A (in) aderência dos órgãos setoriais do Sistema de Controle Interno do Poder Executivo federal à finalidade constitucional de avaliar a execução dos programas de governo

Descreve a estrutura e competências do Sistema Federal de Controle Interno do Poder Executivo, formado por seu Órgão Central, a Controladoria-Geral da União, e três órgãos setoriais, denominados Secretarias Federais de Controle Interno, instalados na Casa Civil, no Ministério da Defesa e no Ministério das Relações Exteriores, demonstrando o foco dos trabalhos realizados, com base na verificação dos relatórios elaborados. Procura identificar se os órgãos setoriais estão ou não aderentes à finalidade do sistema de controle prevista no inciso I do art. 74 da Constituição Federal, no que se refere à avaliação da execução dos programas de governo, nos moldes preconizados pela Controladoria-Geral da União.

SINAPI x ORSE : análise comparativa entre o Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa de Custos e Índices da Construção Civil e o sistema adotado pelo Governo do Estado de Sergipe

Apresenta os resultados de um estudo comparativo entre os serviços e preços de construção civil disponibilizados por dois sistemas de custos: Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa de Custos e Índices da Construção Civil - SINAPI e Sistema de Orçamento de Obras de Sergipe - ORSE. Este estudo de caso realizado a partir de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica em que foram comparados dois orçamentos para um mesmo projeto de casa térrea padrão popular do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida - MCMV: um com custos unitários extraídos do SINAPI Referencial e o outro com custos unitários originários do ORSE, ambos para o município de Aracaju, referentes a setembro de 2009. Os resultados indicaram a diversidade de métodos utilizados na formulação de composições unitárias de serviços para uso na construção civil e obras públicas.

Convênios e contratos de repasse: análise da prestação de contas pelo controle interno

Aborda o convênio, em sentido amplo, na forma conceituada pelo Decreto nº 6.170/07, com foco na fase de prestação de contas das transferências voluntárias da Administração Pública Federal para os órgãos e entidades de Estados, do Distrito Federal e de Municípios e para entidades particulares sem fins lucrativos, por meio de convênios e contratos de repasse. A pesquisa identifica e analisa os principais conceitos relacionados a esses institutos, bem como o exame dos demais atos que antecedem a prestação de contas: autorização, formalização, execução e controle. O objetivo geral do trabalho é avaliar a segurança e eficácia dos procedimentos e exames da prestação de contas dos convênios e contratos de repasses. São objetivos específicos: a) identificar técnicas de auditoria, procedimentos e boas práticas adotadas por outros órgãos de controle interno que possam ser aproveitados para aperfeiçoar o exame das prestações de contas, no âmbito da Câmara dos Deputados, de forma a tornar os trabalhos mais céleres e eficientes e b) sugerir aperfeiçoamento na legislação interna da Câmara dos Deputados e do Governo Federal sobre a matéria. O trabalho descreve as principais características dos dois institutos, as diferenças e semelhanças do convênio em relação aos demais ajustes. Aborda a forma de seleção dos convenentes ou contratados, as exigências para celebração dos ajustes, a formalização, o objeto, o plano de trabalho, a contrapartida, as cláusulas obrigatórias e exorbitantes, a vigência, as obrigações dos partícipes, a execução, a rescisão, a fiscalização e o exame da prestação de contas. A resposta à questão da pesquisa foi buscada junto a outros órgãos de Controle Interno e permite concluir que é possível aperfeiçoar os exames da auditoria de prestação de contas de convênios e contratos de repasse, tornando-os mais céleres e eficientes, sem perda de qualidade. Ao final sugerem-se aperfeiçoamentos na legislação interna da Câmara dos Deputados e do Governo Federal.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 604A] 

A sessão de ontem começou votando as emendas que faltavam, ampliando a anistia aos militares cassados. Mas mesmo antes da votação já se previa o que se confirmou depois: a rejeição das emendas. Em seguida com o apoio de todas as lideranças foi aprovada, com 406 votos, a anistia aos funcionários públicos civis que perderam o emprego por causa de greves, nas galerias os servidores comemoravam, mais de 10 mil pessoas se beneficiam com está medida, só não foram anistiados os servidores que trabalhavam em Ministérios Militares. Depois foram aprovados os textos relativos ao Poder Judiciário, como a instalação do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), também foi criada a Advocacia Geral da União (AGU). A tarde o Plenário decide se vai ter eleição em 1988 para Governador do Distrito Federal, logo depois os constituintes irão tentar votar as emendas que anistiam os micro e pequenos empresários urbanos e os pequenos e médios empresários rurais, mas ainda não há acordo com o Governo. Depoimentos: José Lourenço (Líder do PFL), Michel Temer (PMDB-SP), Jamil Haddad (Presidente do PSB), Rose de Freitas (PMDB-ES), Luiz Marques (PFL-CE), Airlon Cordeiro, Afonso Camargo (PTB- PR), Hilário Braum (PMDB-RS), Jonas Pinheiro (PFL-MT), Assis Canutto (PFL-RO).

Biological Platforms for Environmental Sensor technologies and their uses as indicators of the marine environment, Seward, Alaska, September 19-21, 2007: workshop proceedings

The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) Workshop entitled, "Biological Platforms as Sensor Technologies and their Use as Indicators for the Marine Environment" was held in Seward, Alaska, September 19 - 21,2007. The workshop was co-hosted by the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) and the Alaska SeaLife Center (ASLC). The workshop was attended by 25 participants representing a wide range of research scientists, managers, and manufacturers who develop and deploy sensory equipment using aquatic vertebrates as the mode of transport. Eight recommendations were made by participants at the conclusion of the workshop and are presented here without prioritization: 1. Encourage research toward development of energy scavenging devices of suitable sizes for use in remote sensing packages attached to marine animals. 2. Encourage funding sources for development of new sensor technologies and animal-borne tags. 3. Develop animal-borne environmental sensor platforms that offer more combined systems and improved data recovery methodologies, and expand the geographic scope of complementary fixed sensor arrays. 4. Engage the oceanographic community by: a. Offering a mini workshop at an AGU ocean sciences conference for people interested in developing an ocean carbon program that utilizes animal-borne sensor technology. b. Outreach to chemical oceanographers. 5. Min v2d6.sheepserver.net e and merge technologies from other disciplines that may be applied to marine sensors (e.g. biomedical field). 6. Encourage the NOAA Permitting Office to: a. Make a more predictable, reliable, and consistent permitting system for using animal platforms. b. Establish an evaluation process. c. Adhere to established standards. 7. Promote the expanded use of calibrated hydrophones as part of existing animal platforms. 8. Encourage the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) to promote animal tracking as effective samplers of the marine environment, and use of animals as ocean sensor technology platforms. [PDF contains 20 pages]

Análise do processo de formulação de uma proposta de regulamentação de propagandas de alimentos: um estudo de caso

O consumo de alimentos processados tem crescido mundialmente e esse aumento tem sido relacionado em parte, pelas estratégias de marketing utilizadas pelas indústrias alimentícias que tem como objetivo aumentar as vendas e expandir o mercado consumidor. Segundo documento Recomendações da Consulta de Especialistas da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde sobre a Promoção e a Publicidade de Alimentos e Bebidas Não Alcoólicas para Crianças nas Américas, a publicidade televisiva é a forma mais utilizada de marketing de alimentos para crianças e está associada a maior preferência e aumentos nos pedidos de compra de alimentos e bebidas com elevado teor de gordura, açúcar e sal. No âmbito da discussão mais recente sobre a possível influência da propaganda de alimentos na epidemia mundial de obesidade e doenças crônicas, o governo brasileiro, por meio da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), formulou uma proposta de Regulamento Técnico que normatiza os termos das atividades publicitárias e que se concretizou na Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada n 24 de 2010 (RDC24/2010). Logo após sua publicação, grupos de interesse empresarial entraram na justiça e obtiveram diversas liminares que suspenderam a aplicação da RDC 24/2010 com base em parecer contrário da Advocacia Geral da União (AGU). O debate sobre ações regulatórias no campo da alimentação e nutrição como estratégia de controle e prevenção da obesidade envolve diversos atores sociais e opiniões bastante distintas e antagônicas, principalmente quando se trata dos argumentos do grupo de indivíduos que acredita na regulamentação da publicidade como uma forma de promover a saúde versus os argumentos contrários dos setores econômicos ligados ao tema a ser regulado. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve a intenção de descrever como e por que, neste processo, algumas práticas se estabeleceram no cotidiano das instituições e identificar os embates, argumentos e conflitos de interesses que apareceram nas discussões a respeito da formulação da resolução. Para isso, foi feita, primeiramente, análise documental de todo o processo de formulação, através de arquivos institucionais, documentos, pareceres, relatórios, entre outros. Posteriormente, foram identificados e caracterizados os sujeitos que participaram do processo e em seguida, realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com atores chaves. Foram encontradas duas teses centrais no debate em torno da formulação da resolução: a primeira, se o Estado deve estabelecer uma regulamentação sobre publicidade de alimentos e a segunda diz respeito à competência legal da ANVISA em exercer o papel regulador sobre a propaganda de alimentos. As disputas em torno destas duas teses e os argumentos que se apresentaram para defendê-las são evidentemente incomensuráveis entre si, não havendo esperança de acordo entre as partes. O caso descrito elegeu a ANVISA como o território da disputa e a aparente maioria no jogo democrático desta arena mostrou-se ineficaz diante da captura pelo questionamento da pertinência desta Agência para função de regular a publicidade de alimentos.

The major aquatic systems of the Victoria and Kyoga lake basins

The Victoria and Kyoga lake basins form the major aquatic system of this study (Fig. I). The two lake basins share a common evolutionary history and have similar native fish faunas (Graham 1929, Worthington 1929). The two main lakes have also had similar impacts by introduction of Nile perch Lates niloticus and therefore these two lakes can be considered to be similar for ichiogeographical purposes. These lake basins have many satellite lakes isolated from one another and from the main lakes Victoria and Kyoga by swamps and other barriers. Some of these satellite lakes still possess stocks of endemic fish species which are almost extinct from the main water bodies. It was therefore considered that understanding of these lakes would contribute to the knowledge base required to solve some of the problems experienced in Lake Victoria and Kyoga especially the loss in trophic diversity arising. The study was carried out in these two main water bodies (Kyoga and Victoria) and on other satellite lakes e.g Wamala, Kachera, Mburo, Kayanja and Kayugi in the Victoria lake basin and lakes Nawampasa, Nyaguo, Agu, Gigate, Lemwa and Kawi in the Kyoga lake basin (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6).

Fish species diversity in the Victoria and Kyoga lake basins: their conservation and sustainable use

Introduction of exotic fish species especially the Nile perch Lates niloticus, is believed to be responsible for the decline of fish species diversity in lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo.About 60% of the haplochromine cichlids are thought to have become extinct from L. Victoria due to predation by the Nile perch. However there are many lakes satelite to the lakes Victoria and Kyoga basins which still have fish fauna similar to that of the main lakes. many of the satellite lakes are separated from the main lakes in, which Nile perch was introduced by extensive swamps that provide a barrier to Nile perch .A survey was carried out in a number of these satelite lakes and an inventory made of existing fish species. Their distribution and relative abundances were also determined. The lakes studied included Nawampasa, Nakuwa,Kawi Lamwa Gigate, Nyaguo, Agu, Nabugabo. Kayanja, Kaytigi, Mburo, Kachera and Wamala.Some habitats within the main lakes Victoria and Kyoga, especially those with rocky outcrops· and macrophyte cover that provide refugia for endangered species from Nile perch,were also surveyed) Various stations along the River Nile were also sampled to quantify the fish species that are still resent. Kyoga minor lakes were found to have the highest number of fish species especially of haplochromine cichlids. Many haplochromine trophic groups that were thought to be extinct from 1. Victoria still occur in these lakes.!Some of the satellite lakes, especially lakes Kayugi, Mburo and Kachera still contain .healili populations of oreochromis. I esculentus that could be used as brood stock in fish farming. Many of these lakes should .I ( I therefore be protected for conservation offish species diversity

Trophic interrelationships and food-webs among the fishes in ecosystems of the Victoria and Kyoga lake basin

The Victoria and Kyoga lake basins had a high fish species diversity with many fish species that were found only in these lakes. Two Tilapiines species Oreochromis esculentus and Oreochromis variabilis were the most important commercial species in these lakes and were found nowhere else on earth except in the Victoria and Kyoga lake basins (Graham 1929, Worthington 1929). Lakes Kyoga and Nabugabo also had endemic haplochromine species (Worthington 1929, Trewavas 1933, Greenwood 1965, 1966). As stocks of introduced species increased, stocks of most of the native species declined rapidly or disappeared altogether. The study was carried out on Lakes Victoria and Kyoga, River Nile, some selected satellite lakes from the two basins namely Lakes Mburo, Kachera, Wamala, Kayanja, Kayugi, Nabugabo, Victoria, Victoria nile and River Sio(Victoria lake basin). Lakes Kyoga (Iyingo), Nawampasa, Nakuwa, Gigati, Nyaguo, Agu, Kawi and Lemwa (Kyoga lake basin). Species composillon and relative abundance of fishes were estimated by detennining the overall average total number of each species encountered. A trophic consists of species using the same food category. Shannon-Weaver Index of diversity H (Pielou, 1969) and number of trophic groups, were used to estimate the Trophic diversity of various fish species in the lakes. Food analysis has been done on some fishes in some of the sampled lakes and is still going on, on remaining fishes and in some lakes. Generally fish ingested detritus, Spirulina, Melosira, filamentous algae, Planktolyngbya, Microcysists, Anabaena, Merismopedia, Spirogyra, higher plant material, rotifers, Ostracodes, Chironomid larvae and pupae, Choaborus larvae, Odonata, Povilla, Insect remains, Caridina, fish eggs and fish. Eight trophic groups were identified from thes food items ingestes. These included detritivores, algae eaters, higher plant eaters, zooplanktivores, insectivores, molluscivores, prawn eaters, paedophages and piscivores. Trophic diversity by number of trophic groups was highest in Lake Kyoga (6) followed by lakes Kayugi, Nabugabo, River Nile and Mburo (3) and the lowest number was recorded in kachera (2).

The role of satellite lakes in conservation of fish species diversity in the Lake Kyoga basin

Lakes Victoria and Kyoga had, a diverse fish fauna, which was important as food for local population and valuable in scientific studies. Over the past twenty years, the diversity of fish in these lakes had declined due to over-exploitation, introduction of new fish species including the piscivorous Nile perch and degradation of fish habitat. Studies of satellite lakes in the Victoria and Kyoga lake basins suggested that some of these lakes harboured species which had been lost from the main lakes. In order to better understand the extent, to which these satellite lakes may serve as refugia, a faunal survey was undertaken to determine the distribution and nature of the taxa found. Seven satellite lakes and the eastern end of the main Lake Kyoga adjacent to these minor lakes were surveyed over a two-year period for fish species diversity. A total of 68 fish species were recorded of which 41 were haplochromines. Almost all the native non cichlids which occurred in the main lakes (Victoria and Kyoga) before the Nile perch upsurge recorded. Lakes Nawampasa, Gigati, Kawi, Agu and Nyaguo had the highest fish species and trophic diversity. The trophic diversity of haplochromines (based on Shannon Weaver Index) was highest in Lake Nawampasa (1.28), followed by Gigati (1.25), Kawi (1.18), Agu (0.8), Lemwa (0.81), Nyaguo (0.35) and was lowest in the main Lake Kyoga. Potential threats to these lakes were from collectors of ornamental fish species, especially the haplochromines, the spread of the predatory Nile perch and the water hyacinth, which are already in Lake Kyoga, and the destruction of macrophytes through harvesting of papyrus and reclamation for agriculture. The human population around these lakes harvested the fishes for food but the levels of exploitation were still low because the lakes were adjacent to main Lake Kyoga, the major supply of fish. Ornamental fish dealers were encouraged to start captive breeding of the fish for export to reduce pressure on the lakes and demonstrations for breeding were set up at FIRI in Jinja. Meetings and seminars were held with some of the communities living around the lakes sampled and the importance of fish species found in these lakes and the dangers of destructive practices discussed. Representatives of all taxa of fish caught from the lakes were preserved, catalogued and stored in the FIRI Museum. Results from this survey support the motion that these satellite lakes are important refugia for endemic diversity. Based on survey, we recommend that SaIne of these lakes like Nawampasa, Gigati, Kawi, Agu and Nyaguo could be designated as conservation areas of species threatened in the main lakes. One of the factors that seem to have prevented the spread of Nile perch into Kyoga Minor lakes seems to have been the presence of extensive swamps around these lakes and the low oxygen levels that exist in these habitats. Clearing of swamps and vegetation that separate Kyoga minor lakes from the main lake should be avoided to prevent Nile perch from spreading into these lakes.

非水溶剂电位法研究

离子选择电极在水溶液中的研究和应用，已取得很大进展。但是，在实际工作中人们常遇到一些困难，许多化合物不溶解于水，或不以人们所要求的状态存在，因而不能在水溶液中时行研究和测定。因此，将离子电极技术应用于非水介质，扩展电位法的研究和应用领域，具有重要的意义。由于有机溶剂对离子电极有腐蚀、破坏作用，使目前能用于非水介质电极只有玻璃电极、固体膜电极等少数几种。发展新型的用于非水介质测定的离子电极,已成为非水溶剂电位法研究的首要课题。1986年陈方平受液膜电极工作原理启发，提出了水膜电极，并在低介电常数有机溶剂中响应成功，我们的工作，是对水膜电极作进一步和系统的研究。1. 参比电极 用于非水溶剂电位测定的参比电极已有多种。本文制备的Pt/(I_3~-+I~-)参比电极，在多种有机溶剂中有稳定电位，与Ag/Agu、甘汞电极比较有其独特的优点。实验证明，选择Pt/(I_3~-+I~-)电极作为水膜电极测定的参比电极，能取得满意的结果。2. 测定体系的选择 鉴于介电常数较大的有机溶剂，已有许多作者研究，我们采用低介电常数有机溶剂－磷酸三丁酯作为水膜电极测定的有机溶剂，并以加入支持电解质的方法解决被测体系内阻的问题。我们不选择甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、戊醇等介电常数有规律变化的溶剂作为被测溶剂系列，以探讨溶剂性质对水膜电极响应的影响。考虑到一价离子是非水溶剂电位法中研究最多的离子，二价、三价离子研究较少，我们选择二价钴、镍离子和三价钐离子作为非水溶剂测定的研究对象。3. 水膜电极的制备 将水膜支撑材料封接于玻璃管的一端，充入内参比液，待内参比液透过水膜支撑材料，便在电极末端形成水膜。制备水膜电极的关键，在于水膜支撑材料的选择及水膜溶液的确定。水膜支撑材料可直接影响水膜电极响应的斜率。由实验发现，具有均匀微小颗粒结构的陶瓷，较适宜于作为水膜电极的水膜支撑材料。水膜溶液的组成决定了水膜电极的性质和种类。在我们研制的水膜钴、镍、钐电极中，水膜钴电极的水膜组成液是pH=2, 10~(-2)M氯化钴溶液，水膜镍电极的水膜组成液是pH=2, 10~(-2)M氯化镍溶液，水膜钐电极的水膜组成液是1MHCl, 10~(-2)M氯化钐溶液。水膜电极水膜组成液中离子浓度及pH值的改变，可影响水膜电极响应的线性范围和斜率。对不同离子的水膜电极其影响情况不同。我们以水膜钴、镍、钐电极为对象，进行了探讨。4. 影响水膜电极响应的其它因素 水膜电极在有机相中测定，有机溶剂中离子强度大小和水、有机溶剂两相间的液接电势均构成影响电极响应的因素，在一些低价电常数剂中这种影响尤为明显。因此需要加入适当的支持电解质固定被测体系的总离子强度。支持电解质的种类、浓度不同，对电极响应的影响情况也不同。实验表明，高氯酸四丁铵是水膜镍电极在磷酸三丁酯中响应的较为理想的支持电解质。待测有机体系的内阻，是非水电位测定的一个重要问题。由于非水溶剂的介电常数远小于溶液的介电常数，电解质在其中的离解度也小于在水溶液中的离解度，因而有机溶剂体系的内阻比水溶液体系的内阻大得多。我们一方面采用输入阻抗较高的仪器来测定，另一方面对内阻过大的低介电常数溶剂，加入适当的支持电解质，以改善溶液的导电性。5. 有机溶剂性质对水膜电极响应的影响以水膜电极在介电常数及水溶性有规律变化的甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、戊醇中的响应，以及水膜电极在磷酸三丁酯－醇混合溶剂中的响应，来初步探讨有机溶剂性质对水膜电极响应的影响。实验结果表明：水膜电极直接在低介电常数有机溶剂中的响应，往往是非能斯特响应，但加入支持电解质后，可改善体系的导电性，使电极响应状况好转。在介电常数较大的有机溶剂中，水膜电极在不加支持电解质的情况下响应仍能得到满意的结果。但是，若介电常数大的有机溶剂具有水溶性，水溶性越高，水膜电极的灵敏度就越低，水溶性越小，水膜电极的灵敏度就越高。与水完全互溶的有机溶剂，不能用水膜电极进行测定。6. 水膜电极的应用 将水膜电极直接用于实际样品的分析测定，尚有一定的困难。但是根据离子在两互不相溶液－液界面上迁移是双向可逆的原则，利用水膜电极的一些研究结果，可以探索和制备新型的液膜和PVC膜离子电极。我们分别制备了液膜和PVC膜稀土电极，其中PVC膜钐离子电极在高浓度硝酸中具有能斯特响应这一结果，打破了稀土电极不能在酸性条件下测定的界限。为稀土电极的研究，闯出了一条新路。

鲜甘薯快速乙醇发酵条件的初步研究

本文对不同菌种（酵母菌和运动发酵单胞菌）快速生产燃料乙醇的条件进行了研究，实现了鲜甘薯快速转化为燃料乙醇。全文分为两部分： 第一部分：酵母菌快速生产燃料乙醇的条件研究。通过单因素试验，酵母菌快速生产燃料乙醇的条件为：发酵方式采用边糖化边发酵（SSF），蒸煮温度为85 ℃，料水比2:1（初始糖浓度 210 g/kg），糖化酶用量0.75 AGU/g 鲜甘薯，接种量10%（v/w）。在最优条件下，经过24 h发酵，乙醇浓度可达97.44 g/kg, 发酵效率为92%，发酵强度为4.06 g/kg/h。由于采用了低温蒸煮和SSF，可以大大节约能耗，从而降低乙醇生产的成本。同时，利用摇瓶优化的条件，进行了10 L，100 L，500 L发酵罐的放大试验，由于发酵罐初期可以人为通氧，使菌体能迅速积累，发酵时间缩短2 h，发酵效率在90%以上。 第二部分：运动发酵单胞菌快速生产燃料乙醇条件研究。通过单因素试验和正交试验获得了发酵的最佳参数：初始pH值6.0-7.0，硫酸铵5.0 g/kg，糖化酶量1.6 AUG/kg淀粉，初始糖浓度200 g/kg，接种量12.5%（v/w）。经过21 h发酵，乙醇浓度为95.15 g/kg，发酵效率可达94%。同时对不灭菌发酵也进行了研究，发酵效率可达92%。为鲜甘薯运动发酵单胞菌燃料乙醇的工业化生产打下基础。 对发酵结束后的残糖进行了研究。通过薄层层析和葡萄氧化酶测定证明：无论是酵母菌还是运动发酵单胞菌发酵结束后的发酵液中都不含葡萄糖。经过HPLC进一步分析残糖说明：发酵液中已没有葡萄糖成分；经糖化酶水解后仍没有葡萄糖出现；但经酸水解后又出现了葡萄糖，说明结束后的残糖是一些低聚糖结构。有关残糖的结构需要进一步研究。可以通过开发高效的低聚糖水解酶来降低发酵液的残糖，提高原料的利用率。 A new technology for rapid production fuel ethanol from fresh sweet potato by different microorganisms (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis) was gained in this research. The paper involved two parts: Part 1: The study on fuel ethanol rapid production from fresh sweet potato by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The following parameters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated by a series of experiments: fermentation models, cooking temperature, initial sugar concentration and glucoamylase dosage. The results showed that SSF (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) not only reduced the fermentation time (from 30 to 24h) but also enhanced the ethanol concentration (from 73.56 to 95.96 g/kg). With low-temperature-cooking (85 ℃) using SSF, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae was able to produce ethanol 97.44 g/kg which the fermentation yield could reach to 92% and ethanol productivity 4.06 g/kg/h from sweet potato enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, the savings in energy by carrying out the cooking (85 ℃) and saccharification (30 ℃) step at low temperature had been realized. The results were also verified in 10 L, 100 L and 500 L fermentor. The fermentation yield was no less than 90%. The fermentation time of fermenter was shorter than Erlenmeyer flask. This may be that the aeration in the early fermentation period is available, which lead to the rapidly commutations of biomass. Part 2: The technology of ethanol rapid production with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation ( SSF ) by Zymomonas mobilis，using fresh sweet potato as raw material was studied. The effects of various factors on the yield of ethanol were investigated by the single factor and the orthogonal experiments. As a result, the optimal technical conditions were obtained from those experiments：initial pH value 6.0-7.0, nitride 5.0 g/kg，(NH4)2SO4, glucoamylase 1.6 AUG/kg starch, inoculums concentration 12.5% (v/w). The Zymomonas mobilis was able to produce ethanol 95.15 g/kg, with 94% of the theoretical yield, from fresh sweet potato after 24 h fermentation. The fermentation efficiency of non-sterilized was also reach to 92%. We also analyzed the final fermentation residual sugars of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis. When the residual sugars were analyzed by thin-layer chromatogram and glucose oxidase, there was no glucose. The analysis of reducing sugars by HPLC showed that there was no glucose existed in the fermentation liquor. However, the glucose appeared after being hydrolyzed by acid. It is indicated that the residual sugars in the final fermentation liquor were the configuration of oligosaccharide, which was linked by the special glycosidic bonds. It was feasible for reducing residual sugars to develope the enzyme that can degradation the oligosaccharide.

酿酒酵母和运动发酵单胞菌木薯乙醇发酵条件研究

本文结合我国燃料乙醇发展的方针政策，以酿酒酵母和运动发酵单胞菌为菌种研究其在非粮能源作物木薯中乙醇发酵的情况，为木薯原料更好地应用于生产中提供了理论依据。 酿酒酵母木薯高浓度乙醇发酵的研究。实验采用的木薯干淀粉含量约70-75%。以酿酒酵母为菌种进行高浓度乙醇发酵的工艺条件研究，最佳条件为：木薯干粉碎细度为35目，料水比1：2，α-淀粉酶用量0.09 KNU/g淀粉，蒸煮温度85 ℃，蒸煮时间15 min。采用30 ℃同步糖化发酵工艺，糖化酶用量为3.4 AGU/g淀粉，发酵时间30 h。在10 L发酵罐中，乙醇质量比达127.88 g/kg，发酵效率为88.28%，发酵强度4.263 g/kg/h，100 L中试研究中乙醇浓度为127.75 g/kg，发酵强度4.258 g/kg/h。利用高效液相色谱对发酵液中残糖进行了分析，证明葡萄糖、果糖等单糖已完全被菌体利用，剩余糖为二糖，三糖等不可发酵的低聚糖。 运动发酵单胞菌快速乙醇发酵的研究。对实验室保藏的8株运动发酵单胞菌进行比较，选择发酵速度最快的Zymomonas mobilis232B进行研究。该菌在纯葡萄糖中的最佳发酵条件为：葡萄糖浓度18%，起始pH 6-7，发酵温度30 ℃，发酵时间18 h，乙醇浓度88 g/kg。在以木薯为底物同步糖化快速乙醇发酵中，采用Full Factorial设计和最速上升实验确定了培养基成分中的2个显著性因子及其最适浓度：酵母粉4 g/kg，硫酸铵0.8 g/kg。在最适培养基条件下，对木薯料水比和糖化酶用量进行了优化，得到Z.mobilis232B木薯乙醇发酵最佳料水比1：3，糖化酶浓度4 AGU/g淀粉，乙醇发酵4.915 g/kg/h。利用高效液相色谱对发酵液中残糖进行了分析，剩余糖为二糖，三糖等，但成分较酵母发酵后复杂。 According to the fuel ethanol development plans and policies in our country, the ethanol production from cassava by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis was studied. It provided theoretical basis for ethanol fermentation by cassava in industry. Part 1 is the study of VHG (very high gravity) ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The content of starch in cassava was 70-75%. Compared with the performances under different experimental conditions, the following optimal conditions for VHG fermentation were obtained: Granule size of dry cassava 35 mashes, hydromodulus of cassava to water at 1:2, α-amylase enzyme dosage 0.09 KNU/g starch, cooking temperature 85 ℃ for 15 min, using the SSF process (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) and the amount of glucoamylase 3.4 AGU/g starch. Accordingly, the final ethanol concentration was up to 127.88 g/kg; the ethanol yield reached 88.28%, and ethanol productivity was 4.263 g/kg/h after 30 h. When the fermentation scale expanded to 100 L, the final ethanol concentration was 127.75 g/kg, and the ethanol productivity was 4.258 g/kg/h in 30 h. The residual sugar was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, and proved that there was no glucose and fructose. The residual reducing sugar was some unfermentable oligosaccharide Part 2 is the study of the rapid ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis. Compare with other seven stains, Zymomonas mobilis 232B was selected for research. The optimum condition in glucose medium was as follow: glucose concentration 18%, initial pH 6-7, and fermentation temperature 30 ℃. The ethanol concentration was 88g/kg in 18 h. After that, rapid ethanol production from cassava in SSF by Zymomonas mobilis 232B was studied. Through a series of experiments aided by Full Factorial Design and steepest ascent search, the optimal concentration yeast extract and ammonium sulfate were determined: 4 g/kg and 0.8 g/kg, each. Under optimum medium conditions, the optimal hydromodulus of cassava to water and glucoamylase dosages were obtained: hydromodulus of cassava to water at 1:3 and glucoamylase dosages 4 AGU/g starch. The ethanol production reached 4.915 g/kg/h. The residual sugar was analyzed by HPLC, and proved that the residual reducing sugar was some unfermentable oligosaccharide，but the components were more complex than that fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

高取代度阳离子淀粉的合成与表征

以玉米淀粉为原料,N-(2,3-环氧丙基)三甲基氯化铵(GTA)为阳离子醚化剂,在碱催化条件下,制备了高取代度阳离子淀粉,研究了反应条件对产品取代度和结构的影响。结果表明,在n(NaOH)/n(淀粉葡萄糖基AGU)=0.2025,n(GTA)/n(AGU)=4.0,反应温度60℃的条件下反应6h,取代度可达1.0959。用FTIR和13CNMR表征了高取代度阳离子淀粉的结构,X-ray衍射结果表明,阳离子化反应破坏了原淀粉的结晶结构,生成了具有非晶态结构的阳离子淀粉。

Utilisation of whole sorghum crop residues for bioethanol production

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal worldwide and is a major source of agricultural residues in tropical regions. Bioconversion of whole sorghum crop residues comprising stalks, leaves, peduncles and panicles to ethanol has great potential for improving ethanol yield per sorghum crop cultivated, and for sustainable biofuel production. Effective pretreatment of sorghum lignocellulosic biomass is central to the efficiency of subsequent fermentation to ethanol. Previous studies have focused on bioconversion of sorghum stalks and/or leaves only to bioethanol, but the current study is the first report dealing with whole crop residues. We specifically focused on the impact of Nigerian sorghum cultivation location and cultivar type on the potential ethanol yield from whole sorghum crop residues. Efficient bioconversion of whole sorghum residues to ethanol provides a sustainable route for utilisation of crop residues thereby providing a non-food feedstock for industrial scale bioethanol production.