978 resultados para Stern, Menco.
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An innovative, simple, compact and low cost approach for phase mapping based on the intrinsic modulation of an aperture Near Field Scanning Optical Microscope probe is analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. Several nanoscale silicon waveguides are phase-mapped using this approach, and the different modes of propagation are obtained via Fourier analysis. The obtained measured results are in good agreement with the effective indexes of the modes calculated by electromagnetic simulations. Owing to its simplicity and effectiveness, the demonstrated system is a potential candidate for integration with current near field systems for the characterization of nanophotonic components and devices. © 2011 Optical Society of America.
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An innovative, simple compact and low cost approach for phase mapping based on the intrinsic modulation of a Near Field Scanning Optical Microscope probe is analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. © OSA/ CLEO 2011.
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本论文旨在开发能使无机材料和有机材料的功能互补、协同优化的无机/有机复合发光材料的制备方法,并研究其发光性质,以发展一类新型的高性能发光材料。首先基于无机组份与有机组份的物理和化学性质的差异,采用能保持其性质均不改变的低温软化学合成法-溶胶-凝胶技术,无机组份选择具有优良光、热稳定性的SiO_2,有机组份选择具有和无机SiO_2相似折射率和优良力学性能的丙烯酸类如甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA),采用两步溶胶-凝胶法和在交联剂3-(三甲氧基硅)丙基甲基丙烯酸酯(MSMA)存在下快速制备了两种杂化基质材料SiO_2/P(MMA-MSMA)和SiO_2/P(HEMA-MSMA)。由于使用两步溶胶-凝胶法,大大缩短了溶胶的成胶时间,所得杂化材料具有良好的光学透明性。实验结果表明,在基质材料中形成了无机网络和聚合物网络,无机相和有机相之间存在着强的化学键,两相间无明显的界面,即形成了互穿网络,粒子的尺寸在100 nm以内,属于纳米材料。由于原位聚合物与无机SiO_2基质同时生成,不仅使杂化基质材料具有一定的韧性,而且可有效降低无机SiO_2凝胶基质的热聚集和光损耗,是制备复合发光材料的优良基质材料。由于TiO_2基质具有较低的声子能量(可降低发光组份的非辐射跃迁几率),也是一种良好的基质材料。研究了在DMF存在下透明TiO_2凝胶基质的快速制备方法。由于DMF上的氮原子可和Ti-OH上羟基形成氢键,从而大大降低了钛酸丁酯的水解速率,避免了钛酸丁酯直接水解时沉淀的出现,通过调节DMF的用量,可以在不同时间内制备透明的TiO_2凝胶。凝胶经热处理后,其结构从无定型态转变为锐钛矿相,经800℃热处理后己全部转变为会红石相。此制备方法不仅快速,而且比现有的溶胶-凝胶法制备金红石相TiO_2的温度至少降低了200℃。基于高分子聚合物聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)具有良好的成膜性能,采用旋转涂敷法制备了SiO_2/PVB杂化膜,通过调节溶胶的粘度和匀胶的速度,可以制备不同厚度的薄膜,为杂化发光膜的制备提供了依据。基于1,1,4,4-四苯基-1,3-丁二烯(TPB)在蓝光波段其有优良的发光性能,制备了掺杂TPB的SiO_2凝胶,并研究其在溶胶-凝胶过程中光谱性质的变化。由于凝胶基质的“笼保护”效应,掺杂于溶胶-凝胶基质中的TPB具有较高的热稳定性,其热分解温度达460℃。TPB具有较高的猝灭浓度,相对于它的氯仿溶液,TPB在凝胶基质中猝灭浓度提高2~3个数量级。另外,在凝胶基质中比其在氯仿溶液中具有较长的荧光寿命,这对于此类发光材料的实用化具有重要意义。基于基质的组成、微结构及化学环境,可影响发光组份之间的相互作用和能量传递规律,制备了双掺UO_2~(2+)和Eu~(3+)的TiO_2凝胶。由于在TiO_2凝胶基质中Eu~(3+)的激发光谱和UO_2~(2+)的发射光谱具有较大的光谱重叠,研究了它们之间的能量传递机制。实验结果表明,在TiO_2凝胶中,存在着UO_2~(2+)向Eu~(3+)的能量传递过程,其能量转移效率和能量转移速率随Eu~(3+)浓度的增大而增大。通过对Stern-Volmer曲线的分析,得出Eu~(3+)对UO_2~(2+)荧光的猝灭机制主要为稳态猝灭机制,此研究为丌发新的发光材料提供了科学依据。为克服传统溶胶-凝胶法制备光功能材料时预先掺杂法的缺点和局限,缩短制备光功能材料的周期,基于溶胶-凝胶水解、缩聚的特点和稀土配合物的形成规律,首次提出应用两步溶胶-凝胶法于SiO_2基质中快速原位合成了稀土配合物的方法。它是即在用盐酸作为酸性催化剂水解一定时间的溶胶中,加入六次甲基四胺作为碱性催化剂。六次甲基四胺的加入,一方面,加快了凝胶的形成,另一方面,使溶胶的介质逐步适合配合物的形成,最终在凝胶基质的形成中原位合成了稀土配合物。由于采用两步溶胶-凝胶法,缩短了凝胶时间,可在数小时内制备出透明含原位配合物的湿凝胶。采用荧光光谱、吸收光谱、IR光谱及荧光寿命测量等手段,对原位合成稀土配合物的过程进行了跟踪表征。实验结果表明,对于水杨酸-Tb~(3+)配合物的原位合成,在溶胶阶段无配合物的形成,此时,水杨酸向Tb~(3+)的能量传递属于分子间能量传递过程,即扩散控制的碰撞过程;在湿凝胶中,Tb~(3+)与水杨酸形成了配合物,在紫外光激发下,通过水杨酸向Tb~(3+)的分子内能量转移,发出Tb~(3+)强烈的特征荧光。此复合光功能材料制备技术,具有一定的创新性和实用价值。应用上述两步溶胶一凝胶法于SiO_2及SiO_2/聚合物杂化基质中快速原位合成了稀土β-二酮、芳香羧酸及杂环配体phen配台物,并制备了稀土配合物SiO_2/PVB杂化发光薄膜。原位稀土配合物在紫外光激发下发出其相应稀土离子的特征谱线,和纯配合物相比,其激发光谱变为-不对称的宽带,发射光谱表现出较少的劈裂:山于杂化基质的保护作用,原位合成的稀土配合物具有较好的光稳定性和热稳定性;由于原位合成的配合物被固定于基质的微孔中,在IR光谱上,其相关振动吸收较弱;配合物的名义掺杂在0.6 mol%时,发光强度随掺杂浓度的增加而增加,无浓度猝灭现象;SEM表明,含有原位合成的配合物的材料,具有一定的均匀性,粒子尺寸在纳米级范围。为发展多种无机基质稀土有机配合物光功能材料的复合技术,拓宽无机/有机光功能材料的制备方法,首次采用离子交换法将稀土配合物Eu(DBM)_3phen和Tb(AA)_3phen嵌入到层状化合物α-磷酸氢锆(α-ZrP)中,制备了嵌有稀土配合物的组装体,并研究了组装体的光物理性质。基于层状化合物的结构特点,首先将对甲氧基苯胺(PMA)嵌入层状化合物中,得到预组装体,使层间距变大,然后再通过离子交换的方式,制得含有稀土配合物的组装体。XRD光谱和紫外-可见吸收光谱证明配合物组装进了层状化合物中。在紫外光激发下,组装体发出相应稀土离子的特征谱线;和纯配合物粉末相比,其激发光谱发生一定的蓝移,而其发射光谱则表现出较少的劈裂;由于基质的保护作用,组装体中的配合物具有较高的荧光寿命和发光效率。研究、制备了改性MCM-41与稀土配合物Eu(DBM)_3phen的复合组装体发光材料,并研究了组装体的发光性质。由于羟基的高能振动将极大地猝灭稀土离子的荧光发射,所以采用3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷、N-[(3-三乙氧基硅)]丙基乙二胺和4-(三乙氧基硅)丁氰三种硅烷化试剂对介孔分子筛MCM-41内壁羟基进行了修饰。组装体在紫外光激发下发出稀土离子的特征谱线,经氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷改性后的组装体,其发光强度约为未改性MCM-41前组装体的9倍,说明了经改性后,减少了基质中的羟基含量,降低了因羟基的高能振动而引起的非辐射跃迁几率,提高了组装体的荧光强度;对不同的改性剂的改性效果的研究表明,经4-(三乙氧基硅)丁氰改性、N-[(3-三乙氧基硅)]丙基乙二胺改性和3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷改性MCM-41改性后的的组装体的荧光强度依次增加,同时,稀土离子在其中的荧光寿命也依次增加。以上复合技术为研究和开发具有高效、长寿命的复合发光材料提供了新的可能。为满足不同条件下材料的要求,选择具有优良发光性能的稀土配合物,将其引入P(MAA-St)共聚物的合成过程中,制备了质轻、透明性好的掺杂有稀土配合物的透明发光树脂,并研究了发光树脂的光物理性质。透明发光树脂具有良好的透光性,密度在1.2 g/cm~3;在紫外光照射下,树脂发出稀土离子强烈的特征荧光,在掺杂浓度不大于4wt%时,发光强度随掺杂浓度的增大而增大。稀土配合物在发光树脂中较其在乙醇溶液中具有较长的荧光寿命。与其相应的纯配合物的乙醇溶液相比,稀土配合物在发光树脂中的周围环境极性增大,格位对称性升高。
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分子间的能量转移是当今光化学、光生物学和光物理学中的一个重要课题,长期以来一直受到人们的广泛关注。六十年代染料激光器出现以后,人们很快就将这一原理应用研究染料激光器的工作物质。选择适当的混合染料溶液作为染料激光器的工作物质,可以提高某些染料的激光输出能量或扩展激光波长覆盖范围,这已成为分子间能量转移的一个新的应用领域。本文首先阐述分子间能量转移的基本理论并对混合染料体系的选择及其研究进行了文献综述。另外,对研究过程中,他人工作改采用的实验手段也进行了概述,特别对荧光寿命的测量讨论得较为仔细。实验中我们着重研究了R6G/Red B、R6G/NB两个二元体系和C440/C540/Saf.~(-1)、C440/Fl.Na/Saf.~(-1)以及R6G/Red B/Ox725三个三元混合染料体系。实验方法主要通过测量混合染料溶液的荧光光谱、荧光寿命和激光输出性能。激发源波长始终固定在337.1nm。荧光光谱和荧光寿命多是在英国Applied Photophysics公司生产的SP-70型纳秒荧光分光光度计上测量的。这套仪器的设置从激发、探测以至最后的数据处理(微机处理)都达到较高的灵敏度和精确度。更为主要的是采用了时间相关单光子计数技术这一新的测量方法,真有较高的时间分辨本领,为染料分子的短寿命测量提供了重复性极好的可靠数据。并且由于这套仪器的信噪比大,能够测出高浓度溶液情况下的荧光光谱,而一般地荧光光谱仪却很难探测。激光调谐范围的测量是在QJD-9型染料激光器上进行的,光路结构安排合理,各项技术指标都达到了较高水平。激光强度的测量是采用了通用的光路结构测量混合染料溶液的超辐射模式的激光输出。下面是我们的实验结果。1.R6G/Red B、R6G/NB二元混合染料体系。通过测量R6G/Red B混合染料溶液的荧光光谱,了解到给体R6G有较强的能量转移给受体Red B。又通过荧光寿命的测量,表明溶液浓度达到~10~(-3) mol.L~(-1)时,分子间的能量转移主要是共振转移,且符合Stern-Volmer关系。由此我们进行了一定量讨论,计算了不同浓度溶液中给体与受体分子间的平均距离R。激光性能的测量表明这一体系具有较大的激光强度输出,且通过改变给体、受体浓度可扩展调谐范围。对于R6G/NB,我们做了类似的研究。但与R6G/Red B不同的是,R6G/NB始终是双峰。激光性能测量表明此体系可以扩展调谐范围,且可改善NB的激光输出,降低泵浦阈值。2.C440/C540/Saf.-T、C440/Fl.Na/Saf.-T及R6G/Red B/Ox725三元体系。C440/C540/Saf.-T混合染料溶液的荧光光谱研究表明,三种染料分子之间有较强的能量转移发生,且与溶液浓度配比适当时,可以同时获得三个不同波段处的荧光发射,从而可望扩展波长调谐范围。见图1。对于C440/Fl.Na/Saf.-T混合溶液,我们主要是采用光谱手段,对能量转移过程做了研究。结果表明C440/Fl.Na之间以辐射转移为主要机制,Fl.Na/Saf.-T之间在波度稍大时,发生共振转移的可能性较强。另外对能量转移过程进行了一些定量的讨论。计算求得C440/Fl.Na的临距离R_o = 47.5A,小于Fl.Na/Saf.-T的临界距离R_o = 59.0A,因而后者发生共振转移的可能性较大。R6G/Red B/Ox725体系与前两体系相比是向长波长方向扩展了。激光性能的测量表明,此体系可以作为染料激光器的工作物质。实验结果还表明三种染料混合以后的激光性能比Red B/Ox725二组份混合的效果好得多。R6G/Red B/Ox725的超辐射是图2所示。
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兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环 (HIRFL CSR)的内靶系统 ,是用于为实验环内的物理实验提供厚度为 10 11— 10 13 atoms/cm2 的团簇靶和极化靶 .采用超声喷气技术获得团簇粒子束 ,采用Stern Gerlach方法获得极化氢束和极化氘束 .
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A high current RFQ (radio frequency quadrupole) is being studied at the Institute of Modern Physics, CAS for the direct plasma injection scheme. Shunt impedance is air important parameter when designing a 4-rod RFQ cavity, it reflects the RF efficiency of the cavity, and has a direct influence on the cost of the structure. Voltage distribution of a RFQ cavity has an effect on beam transmission, and particles would be lost if the actual voltage distribution is not as what, it should be. The influence of cell length, stern thickness and height on Shunt impedance and voltage distribution have been studied, in particular the effect of projecting electrodes has been investigated in detail.
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In this paper, the binding of neutral red (NR) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological conditions has been studied by spectroscopy method including fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The Stern-Volmer fluorescence quenching constant (K-SV), binding constant (K-b) and the number of binding sites (It) were measured by fluorescence quenching method. Fluorescence experiments were also performed at different ionic strengths. It was found K-SV was ionic strength dependent, which indicated the electrostatic interactions were part of the binding forces. The distance r between donor (BSA) and acceptor (NR) was obtained according to Foster's non-radiative energy transfer theory. CD spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy were used to investigate the structural information of BSA molecules on the binding of NR, and the results showed no change of BSA conformation in our experimental conditions.
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用电化学和光谱方法研究了溶液pH对硫堇(TH)与小牛胸腺脱氧核糖核酸(CT-DNA)相互作用方式的影响。电化学测量结果表明,在pH 7.2的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,TH与CT-DNA之间的作用方式以嵌入结合为主,在pH6.5的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,TH与CT-DNA之间的作用方式既存在嵌入结合也存在静电作用。荧光光谱测量结果表明,TH与DNA结合后其荧光发生猝灭,通过Stern-Volmer方程计算得到pH 6.5时TH-DNA体系的猝灭常数高于pH 7.2时的值,表明在pH 6.5的溶液中两者相互作用更强。圆二色谱(CD)实验结果也证实了这一结论。
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交替使用DEAE Sephadex A-50离子交换和Sephadex G-75 凝胶过滤层析技术,从长白山白眉蝮蛇蛇毒(A gkistrodon blom hoffii Ussurensis)中纯化得到了一种分子量为29458±15Da的精氨酸酯酶活性组分.本文研究了碘离子(I-)和丙烯酰胺(Acr)对这种精氨酸酯酶的荧光光谱的淬灭作用,I-和Acr对精氨酸酯酶荧光的淬灭符合Stern-Volmer公式.I-仅能淬灭精氨酸酯酶约54%的荧光,Acr可以将精氨酸酯酶荧光淬灭殆尽.I-和Acr对长白山白眉蝮蛇蛇毒精氨酸酯酶荧光淬灭作用的结果表明: 在精氨酸酯酶中含有两种类型的色氨酸残基, 而且处于不同的微环境当中.
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作为全球碳循环的主要组成部分,溶解有机质在水生生态系统的各种物理、化学和生物过程中起着十分重要的作用:它是湖泊异养型生物所需能量的主要提供者;是湖泊水体pH的调节剂和控制因素;能够与金属离子或有机污染物相互作用,从而影响它们的迁移转化、毒性和生物可利用性;溶解有机质也是饮用水氯化工艺中生成具有致癌作用消毒副产品的主要前驱物质。溶解有机质组成和结构十分复杂,一般由腐殖质和非腐殖质物质组成,相应的环境地球化学特征和行为也各不相同。因此,研究溶解有机质各分离组分的结构特征和环境效应,将有助于我们对溶解有机质复杂化学结构、循环特征及行为特征的深入理解;有助于揭示溶解有机质对环境中微量污染物的迁移、转化、毒性和生物有效性的影响机理和贡献因素;为水环境评价、预测、控制和管理提供科学依据。 本论文选择云贵高原山区湖泊—红枫湖为研究对象,利用XAD树脂分离技术,把湖泊水体中溶解有机质按极性的不同分成了疏水性酸、碱、中性物质和亲水性酸、碱、中性物质等六种有机组分。主要运用元素分析、有机碳分析仪、傅立叶变换红外光谱、紫外-可见分光光度,高效液相体积排阻色谱、三维荧光光谱和稳定同位素质谱仪等现代分析方法和手段,对各有机组分的地球化学特征及来源的进行了表征和探讨。同时利用荧光猝灭滴定技术研究了溶解有机质分离组分与铜的相互作用,利用顶空气相色谱法测定了各分离组分与氯气反应活性的大小,并确立了生成消毒副产物的主要前驱物质。本论文的研究成果主要有以下几点: 1.改进了分离流程:在XAD-8树脂分离溶解有机质流程的基础上,引入XAD-4树脂,对贵州红枫湖水体中溶解有机质进行了富集分离,得腐殖酸、富里酸、疏水性中性物质、亲水性酸、亲水性碱、亲水性中性物质等六种有机组分,回收率为82%。各分离组分的组成与其它天然水体的组成接近,其中以富里酸为主,占分离组分的51%。 2.溶解有机质分离组分化学结构特征的研究:元素分析表明疏水性组分具有较高的碳和硫含量,而亲水性组分O/C比较高,含有较多的含氧官能团;傅立叶变换红外光谱表明各分离组分在3424-3434 cm-1具有O-H和N-H的吸收峰,腐殖酸组分主要为含氮和聚糖物质,富里酸和亲水性酸表现强的羧基吸收峰。高效体积排阻色谱表明各六种有机组分的分子量较小,重均(Mw)和数均(Mn)分子量分别集中在1688-2355Da和1338-1928Da之间,其中Mw和紫外吸收比值(E2/E3)之间呈负相关关系;三维荧光光谱显示六种有机组分表现了4种不同类型的荧光峰,紫外区类富里酸荧光峰peakA和可见区类富里酸荧光峰peakC;疏水性中性物质还表现了两种类蛋白荧光峰peakB和peakD。荧光强度与紫外吸光系数SUVA254之间呈显著正相关关系,说明了产生荧光和紫外的物质具有某些相似的官能团,其中芳香官能团和共轭双键在这两类光谱的产生中具有重要作用。本研究进一步揭示了溶解有机质不同有机组分的分子量分布、荧光光谱特征和紫外吸收特征之间的一致性,反映了各有机组分之间的亲水、疏水与分子量、光谱特征之间的内在联系,本研究有助于加我们深对溶解有机质复杂性和相似性及化学结构与行为的进一步认识。 3.溶解有机质分离组分来源问题的探讨:我们利用δ13C及C/N比值并结合荧光光谱特征来指示溶解有机质的来源。各分离组分的δ13C及C/N比值表明富里酸主要来自陆源C3植被形成的土壤有机质,而腐殖酸、疏水性中性物质、亲水性酸、亲水性碱、亲水性中性物质属于陆源和内源的混合来源,其中腐殖酸、亲水性酸、亲水性碱接近红枫湖藻类一端,而疏水性中性物质和亲水性中性物质接近陆源一端。荧光光谱表明疏水性中性物质中含有类蛋白荧光峰,可能暗示了该组分还与人类活动有关。该研究加深了对溶解有机质来源的多样性和影响因素复杂性的认识。 4.溶解有机质分离组分与铜离子的相互作用,利用荧光猝灭滴定技术研究了分离组分与铜离子的相互作用,结果表明溶解有机质滴加铜离子后荧光强调显著降低,同时发射波长Em发生蓝移,而激发波长Ex基本不变,说明了分离有机组分在与铜离子相互作用后,π电子减少,共轭性和芳香型降低,直线型分子向非直线型分子转变;溶解有机质分离组分与铜相互作用的滴定曲线与修正的Stern-Volmer模型十分吻合;分离组分的稳定常数logK介于4.73-5.16之间(C峰)和4.64-5.24之间(A峰),logKA与logKC与总酸度以及与酚羟基之间存在显著相关性, 与羧基含量之间也有弱相关关系,说明铜离子优先与配体中强配位点(酚羟基)络合,其次为弱配位基(羧基)。该研究揭示了云贵高原山区湖泊溶解有机质分离组分与金属离子相互作用的差异性和影响因素,为水环境中金属离子迁移转化和毒性的评价提供理论依据。 5.溶解有机质分离组分卤代活性的比较:我们运用顶空气相色谱法测定了红枫湖分离组分与消毒剂反应生成有机卤代物的情况。结果表明红枫湖分离组分氯化消毒副产物主要以三氯甲烷(CHCl3)和二溴一氯甲烷(CHBr2Cl)为主,富里酸是生成三卤甲烷的主要前驱物质,同时富里酸的卤代反应活性也最强。该研究揭示了云贵高原山区湖泊中富里酸是生成消毒副产物的主要前驱物质,该组分以陆源有机质输入为主。因此,该研究对饮用水消毒具有一定的现实意义。
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自然界水体(如地下水、湖泊、河流及海洋)中的天然有机质(NOM)因具有显著的生态及环境功能而受到人们的广泛关注。NOM作为全球碳循环的主要组成部分,是水体中异养型微生物生长所需碳及能量的重要来源。此外,NOM对湖泊生态系统中的多种物理、化学过程具有不同程度的影响:NOM中的有机酸对淡水体系的酸度具有控制作用而且对酸沉降有一定的缓冲作用;NOM通过减弱可见光及紫外线照射从而影响淡水系统的光化学环境,这一方面降低了水体中自养生物的繁衍速度,同时保护水生生物免受有害的紫外线辐射。更为重要的是,NOM能够影响环境中污染物的命运,比如重金属离子和疏水性有机污染物与天然有机质结合后,其迁移途径、溶解度、生物可利用性及毒性受到明显的控制,这样其对环境中生物的危害性减弱。多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类对环境危害极大的疏水性有机污染物,多数PAHs对有机体具有毒性和致癌性而被美国环保署(EPA)列为优先处理的污染物。因此,确定NOM-PAHs反应的强弱,即PAHs在NOM中的分配系数(Kdoc)以及NOM的物化特性对Kdoc的影响对于预测PAHs毒性和生物可利用性大小、了解NOM-PAHs相互作用的机理及确立污染预测模型具有十分重大的意义。前人的研究结果表明,多环芳烃与天然有机质相互作用的分配系数Kdoc的与PAHs的疏水度(即Kow大小)、NOM的物化特性(如芳香度、脂肪碳含量、分子量及极性等)和水化学参数(pH、离子强度等)有很大的相关性。然而,许多学者在NOM的物化特性对分配系数的影响方面存有较大分歧。前人在研究天然有机质与多环芳烃之间的相互作用时所用的NOM多为腐殖质,即水体NOM中的疏水性组分,而其中的亲水性组分与PAHs的结合作用文献中却鲜见提及,因此人们对其结合作用的特性如反应机理和结合作用强弱等的了解十分有限。 本论文利用XAD树脂分离技术把红枫湖水体中天然有机质分成了疏水性酸、碱、中性物质和亲水性酸、碱、中性物质等六种有机组分。同时运用元素分析、有机碳分析仪、紫外-可见分光光度,高效液相体积排阻色谱、三维荧光光谱和荧光偏振技术等现代分析方法,对各有机组分的物理、化学特性进行了表征。荧光光谱技术被用于研究水化学参数对腐殖质荧光特性和分子构型的影响以及测定Amherst腐殖酸(Amherst HA)、垃圾渗滤液富里酸(LF FA)和红枫湖NOM有机组分与多环芳烃苝、菲和蒽的结合系数(分配系数、条件稳定常数)并探讨了影响分配系数的各种因素和NOM与多环芳烃相互作用的机理。本论文的获得的主要结果如下: 1. 在水化学参数对腐殖质荧光特性及分子构型的影响方面: 在NOM与PAHs相互作用过程中,腐殖质的分子构型起着关键性的作用,而其分子构型又受到其本身的浓度、溶液的pH和离子强度等水化学参数的影响。本论文运用三维荧光光谱和荧光偏振技术研究了水化学参数对腐殖质荧光特性的影响,并由此推断其分子构型变化情况。实验结果表明随着腐殖质浓度、溶液的pH和离子强度的改变,腐殖质荧光特性(如荧光强度、荧光峰位和荧光偏振值等)出现不同程度的变化,揭示了腐殖质分子构型的改变。因此,本实验结果有利于深入了解腐殖质的分子构型及其对吸附PAHs的重要影响,对理解NOM的环境行为具有一定的理论价值。 2. 运用荧光猝灭滴定法研究Amherst HA和红枫湖NOM有机组分对多环芳烃苝、菲和蒽的吸附作用,结果表明NOM对多环芳烃的吸附能力与其中芳香结构单元有很强的相关性,logKdoc值与NOM在280 nm处的摩尔吸收(ε280)和分子量有线性度较高的正比关系,而C/H原子比值对不饱和碳含量(芳香度)并没有很好的指示作用。同时,脂肪碳(0-50 ppm)中的聚亚甲基碳对吸附PAHs也有很大的贡献,而有机组分的极性与分配系数有明显的负相关性。不同种类的多环芳烃与NOM有机组分的结合能力有很大的差异,这取决于不同PAHs的疏水度大小。本研究结果有利于弥合前人在NOM物化特性对PAHs吸附能力的影响方面的分歧,揭示了NOM的组成和结构在与PAHs等疏水性有机污染物相互作用方面的重要影响。 3. 在结合机理方面,苝与NOM有机组分结合的Stern-Volmer图具有较高的线性度,这表明其结合机理以疏水反应(或分配)为主,而菲和蒽与有机组分相互作用的吸附等温线显示较多的非线性特征表明极性反应为主要反应机理,结合过程以吸附为主。在红枫湖NOM有机组分中,疏水性组分显示对PAHs较高的结合能力,同时疏水性组分与PAHs相互作用的吸附等温线具有较高的线性度。这一结果揭示了不同种类的PAHs和各NOM有机组分之间结合机理的差异,加深了人们对NOM与PAHs相互作用机理的认识。 4. 前人在研究pH、离子强度等水化学参数对分配系数的影响方面得到的结果多有矛盾之处,同时,对实验结果的解释也不尽相同。本实验结果表明分配系数随pH增加而下降;离子强度对分配系数的影响比较复杂,就总体趋势而言,增加离子强度有利于对PAHs吸附能力的提高,这一结果初步揭示了水化学参数对PAHs分配系数的影响,丰富了人们对其影响机理的认识。 5. 运用荧光偏振技术测定了蒽与Amherst HA、LF FA和红枫湖NOM有机组分的条件稳定常数,结果如下:随着NOM浓度增加,蒽的荧光偏振值不断下降,这表明蒽的分子构型由平面线性向圆柱状转变。在所有NOM样品中,土壤源的Amherst HA与蒽结合的条件稳定常数最大(pH 4时logK=5.6,pH 6时 logK=5.4);就NOM有机组分而言,疏水性组分的logK变化范围在pH 6时为(4.4-5.2),而亲水性组分为(4.3-4.8),这表明疏水性组分具有相对较高的蒽吸附能力。实验结果有利于了解PAHs与NOM相互作用前后的分子构型变化情况,揭示了不同的NOM有机组分在吸附PAHs过程中的差异。
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BACKGROUND: Serologic methods have been used widely to test for celiac disease and have gained importance in diagnostic definition and in new epidemiologic findings. However, there is no standardization, and there are no reference protocols and materials. METHODS: The European working group on Serological Screening for Celiac Disease has defined robust noncommercial test protocols for immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA gliadin antibodies and for IgA autoantibodies against endomysium and tissue transglutaminase. Standard curves were linear in the decisive range, and intra-assay variation coefficients were less than 5% to 10%. Calibration was performed with a group reference serum. Joint cutoff limits were used. Seven laboratories took part in the final collaborative study on 252 randomized sera classified by histology (103 pediatric and adult patients with active celiac disease, 89 disease control subjects, and 60 blood donors). RESULTS: IgA autoantibodies against endomysium and tissue transglutaminase rendered superior sensitivity (90% and 93%, respectively) and specificity (99% and 95%, respectively) over IgA and IgG gliadin antibodies. Tissue transglutaminase antibody testing showed superior receiver operating characteristic performance compared with gliadin antibodies. The K values for interlaboratory reproducibility showed superiority for IgA endomysium (0.93) in comparison with tissue transglutaminase antibodies (0.83) and gliadin antibodies (0.82 for IgG, 0.62 for IgA). CONCLUSIONS: Basic criteria of standardization and quality assessment must be fulfilled by any given test protocol proposed for serologic investigation of celiac disease. The working group has produced robust test protocols and reference materials available for standardization to further improve reliability of serologic testing for celiac disease.
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Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959) began his musical career as a cellist. When he was only twelve years old, it became imperativeupon the sudden and untimely death of his fatherthat the young Villa-Lobos earn money as a cellist to provide financial support for his mother and sisters. Villa-Lobos's intimate relationship with the cello eventually inspired him to compose great music for this instrument. This dissertation explores both the diversity of compositional technique and the evolution of style found in the music for cello written by Villa-Lobos. The project consists of two recorded recital performances and a written document exploring and analyzing those pieces. In the study of the music of Villa-Lobos, it is of great interest to consider the music's traditional European elements in combination (or even juxtaposition) with its imaginative and sometimes wildly innovative Brazilian character. His early works were greatly influenced by European Romantic composers such as Robert Schumann, Frédéric Chopin, and the virtuoso cellist/composer David Popper (whom Villa-Lobos idolized). Later, Villa-Lobos flourished in a newfound compositional independence and moved away from Euro-romanticism and toward the folk music of his Brazilian homeland. It is intriguing to experience this transition through an exploration of his cello compositions. The works examined and performed in this dissertation project are chosen from among the extensive number of Villa-Lobos's cello compositions and are his most important works for cello with piano, cello with another instrument, and cello with orchestra. The chosen works demonstrate the evolving range and combination of characteristic elements found in Villa-Lobos's compositional repertoire.
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Selecting a suitable site to deposit their eggs is an important reproductive need of Drosophila females. Although their choosiness toward egg-laying sites is well documented, the specific neural mechanism that activates females' search for attractive egg-laying sites is not known. Here, we show that distention and contraction of females' internal reproductive tract triggered by egg delivery through the tract plays a critical role in activating such search. We found that females start to exhibit acetic acid (AA) attraction prior to depositing each egg but no attraction when they are not laying eggs. Artificially distending the reproductive tract triggers AA attraction in non-egg-laying females, whereas silencing the mechanosensitive neurons we identified that can sense the contractile status of the tract eliminates such attraction. Our work uncovers the circuit basis of an important reproductive need of Drosophila females and provides a simple model for dissecting the neural mechanism that underlies a reproductive need-induced behavioral modification.
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In the early twentieth century, the viola began to gain status as a solo instrument with the appearance in England of the virtuosic violist Lionel Tertis. Because of a lack of music for viola at that time, such English composers as York Bowen, Arnold Bax, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Arthur Bliss and William Walton began to write viola music for Tertis. Meanwhile, in Germany, the well-known composer and virtuosic violinist and violist Paul Hindemith wrote and premiered several viola sonatas and concertos. Viola music became even more developed later with William Primrose, the legendary Scottish violist, and all the works written in the early twentieth century have remained significant in the viola literature. Although this new viola music appeared in both countries during same period, it developed along different lines in each country. Because they were under the influence of earlier periods and traditions, the English composers who associated with Tertis wrote their music in a Romantic style, with expanded harmony, various colors of sound and timbre, and lyrical melodies. Hindemith, as a composer himself, employed a more Modernist style, using atonality and angular melodies, which represented German trends at that time. I have given three recitals, of which the first two were divided between selected English music and German music. Although I originally intended to focus solely on music by Hindemith and music written for Terts, I decided that in order to give a more complete view of the national trends of those two countries, I included Rebecca Clarke's Sonata, Lachrymae by Benjamin Britten (dedicated to William Primrose), and Max Reger's Suite for Viola. Rebecca Clarke was herself a fine violist, and her sonata's Romantic style is also representative of the English trends of viola music. Lachrymae was written with a different concept and shows more modernity than had ever before occurred in England, though it still differs from the modernity of other countries. Max Reger's Suite is in a truly Romantic style, yet it is old fashioned in ways that differ not only from Wagner or Strauss, but also from English music of the period. In my last recital I wished to pay homage to Tertis, with a program consisting entirely of music written for him. For the finale, Arthur Bliss's Viola Sonata was especially chosen because it provides interesting similarities and contrasts with earlier English music in the Romantic style.