A NOVEL MODELING AND STATE OF CHARGE ESTIMATION SCHEME FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) batteries have got attention in recent decades because of their undisputable advantages over other types of batteries. They are used in so many our devices which we need in our daily life such as cell phones, lap top computers, cameras, and so many electronic devices. They also are being used in smart grids technology, stand-alone wind and solar systems, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). Despite the rapid increase in the use of Lit-ion batteries, the existence of limited battery models also inadequate and very complex models developed by chemists is the lack of useful models a significant matter. A battery management system (BMS) aims to optimize the use of the battery, making the whole system more reliable, durable and cost effective. Perhaps the most important function of the BMS is to provide an estimate of the State of Charge (SOC). SOC is the ratio of available ampere-hour (Ah) in the battery to the total Ah of a fully charged battery. The Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) of a fully relaxed battery has an approximate one-to-one relationship with the SOC. Therefore, if this voltage is known, the SOC can be found. However, the relaxed OCV can only be measured when the battery is relaxed and the internal battery chemistry has reached equilibrium. This thesis focuses on Li-ion battery cell modelling and SOC estimation. In particular, the thesis, introduces a simple but comprehensive model for the battery and a novel on-line, accurate and fast SOC estimation algorithm for the primary purpose of use in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, and microgrid systems. The thesis aims to (i) form a baseline characterization for dynamic modeling; (ii) provide a tool for use in state-of-charge estimation. The proposed modelling and SOC estimation schemes are validated through comprehensive simulation and experimental results.

Sovereign wealth funds and state immunity

The study sheds light on the application of the rule of state immunity to sovereign wealth funds (SWFs). SWFs are Janus-faced investment vehicles established by their parent states to invest public resources in financial markets, with the aim of increasing long-term returns and pursuing macroeconomic goals. The ultimate purpose of the study is to assess if the hybrid nature of SWFs results in changes to the rule of state immunity when applied to them, and whether a generally accepted standard in this regard can be deduced from state practice. The research is conducted through a comparative analysis. It is based on the provisions of the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (UNCSI), as well as on six domestic jurisdictions (US, UK, France, Germany, Italy and China) among those that have contributed most significantly to the international debate on state immunity and which host the largest amount of SWF investments.

La reducción de los costes de transporte en España (1800-1936)

This paper describes the improvement that took place in the Spanish transport system between 1800 and 1936. The text points out that, despite the investment efforts that were carried out between 1840 and 1855, the process of transport cost reduction only experienced substantial progress after 1855. The largest transport cost decrease of the period under consideration took place during the three decades between 1855 and the great depression of the late nineteenth century, through the substitution of the railroad for the traditional transport means in the main routes of the country, as well as through the gradual reduction of the price of railway transport. The process went on more slowly later on, thanks to the construction of additional raillway lines (until 1895) and the enlargement of the secondary road network. The process of transport cost reduction accelerated again from the 1920s onwards, thanks to the diffusion of the automobile technology.

Railroad Impact in Backward Economies: Spain, 1850-1913

This article reassesses the economic impact of Spanish railroads in 1850-1913, which has been usually considered to be substantially higher than in the most developed countries on the basis of the social saving methodology. The application of growth accounting techniques shows, by contrast, that the direct contribution of railroads to economic growth was lower in Spain than in the UK, mainly due to the low importance that railroad transport had within Spanish GDP before 1913.

High-Speed Rail: lessons for policy makers from experiences abroad

In April 2009, the US government unveiled its blueprint for a national network of high-speed passenger rail (HSR) lines aimed at reducing traffic congestion, cutting national dependence on foreign oil and improving rural and urban environments. In implementing such a program, it is essential to identify the factors that might influence decision making and the eventual success of the HSR project, as well as foreseeing the obstacles that will have to be overcome.

Fracasó el sistema ferroviario en España? Reflexiones en torno a la paradoja del ferrocarril español

En este artículo se intenta ofrecer una solución a la llamada «paradoja del ferrocarril español», es decir, al aparente conflicto existente entre el elevado ahorro social del sistema ferroviario español, por un lado, y, por otro, la escasa utilización de la red y los paupérrimos rendimientos de las compañías concesionarias (achacados tradicionalmente a un exceso de inversión en el sistema). En el artículo se analiza la información disponible referente a esos aspectos y se llega a la conclusión de que, a partir de la base empírica existente, no puede hablarse de exceso de inversión ni de fracaso económico en lo que respecta al sistema ferroviario español. Sí, en cambio, podría hablarse de fracaso en lo que respecta a la intervención estatal, aunque este tema queda pendiente de investigaciones futuras.

Los ferrocarriles ante la legislación positiva argentina,

Mode of access: Internet.

Exposición presentada al gobierno /

Signed: Juan A. Palazuelos.

Administración nacional de Tranvías y Ferrocarril del Norte : Ley del 4 de enero de 1915.

Mode of access: Internet.

Proyecto de ley general de ferrocarriles en revisión ante el H. Senado nacional.

At head of title: República de Bolivia.

Pacific railroad lines : speech of Hon. J.B. Chaffee, of Colorado, in the United States Senate, November 13, 1877.

Cover title.

An address by Daniel Willard ... before the student body of Massachusetts agricultural college, Amherst, Mass., March 16, 1921.

Cover-title.

Report.

Report year irregular; ends Nov. 30, 1922-

Railway regulation; an analysis of the underlying problems in railway economics from the standpoint of government regulation

Selected books: p. 224-225.

Minutes of evidence taken before the commissioners, March 1865 to May 1866 : presented to both houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty /

Mode of access: Internet.