华山松（Pinus armandi）地理变异的生态生理学研究

华山松(Pinus armandi)是我国西部高海拔温凉山区的主要树种，自然分布大约在北纬23° 30'-36°30'，东经88°50'-113°30'之间，横跨13个省（区）包括两个季风区，六个气候带。由于水平空间区域广阔，分布区中间地带又为川藏高原的高山峡谷区，群体疏散，基因的迁移和交流困难，致使南北群体出现深刻的遗传分化，并在形态上、生理上充分表达出来。研究结果表明: 1)华山松树高生长出现明显的地理渐变模式，在同一适宜的立地条件下，15年生的南方群体的树高会超出北方种源的2-3倍。针叶长度也同样具有明显的南北差异，南方群体较长。 2)地理因子相关分析表明纬度因子是主导因子，根据种源的地理坐标，利用中科院植物所植被数量生态学开放室有关数据库和生态信息系统(EIS)进行有关气候数据统计分析表明大多数环境气候因子主要是由纬度决定的。在环境因子当中，年平均温度和极端最低气温，在华山松地理变异过程中起主要作用。利用聚类分析方法，可把华山松大致分为南北两个地理型，正好与气候因子聚类而成的两个环境类型相对应，反映着两个自然地理区的自然生态因子的综合区别。 3)利用已有的幼林生长数据和我们在华山松进入杆材期(15年生)的树高调查结果，作相关分析，发现二者相关关系显著。因此，利用早期树高作生长预测在林木选育上是可行的。 4)根据六个种源测定结果，发现南方温暖湿润气候条件下华山松种子较大，种壳较薄，而北方种源种子相对较小，种皮要厚一些。 5)虽然种群之间中性盐及碱性溶液提取的种子蛋白含量差异明显，但没有地理变异趋势。分析多肽组成，中性盐溶种子蛋白也没有地理特征。但碱性溶液提取的种子蛋白多肽组成却有明显地域性。其中36KD多肽仅出现在北方种群中，南方种群则没发现有同样多肽。 6)西藏种源表现出了一种独特的生物学特性，其种子较大有南方种源特征，但种皮厚又带有北方种源的特点，除此之外，它的碱性溶液提取的种子蛋白中含有36KD多肽，因此它可能是南北两个类群中的中间类型。 7)用活体针叶作测材料时，没能检测出光谱特性的地理变异。但改用分离的叶绿体作试验材料，发现南方种群的光能吸收4阶导数光谱在680nm处的峰值较大，670nm峰值较小，而北方种群中出现了670nm峰值较大的类群，推测北方种群反应中心活力有下降趋势。另外，低温荧光发射光谱及低温荧光激发光谱也有明显的地域分化，表明体内色素状态有一定的地理变异。 8)时绿素a荧光诱导动力学测定表明，南方种群可变荧光(Fv/Fo)与光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)较高，北方种群则相对要小一些，与四阶导数吸收光谱测定结果吻合．利用饱和脉冲重复激发技术，发现光化学荧光淬灭(Qp)和非光化学荧光淬灭(Qn)在北方种群中较大，南方种群较小，其中，Qn变化非常明显，而Qp变化较小． 综合研究结果，除树高生长．针叶和种子形态外，36KD碱溶性种子蛋白多肽680nm处4阶导数吸收光谱峰值大小，可变荧光强度(Fv/Fo)光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)以及非化学荧光淬灭系数都带有明显的地理特征，与华山松生长和适应能力紧密相关，可作为生理指标应用于生态地理型的区分或华山松的早期选择。

高山植物唐古特红景天（Rhodiola algida Var.tangutica）抗冻蛋白的研究

抗冻蛋白（AFP）或热滞蛋白（THP）最早是从极区鱼和昆虫中发现的一类特殊蛋白质，其共同特性是能阻止体液内冰核的形成和生长，降低体液的冰点，使其冰点低于熔点（热滞效应）。近几年的研究表明，AFP在某些植物、细菌、真菌中也存在。生长在极端低温环境中的高山植物体内是否也存在AFP，据我们掌握的资料，还未见这方面的报道。为此，我们选择了青海高原海拔4000米高山生长的唐古特红景天为实验材料，并在这种植物中发现了抗冻蛋白。主要实验结果概括如下： 1. 唐古特红景天叶片有很强的抗冻性，可耐受-26.5 ℃的冰冻温胁迫。在北京地区夏季（7月）驯化20天后，半致死温度（LT_(50)）升高为-15.5 ℃。叶片质外体蛋白抽提液有明显的热滞效应（0.2 ℃），在AFP中存在糖基。SDS-PAGE分析表明，质外体AFP为分子量在43-85KD范围内的五条多肽。 2. 光镜组织化学切片显示，在红景天叶片中存在蛋白质量丰富的细胞;电镜细胞化学研究揭示，在细胞壁外层及细胞间隙中分布着明显的经钌红特异染色的糖蛋白，这种糖蛋白因环境温度升高而减少。结合前述的实验结果，确认这种细胞壁外层及细胞间隙中的糖蛋白，即抗冻蛋白。 3. 以唐古特红景天叶片为外植体，在MS+BA_2+NAA_(0.2)固体培养基上可诱导出黄绿色，松脆愈伤组织。愈伤组织细胞在同样成分的液体培养基中培养获得成功。在悬浮培养液中可检测到分泌蛋白的存在。经SDS-PAGE分析表明，经低温锻炼或ABA诱导后，细胞分泌蛋白的多肽谱带数增加。与此相对应的是，细胞的抗冻能力也明显提高。PAS染色揭示，多肽中均含有糖基。 4. 通过测定热滞值，确信细胞分泌蛋白是具有抗冻活性的糖蛋白。

Toxicity of copper sulphate on some haematological parameters of a freshwater teleost Cyprinus carpio var. communis

Haematological changes in a freshwater teleost, Cyprinus carpio var. communis, exposed to acute and sublethal toxicity of copper sulphate were studied. During the acute treatment, erythrocyte and leucocyte count, and haemoglobin content increased, whereas during the sublethal treatment, erythrocyte count and haemoglobin content decreased and leucocyte count increased.

Responses of plasma transaminase activity in Cyprinus carpio var. communis to mercury toxicity

The present study reports the behavioural and enzymological responses in a freshwater teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio var. communis, exposed to acute and sublethal toxicities of mercuric chloride. During acute treatment, significant behavioural changes like erratic swimming, excess mucus secretion and increased opercular movements were noticed. During acute and sublethal treatments, both aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase activity increased throughout the study period. Comparing the treatments, the changes in enzyme activities were found high in acute treatment and all the values were significant at 5% level. The above findings can be used as non-specific biomarkers of environmental pollutants.

Responses of Cyprinus carpio var. communis to Cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid insecticide

Haematological and biochemical profiles in a freshwater teleost, Cyprinus carpio var. communis, exposed to sub-lethal toxicity of the insecticide cyhalothrin were studied. During the treatment, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content and protein content decreased, whereas leucocyte count and glucose level increased. The data are discussed in relation to the significance of haematological and biochemical changes as non-specific biomarkers against anthropogenic stress.

DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSATELLITE LOCI FOR PINUS KORAIENSIS (PINACEAE)

Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for Pinus koraiensis to characterize its genetic diversity and understand its population structure. Methods and Results: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining (FIASCO) Repeats protocol, 20 primer sets were developed in Chinese populations of P. koraiensis. Three of the markers showed polymorphism with two alleles per locus when assessed in a sample of two populations of P. koraiensis from the Changbai Mountain in the Jilin Province of China. Five and three loci were successfully amplified in P. taiwanensis and P. massoniana, respectively. The amplification size of these loci matches those in P. koraiensis. Conclusions: These markers may be useful for further investigation of population genetics of P. koraiensis.

One new flavanoid and Anti-HIV active constituents from boussingaultia gracilis miers var. pseudobaselloides bailey

Boussingaultia gracilis Miers var. pseudobaselloides Bailey (Basellaccae) is a folk medicine used as an analgesic and supplements, only a few research was reported on the chemical constituents of this plant. This paper presented its chemical and anti-HIV

Lignans with Anti-HIV Activity from Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis

Fourteen new lignans, tiegusanins A-N (1-14), together with 13 known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis. The structures and absolute configurations of 1-13 were established using a combination of spectrosco

Effect of high dietary starch levels on the growth performance, blood chemistry and body composition of gibel carp (Carassius auratus var. gibelio)

An 8-week growth trial was carried out in a semi-recirculation system to investigate the effect of high dietary starch levels on the growth performance, blood chemistry, starch utilization and body composition of gibel carp (Carassius auratus var. gibelio). Five isonitrogenous and isocarloric experimental diets were formulated to contain different starch levels (24%, 28%, 32%, 36% and 40% respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (24 fish per tank with an average body weight, of 8.5 g) were assigned to each diet. The results showed that dietary carbohydrate levels significantly affected the growth performance, hepatopancreatic lipid content, pyruvate kinase (PK) activity and whole-body lipid content. Growth performance, body crude lipid and plasma glucose concentrations showed a decreasing trend with an increase in dietary starch from 24% to 40%. Pyruvate kinase activities and hepatopancreatic lipid content showed an increasing trend with the dietary starch increasing from 24% to 32%, and then a decreasing trend with the dietary starch increasing from 32% to 40%. No significant difference in the hepatopancreatic hexokinase (HK) activity, plasma triglyceride contents, body crude protein, ash and calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents was observed between different treatments. In conclusion, higher dietary starch levels (32-40%) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the growth of gibel carp in the present study.

子午岭林区人工与天然油松林(Pinus tabulaeformis)养分库和碳库特征

为了揭示黄土高原地区人工油松林自然化发育过程中的植物叶片与土壤养分库和碳库的变化规律,采用典型样地法,以子午岭林区天然油松群落为参照,选择了不同立地条件的人工油松林,分别对其土壤的氮库、碳库及植物叶片养分库和碳库进行了分析。结果表明,该区油松针叶C、N、P的含量平均值分别为(499.5±63.75)mg/g、(8.53±0.50)mg/g和(0.94±0.64)mg/g,叶片C含量大小依次为阳坡天然林>阴坡天然林>阴坡人工林>阳坡人工林,阳坡人工林叶片N、P含量显著高于阳坡天然林。不同立地条件下油松林叶片C/N、C/P差异显著,叶片N、P和N/P均达到极显著水平,但是叶片C含量差异不显著。油松叶片C含量与N、P含量均呈极显著负相关,N和P之间的呈显著正相关。不同立地的油松林除40～60cm土层土壤C、N含量无显著差异外,0～20cm和20～40cm两个土层的人工林土壤C、N含量显著高于天然林,同时阳坡人工林土壤C、N含量显著高于阴坡人工林。0～20cm、20～40cm两个土层土壤C含量与N含量均呈极显著正相关,与植物N、P均呈显著正相关。子午岭林区阳坡的人工油松林不仅叶片养分含量较高,而且林地土壤是该区土壤的...

长白松的分类学研究甩其数据库的建立

以经典分类学的基础，利用球果、针叶的统计分类和针叶同功酶的分类研究做为补充，对长白松(Pinus sylvestriformis (Takenouchi)T. wang ex Cheng)及与长白松近缘的另外三种（变种）松树进行综合研究。最后用系统分类学方法综合多方面资料，得出如下结论。1、长白松与赤松(Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zuce)樟子松(Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litv.)。在形态上有功酶SOD谱带上和染色体上都存在种间差异，因此，作者同意长白松做为獐种的观点。2、长白松与兴凯松(Pinus ussuriensis(Liou et Wang)Cheng et Y.W. Law)在形态，同功酶SOD谱带上和染色体上都非常相似。但是二者存在地理分布上的间断，且已分化出部分相异的性状。因此，作者同意二者都为独立的观点，同时二者又是近缘种。本文最后一部分工作是将研究所得的长白松的分类资料。以及现存的有关长白松的生物生态学特性，珍稀濒危状态和利用价值等资料转换成密码数据。在IBM－PS－50计算机上。在dBASE III操作系统下输入数据。建立长白松数据库。为以后建立自然保护区地理信息系统打下基础。