to the surrounding continuum with magnetic permeability mu(BC)-on the convergence properties of our observables and on the final results. The two different ways of evaluating the initial susceptibility, i.e., (1) by the magnetization response of the system to an applied field and (2) by the zero-field fluctuation of the mean-square dipole moment of the system, are compared in terms of speed and accuracy.

Ionospheric ion and electron heating at the poleward boundary of a poleward expanding substorm-disturbed region

We present observations of a poleward propagating substorm-disturbed region which was observed by the European Incoherent SCATter (EISCAT) radar and the Svalbard International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects (IMAGE) magnetometers in the postmidnight sector. The expansion of the disturbance was launched by a substorm intensification which started similar to 25 min after the initial onset, and similar to 10 min before the disturbance arrived over Svalbard. In association with the magnetic disturbance, a poleward expanding enduring enhancement in the F region electron temperature was observed, indicative of soft electron precipitation, with a narrow band of enhanced ion temperature straddling its poleward edge, indicative of fast ion flows and ion-neutral collisional heating. This electron temperature boundary was coincident with the poleward propagating electrojet current system detected by the high-latitude IMAGE magnetometer stations and is taken to be a proxy for the observation of a substorm auroral bulge. The electron temperature boundary is inferred to have a width comparable or less than one radar range gate (similar to 60 km transverse to the magnetic field), while the region of high ion temperature was found to be approximately three gates wide, extending approximately two gates (similar to 120 km) poleward of the electron temperature boundary, and approximately one gate (similar to 60 km) equatorward. The two-beam radar line-of-sight velocity data are found to be consistent with the existence of a layer of high-speed flow in the boundary, peaking at values similar to1.5-3 km s(-1), roughly consistent with the ion temperature data. The flow is directed either east or west along the boundary depending on the direction of the flow in the poleward region. We infer that the flow is deflected along and around the boundary of the substorm-disturbed region due to the high conductivity of the latter. Variations in the flow poleward of the boundary produced no discernible magnetic effects on the ground, confirming the low conductivity of the preboundary ionosphere.

COMPARISONS OF THE INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELD DIRECTIONS OBTAINED FROM THE IBEX RIBBON AND INTERSTELLAR POLARIZATIONS

Variations in the spatial configuration of the interstellar magnetic field (ISMF) near the Sun can be constrained by comparing the ISMF direction at the heliosphere found from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) spacecraft observations of a ""Ribbon"" of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs), with the ISMF direction derived from optical polarization data for stars within similar to 40 pc. Using interstellar polarization observations toward similar to 30 nearby stars within similar to 90 degrees of the heliosphere nose, we find that the best fits to the polarization position angles are obtained for a magnetic pole directed toward ecliptic coordinates of lambda, beta similar to 263 degrees, 37 degrees (or galactic coordinates of l, b similar to 38 degrees, 23 degrees), with uncertainties of +/- 35 degrees based on the broad minimum of the best fits and the range of data quality. This magnetic pole is 33 degrees from the magnetic pole that is defined by the center of the arc of the ENA Ribbon. The IBEX ENA ribbon is seen in sight lines that are perpendicular to the ISMF as it drapes over the heliosphere. The similarity of the polarization and Ribbon directions for the local ISMF suggests that the local field is coherent over scale sizes of tens of parsecs. The ISMF vector direction is nearly perpendicular to the flow of local interstellar material (ISM) through the local standard of rest, supporting a possible local ISM origin related to an evolved expanding magnetized shell. The local ISMF direction is found to have a curious geometry with respect to the cosmic microwave background dipole moment.

Effect of urea and glycine fuels on the combustion reaction synthesis of Mn-Zn ferrites: Evaluation of morphology and magnetic properties

The goal of this study is to evaluate the influence of the urea and glycine fuels on the synthesis of Mn-Zn ferrite by combustion reaction The morphology and magnetic properties of the resulting powders were investigated. The powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption (BET), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and magnetic measurement of M x H curves. The X-lay diffraction patterns indicated that the samples containing urea resulted in the formation of crystalline powders and the presence of hematite as a secondary phase The samples containing glycine presented only the formation of crystalline and monophases (Mn,Zn)Fe(2)O(4). The average crystallite size was 18 and 35 nm and saturation magnetization was 3.6 and 75 emu/g, respectively, for the samples containing urea and glycine. The samples synthesized with glycine fuel showed better magnetic properties for application as soft magnetic devices. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved

Compressibility of electron liquid in the quantized Hall phase of GaAs/AlGaAs multi-layers

Magneto-capacitance was studied in narrow miniband GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices where quasi-two dimensional electrons revealed the integer quantum Hall effect. The interwell tunneling was shown to reduce the effect of the quantization of the density of states on the capacitance of the superlattices. In such case the minimum of the capacitance observed at the filling factor nu = 2 was attributed to the decrease of the electron compressibility due to the formation of the incompressible quantized Hall phase. In accord with the theory this phase was found strongly inhomogeneous. The incompressible fraction of the quantized Hall phase was demonstrated to rapidly disappear with the increasing temperature. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermal dependence of the zero-bias conductance through a nanostructure

We show that the conductance of a quantum wire side-coupled to a quantum dot, with a gate potential favoring the formation of a dot magnetic moment, is a universal function of the temperature. Universality prevails even if the currents through the dot and the wire interfere. We apply this result to the experimental data of Sato et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., 95 (2005) 066801). Copyright (C) EPLA, 2009

EXACT AND APPROXIMATE RELATIONS FOR THE SPIN-DEPENDENCE OF THE EXCHANGE ENERGY IN HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS

The exchange energy of an arbitrary collinear-spin many-body system in an external magnetic field is a functional of the spin-resolved charge and current densities, E(x)[n(up arrow), n(down arrow), j(up arrow), j(down arrow)]. Within the framework of density-functional theory (DFT), we show that the dependence of this functional on the four densities can be fully reconstructed from either of two extreme limits: a fully polarized system or a completely unpolarized system. Reconstruction from the limit of an unpolarized system yields a generalization of the Oliver-Perdew spin scaling relations from spin-DFT to current-DFT. Reconstruction from the limit of a fully polarized system is used to derive the high-field form of the local-spin-density approximation to current-DFT and to magnetic-field DFT.