Estimation of alluvial recharge in the semiarid

In areas where there is irrigated agriculture, the recuperation of water reserves in alluvial aquifers may occur preferentially due to precipitation. Recharging can be evaluated from variation information of water depth measured in piezometers or observation wells. Thus, the aim of this research is to study the recharge in the alluvial aquifer formed by the Mimoso temporary stream in the semiarid region of Pernambuco (PE), Brazil, using the method of the fluctuation of the water level. This system is typical on the Brazilian Northeast semiarid region, using groundwater for domestic supply and for irrigation on small scale agriculture. Monthly potentiometric levels and rainfall data were used. The selected period for the study, from January 2002 to October 2009, involved extreme events of flooding and droughts as well as regular years, providing a better understanding of the behavior of the alluvial recharge. It was found that the system responds significantly to precipitation events. It was also observed that even with different soil textures in the study area, recharge factors were not significantly different. The study provided a better understanding of the behavior of aquifer recharge and its relationship with the soil and the rainfall events in the region.

A hypothesis for the geochemical anomaly in the North Creek Watershed /

A regional geochemical reconnaissance by bottom stream sediment sampling, has delineated an area of high metal content in the north central sector of the North Creek Watershed. Development of a geochemical model, relating to the relative chemical concentrations derived from the chemical analyses of bottom sediments, suspended sediments, stream waters and well waters collected from the north central sector, was designed to discover the source of the anomaly. Samples of each type of material were analysed by the A.R.L. Direct Reading Multi-element Emission Spectrograph Q.A. 137 for elements: Na, K, Ca, Sr, Si, As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Ti, Ag, Mo, Be, Fe, AI, Mn, Cu, Cr, P and Y. Anomalous results led to the discovery of a spring, the waters of which carried high concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Ti, Ag, Sr and Si. In addition, the spring waters had high concentrations of Na, Ca, Mg, 504 , alkalinity, N03' and low concentrations of K, Cl and NH3. Increased specific conductivity (up to 2500 ~mho/cm.) was noted in the spring waters as well as increased calculated total dissolved solids (up to 2047 mg/l) and increased ionic strength (up to 0.06). On the other hand, decreases were noted in water temperature (8°C), pH (pH 7.2) and Eh (+.154 volts). Piezometer nests were installed in the anomalous north central sector of the watershed. In accordance with the slope of the piezometric surface from wells cased down to the till/bedrock interface, groundwater flow is directed from the recharge area (northwest of the anomaly) towards the artesian spring via the highly fractured dolostone aquifer of the Upper Eramosa Member. The bedrock aquifer is confined by the overlying Halton till and the underlying Lower Eramosa Member (Vinemount Shale). The oxidation of sphalerite and galena and the dissolution of gypsum, celestite, calcite, and dolomite within the Eramosa Member, contributed its highly, dissolved constituents to the circulating groundwaters, the age of which is greater than 20 years as determined by tritium dating. Groundwater is assumed to flow along the Vinemount Shale and discharge as an artesian spring where the shale unit becomes discontinuous. The anomaly is located on a topographic low where bedrock is close to the surface. Thermodynamic evaluation of the major ion speciation from the anomalous spring and surface waters, showed gypsum to be supersaturated in these spring waters. Downstream from the spring, the loss of carbon dioxide from the spring waters resulted in the supersaturation with respect to calcite, aragonite, magnesite and dolomite. This corresponded with increases in Eh (+.304 volts) and pH (pH 8.5) in the anomalous surface waters. In conclusion, the interaction of groundwaters within the highly, mineralized carbonate source (Eramosa Member) resulted in the characteristic Ca*Mg*HC03*S04 spring water at the anomalous site, which appeared to be the principle effect upon controlling the anomalous surface water chemistry.

The Gandarela Mountain Range and the “resistance space” against iron ore mining threat: a focus on the contrapositions

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An integrated study on the hydrogeology of Bharathapuzha river basin, South West coast of India

The present work deals with the An integrated study on the hydrogeology of Bharathapuzha river basin ,south west coast of india. To study the spatial and temporal behaviour of the groundwater system of the Bharathapuzha river basin.To discover the sub-surface parameter by ground resistivity surveys.T o determine the groundwater quality of the Bharathapuzha river basin for the different seasons {pre monsoon and post monsoon with reference to the domestic and irrigational water quality standards.Present study will provide a good database on the hydrogeological aspects within the river basin.The study area covers l7 block Panchayats. Of these, Chitoor block is ‘over exploited’, Kollengode, Trithala, and Palakkad are ‘critical’ in category and Kuttippuram and Sreekrishnapuram blocks are ‘semi critical’ in terms of groundwater development.Comparison of Geomorphology map with drainage map shows that the geomorphology has a clear control on the drainage net work of the basin. The structural hill area shows a highest drainage network, where as pediment shows lowest drainage network.There are many discontinuous lineament in the Bharathapuzha river basin which can be connected by a straight line.Ground water flow directions are generally towards the western portions of the study area. From the northern region Water flows towards the central and also water from the eastern and southern side confluences at the centre and move towards western side of the basin.The positive correlation of transmissivity and storativity values show good aquifer conditions exists in the present study area .

“Hydro Geochemical Quality Assessment of Groundwater – A General Perspective”

People in several parts of the world as well in India countenance an immense confront to meet the basic needs of water. The crisis is not due to lack of fresh water but its availability in adequate superiority. Environmental quality objectives should be developed in order to define acceptable loads on the terrain. There has been a number of initiatives in water quality monitoring but the next step towards improving its quality hasn’t taken the required pace. Today, there is a growing need to create awareness among citizens on the different technologies available for improving the water quality. Monitoring facilitate to apprehend how land and water use distress the quality of water and assist in estimating the extent of pollution. Once these issues are recognized, people can work towards local solutions to manage the indispensable resource effectively. Ground waters are extremely precious resources and in many countries together with India they represent the most important drinking water supply. They are generally microbiologically pure and, in most cases, they do not need any treatment. This communiqué is intended to act as a channel on the various paraphernalia and techniques accessible for groundwater quality assessment and suggesting the assured precautionary measures to embark on environment management. This learning is imperative considering that groundwater as the exclusive source of drinking water in the region which not makes situation alarming but also calls for immediate attention. The scope of this work is somewhat vast. Water quality in Ernakulam district is getting deteriorated due to the fast growth of urbanization. The closure of several water bodies due to land development and construction prevents infiltration of rainwater into the ground and hence recharge the aquifers. Most of the aquifers are getting polluted from the industrial effluents and chemicals and fertilizers used in agriculture. Such serious issues require proper monitoring of groundwater and steps are to be taken for remedial measures. This study helps in the total protection of the rich resource of groundwater and its sustainability. Socio-economic aspect covered could be used for conducting further individual case studies and to suggest remedial measures on a scientific basis. The specific study taken up for 15 sites can be further extended to the sources of pollution, especially industrial and agriculture

Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Dispersion von Dichteströmungen in einem stochastischen Modellaquifer

Es ist bekannt, dass die Dichte eines gelösten Stoffes die Richtung und die Stärke seiner Bewegung im Untergrund entscheidend bestimmen kann. Eine Vielzahl von Untersuchungen hat gezeigt, dass die Verteilung der Durchlässigkeiten eines porösen Mediums diese Dichteffekte verstärken oder abmindern kann. Wie sich dieser gekoppelte Effekt auf die Vermischung zweier Fluide auswirkt, wurde in dieser Arbeit untersucht und dabei das experimentelle sowohl mit dem numerischen als auch mit dem analytischen Modell gekoppelt. Die auf der Störungstheorie basierende stochastische Theorie der macrodispersion wurde in dieser Arbeit für den Fall der transversalen Makodispersion. Für den Fall einer stabilen Schichtung wurde in einem Modelltank (10m x 1.2m x 0.1m) der Universität Kassel eine Serie sorgfältig kontrollierter zweidimensionaler Experimente an einem stochastisch heterogenen Modellaquifer durchgeführt. Es wurden Versuchsreihen mit variierenden Konzentrationsdifferenzen (250 ppm bis 100 000 ppm) und Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten (u = 1 m/ d bis 8 m/d) an drei verschieden anisotrop gepackten porösen Medien mit variierender Varianzen und Korrelationen der lognormal verteilten Permeabilitäten durchgeführt. Die stationäre räumliche Konzentrationsausbreitung der sich ausbreitenden Salzwasserfahne wurde anhand der Leitfähigkeit gemessen und aus der Höhendifferenz des 84- und 16-prozentigen relativen Konzentrationsdurchgang die Dispersion berechnet. Parallel dazu wurde ein numerisches Modell mit dem dichteabhängigen Finite-Elemente-Strömungs- und Transport-Programm SUTRA aufgestellt. Mit dem kalibrierten numerischen Modell wurden Prognosen für mögliche Transportszenarien, Sensitivitätsanalysen und stochastische Simulationen nach der Monte-Carlo-Methode durchgeführt. Die Einstellung der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit erfolgte - sowohl im experimentellen als auch im numerischen Modell - über konstante Druckränder an den Ein- und Auslauftanks. Dabei zeigte sich eine starke Sensitivität der räumlichen Konzentrationsausbreitung hinsichtlich lokaler Druckvariationen. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass sich die Konzentrationsfahne mit steigendem Abstand von der Einströmkante wellenförmig einem effektiven Wert annähert, aus dem die Makrodispersivität ermittelt werden kann. Dabei zeigten sich sichtbare nichtergodische Effekte, d.h. starke Abweichungen in den zweiten räumlichen Momenten der Konzentrationsverteilung der deterministischen Experimente von den Erwartungswerten aus der stochastischen Theorie. Die transversale Makrodispersivität stieg proportional zur Varianz und Korrelation der lognormalen Permeabilitätsverteilung und umgekehrt proportional zur Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und Dichtedifferenz zweier Fluide. Aus dem von Welty et al. [2003] mittels Störungstheorie entwickelten dichteabhängigen Makrodispersionstensor konnte in dieser Arbeit die stochastische Formel für die transversale Makrodispersion weiter entwickelt und - sowohl experimentell als auch numerisch - verifiziert werden.

Implementación del modelo hidrológico de Témez para la evaluación de recursos hídricos con GRASS GIS: fase superficial y subterránea

Se presenta la implementación del modelo hidrológico distribuido de Témez sobre GRASS GIS. Este modelo se utiliza para la evaluación de recursos hídricos en régimen natural con paso mensual y para la totalidad del territorio español, tal como aparece en el Libro Blanco del Agua en España. A partir de las variables de entrada, precipitación y evapotranspiración potencial y los parámetros hidrológicos, el modelo obtiene los mapas de los distintos almacenamientos, humedad en el suelo y volumen de acuífero, y de las variables de salida del ciclo hidrológico, evapotranspiración y escorrentía total, obtenida esta última como suma de la escorrentía superficial y subterránea. El objetivo final del trabajo es la implementación de los componentes superficiales y subterráneos en el modelo hidrológico, desarrollando para ello un programa que hace funcional en GRASS GIS el modelo matemático en que se basa la evaluación de recursos hídricos

Fronteras y oportunidades de integración: los recursos subterráneos de agua dulce en el Mercosur

El presente estudio de caso tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia del Sistema Acuífero Guaraní (SAG), en la agenda de integración del MERCOSUR. Se argumenta que el SAG al considerarse un espacio estratégico trasfronterizo, cuenta con un potencial desestabilizador, pero a la vez se configura como un potencial armonizador de la agenda de integración de MERCOSUR, analizando que esta característica promueve el fortalecimiento de los lazos de cooperación y el establecimiento de una dimensión ambiental al interior de la agenda. Para comprobarlo, se revisará el concepto de agenda y se utilizaran los conceptos de integración y desbordamiento del neofuncionalismo en el contexto de la interdependencia compleja. Finalmente, se avanza hacia el resultado de la investigación que permite entender como el carácter estratégico del agua permea la agenda del MERCOSUR.

Participació de les aigües subterrànies en la gènesi d'ambients palustres continentals: el cas dels prats de Sant Sebastià (Caldes de Malavella, Girona)

The area known as 'prats de Sant Sebastià' is in Caldes de Malavella. It is part of the wetlands located in the south-eastern end of the Selva Basin. Several areas with unusually high conductivity (EC up to 24,500 uS/cm) have been identified in this place. This fact allows highly specialised and comparatively rare botanical species to grow in this area. These saline soils follow a north-south line-up. The geophysical data, obtained with a field conductivemeter (EM 31), show that this superficial line-up continues in the subsoil. In addition to this, the conductivity cartography, made for an electromagnetic exploration depth of 6 meters, shows that the width of the region where these salinity anomalies take place increases in depth. When included in the hidrogeological context of this sector of the Selva Basin, these data bring new elements for the study of the genesis and working of these marshy environments. The model that future research will have to confirm, maintains that the groundwater discharges coming from the underlying hydrogeothermal aquifer are a conditioning factor of the aforementioned phenomenon. This ascending flow of highly mineralised waters (TDS of about 3,500 mg/l) can produce and keep stable the soil salinity

Contribució al coneixement de variables geoambientals en l'àmbit de la Costa Brava (Girona)

La tesi doctoral desenvolupada, emmarcada dins del camp de les Ciències Ambientals, aplica la Geologia Ambiental orientada al coneixement dels processos i recursos geològics de cara a la planificació i a l'ordenació del territori. Com a zona d'estudi s'ha seleccionat la Costa Brava meridional, concretament tota l'àrea litoral compresa per les conques hidrogràfiques de l'Aubi, riera de Calonge, Ridaura, riera de Tossa i riera de Lloret (75 km de línia de costa i una extensió de 291 km2). Aquest treball, amb l'aptitud integradora dels conceptes i mètodes propis de les Ciències Geològiques i Ambientals, s'ha proposat com a objectius globals l'anàlisi de la qualitat i del comportament físic i químic dels materials terrestres en front les accions humanes i de la seva utilització com a recursos; l'estudi dels processos naturals i de la influència que puguin tenir sobre l'home o bé els efectes que aquest pot causar sobre aquells, i per últim, com a derivació dels anteriors, el disseny i aplicació d'instruments de tipus preventiu en la gestió del territori; és a dir, la planificació dels usos del territori. Amb la filosofia de recerca basada en que els factor geològics són uns elements d'ajuda per a la visió integral d'un territori, s'han estudiat diferents variables geoambientals procurant traduir el coneixement del medi en informació apta per a la presa de decisions sobre l'ús i preservació d'aquest àmbit litoral. Els Sistemes d'Informació Geogràfica (SIG) han estat clau per a la visió sistèmica del territori, per a la integració de les diferents variables geoambientals, així com per a la producció cartogràfica temàtica i final. Pel que fa als processos geològics, lligats a la dinàmica fluviotorrencial, s'han cartografiat les principals àrees d'actuació així com analitzat els factors que inicien, afavoreixen o magnifiquen la seva ocurrència. S'han estudiat les accions denudatives, els processos de transport-sedimentació i amb l'estudi integrat d'aquests processos i formes resultants s'han identificat unitats territorials caracteritzades per un comportament geomòrfic uniforme. En quant a l'anàlisi dels recursos geològics s'ha aprofundit en el coneixement dels recursos hídrics subterranis, les roques industrials i els georecursos litorals. Pel que fa als primers s'ha centrat en la delimitació de les principals unitats i subunitats aqüíferes, així com en acotar les geometries i principals característiques hidràuliques. Pel que fa als àrids i roques de construcció l'objectiu fonamental ha estat la delimitació cartogràfica d'aquells materials que per les seves propietats fisicoquímiques són potencialment aptes per als usos indicats. Finalment s'ha fet una recerca orientada a l'estudi de factors que limiten o condicionen el potencial geoturístic d'aquesta àrea litoral, concretament en els penya-segats i les platges. Les principals aportacions d'aquesta tesi doctoral es poden emmarcar en l'àmbit regional i fenomenològic, aspectes clau en la gestió i planificació territorial. Pel que fa al primer, destaquem l'aportació de dades geoambientals a nivell cartogràfic en relació a variables litoestructurals, de processos dinàmics com de recursos geològics. Des del punt de vista de l'àmbit fenomenològic destaquem la interacció de les variables estudiades a nivell de conca hidrogràfica, com són, entre d'altres, les relacions existents entre les diferents formacions aqüíferes; la possible participació de les aigües subterrànies en la resposta hidrològica del sistema fluviotorrencial, o la problemàtica derivada de l'antropització de la sorra de la platja com a conseqüència d'abocaments de terres i residus inerts als marges de les rieres.

Fish as ecological indicators in Mediterranean freshwater ecosystems

Podeu escriure el text directament o arrossegar-lo des d'un altre document L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és contribuir a l'ús dels peixos continentals com a indicadors de l'estat ecològic a la conca Mediterrània. En el primer treball es va detectar que encara que tots els índex biològics estaven correlacionats significativament, els peixos integren i expressen els estressos de manera i a una escala diferents, aportant una informació complementària als altres índexs. Al segon article es van estudiar els cabals de sis conques catalanes. S'ha mostrat que els règims hídrics estan alterats amb una tendència a la disminució del cabal i del nivell dels aqüífers. S'ha detectat quatre mètriques de peixos que es troben significativament afectades en zones més castigades per manca d'aigua degut a l'activitat humana. Es discuteix la necessitat de conèixer en profunditat el règim hídric de cada conca abans d'utilitzar els índex biològics. Al tercer article es va detectar que la composició d'espècies capturades va variar significativament al llarg del buidat amb un augment de l'alburn (A. alburnus) a les aigües pelàgiques durant els dies de pitjor qualitat de l'aigua, confirmant que l'alburn és més tolerant a la mala qualitat de l'aigua que la madrilleta vera (R. rutilus) i suggereix el seu potencial com a bioindicador. La condició d'aquestes dues espècies va canviar significativament al llarg del buidat de manera molt estreta amb la qualitat de l'aigua. Al quart capítol es va estudiar la biologia dels peixos d'un embassament altament contaminat (Flix). El percentatge de DELT anomalies i la presència de paràsits externs era major en la zona impactada que als punts de control i els valors més alts de pes eviscerat i pes del fetge estaven als punts de control. Les respostes van ser diferents per cada espècie i la carpa va ser la que va mostrar més clarament els impactes.

Baseline nitrate concentration in groundwater of the Chalk in south Dorset, UK

Determining the degree of nitrate pollution in Chalk groundwater is difficult without a clear understanding of concentrations naturally present. In the UK, a general shortage of long-term records of nitrate concentrations in Chalk groundwater prevents a full quantification of baseline concentrations. This paper presents late nineteenth and early twentieth century data on nitrate concentrations in Chalk groundwater in south Dorset, UK and compares them with corresponding data for the last 25 years. The nitrate record is instructive in (1) providing an insight into the baseline nitrate concentration of groundwater; (2) defining the level of nitrate pollution in potable supplies from the Chalk aquifer; and (3) identifying the long-term variations in local nitrate concentrations. Over a period exceeding 100 years mean nitrate concentrations increased from 1.04 mg NO3-N l(-1) to 6.37 mg NO3-N l(-1). Anthropogenic modification of the local groundwater composition is not evident in the early nitrate record. Nitrate data throughout this early period reflect natural background concentrations of approximately I mg NO3-N l(-1) Intensified fertilser use and increased livestock numbers are suggested as the fundamental cause of the rise in nitrate concentrations. The implications of the nitrate record for regional hydrogeological processes are discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The water quality of the LOCAR Pang and Lambourn catchments

The water quality of the Pang and Lambourn, tributaries of the River Thames, in south-eastern England, is described in relation to spatial and temporal dimensions. The river waters are supplied mainly from Chalk-fed aquifer sources and are, therefore, of a calcium-bicarbonate type. The major, minor and trace element chemistry of the rivers is controlled by a combination of atmospheric and pollutant inputs from agriculture and sewage sources superimposed on a background water quality signal linked to geological sources. Water quality does not vary greatly over time or space. However. in detail, there are differences in water quality between the Pang and Lambourn and between sites along the Pang and the Lambourn. These differences reflect hydrological processes, water flow pathways and water quality input fluxes. The Pangs pattern of water quality change is more variable than that of the Lambourn. The flow hydrograph also shows both a cyclical and 'uniform pattern' characteristic of aquifer drainage with, superimposed, a series of 'flashier' spiked responses characteristic of karstic systems. The Lambourn, in contrast, shows simpler features without the 'flashier' responses, The results are discussed in relation to the newly developed UK community programme LOCAR dealing with Lowland Catchment Research. A descriptive and box model structure is provided to describe the key features of water quality variations in relation to soil, unsaturated and groundwater flows and storage both away from and close to the river.

Rainfall and runoff water quality of the Pang and Lambourn, tributaries of the River Thames, south-eastern England

The water quality of rainfall and runoff is described for two catchments of two tributaries of the River Thames, the Pang and Lambourn. Rainfall chemistry is variable and concentrations of most determinands decrease with increasing volume of catch probably due to 'wash out' processes. Two rainfall sites have been monitored, one for each catchment. The rainfall site on the Lambourn shows higher chemical concentrations than the one for the Pang which probably reflects higher amounts of local inputs from agricultural activity, Rainfall quality data at a long-term rainfall site on the Pang (UK National Air Quality Archive) shows chemistries similar to that for the Lambourn site. but with some clear differences. Rainfall chemistries show considerable variation on an event-to-event basis. Average water quality concentrations and flow-weighted concentrations as well as fluxes vary across the sites, typically by about 30%. Stream chemistry is much less variable due to the main Source of water coming from aquifer sources of high storage. The relationship between rainfall and runoff chemistry at the catchment outlet is described in terms of the relative proportions of atmospheric and within-catchment sources. Remarkably, in view of the quantity of agricultural and sewage inputs to the streams, the catchments appear to be retaining both P and N.

Modelling the inorganic nitrogen behaviour in a small Mediterranean forested catchment, Fuirosos (Catalonia)

The aim of this work was to couple a nitrogen (N) sub-model to already existent hydrological lumped (LU4-N) and semi-distributed (LU4-R-N and SD4-R-N) conceptual models, to improve our understanding of the factors and processes controlling nitrogen cycling and losses in Mediterranean catchments. The N model adopted provides a simplified conceptualization of the soil nitrogen cycle considering mineralization, nitrification, immobilization, denitrification, plant uptake, and ammonium adsorption/desorption. It also includes nitrification and denitrification in the shallow perched aquifer. We included a soil moisture threshold for all the considered soil biological processes. The results suggested that all the nitrogen processes were highly influenced by the rain episodes and that soil microbial processes occurred in pulses stimulated by soil moisture increasing after rain. Our simulation highlighted the riparian zone as a possible source of nitrate, especially after the summer drought period, but it can also act as an important sink of nitrate due to denitrification, in particular during the wettest period of the year. The riparian zone was a key element to simulate the catchment nitrate behaviour. The lumped LU4-N model (which does not include the riparian zone) could not be validated, while both the semi-distributed LU4-R-N and SD4-R-N model (which include the riparian zone) gave satisfactory results for the calibration process and acceptable results for the temporal validation process.