Feeding and growth on bivalve biodeposits by the deposit feeder Stichopus japonicus Selenka (Echinodennata : Holothuroidea) co-cultured in lantern nets

Suspension aquaculture of filter-feeding bivalves has been developing rapidly in coastal waters in the world, especially in China. Previous studies have demonstrated that dense populations of filter-feeding bivalves in shallow water can produce a large amount of faeces and pseudofaeces (biodeposits) that may lead to negative impacts on the benthic environment. To determine whether the deposit feeder Stichopus (Apostichopus) japonicus Selenka can feed on bivalve biodeposits and whether the sea cucumber can be co-cultured with bivalves in suspended lantern nets, three experiments were conducted, two in tanks in the laboratory and one in the field. In a 3-month flow-through experiment, results showed that sea cucumbers grew well with specific growth rate (SGR) reaching 1.38% d(-1), when cultured in the bottom of tanks (10 m(3) water volume) where scallops were cultured in suspension in lantern nets. Moreover, results of another laboratory experiment demonstrated that sea cucumbers could survive well on bivalve biodeposits, with a feeding rate of 1.82 +/- 0.13 g dry biodeposits ind(-1) d(-1), absorption efficiency of organic matter in biodeposits of 17.2% +/- 5.5%, and average SGR of 1.60% d(-1). Our longer-term field experiments in two coastal bays (Sishili Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, northern China) showed that S. japonicus co-cultured with bivalves also grew well at growth rates (0.09-0.31 g wet weight ind(-1) d(-1)) depending on individual size. The results suggest that bivalve lantern nets can provide a good habitat for sea cucumbers; and the co-culture of bivalve molluscs with sea cucumbers may provide an additional valuable crop with no additional inputs. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An efficient combination of supercritical fluid extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography to extract and purify homoisoflavonoids from Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawler

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used to extract homoisoflavonoids from Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawler. The optimization of parameters was carried out using an orthogonal test L-9 (3)(4) including pressure, temperature, dynamic extraction time and the amount of modifier. The process was then scaled up by 100 times with a preparative SFE system under the optimized conditions of 25 MPa, 55 degrees C, 4.0 h and 25% methanol as a modifier. Then crude extracts were separated and purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/ACN/water (1.8:1.0:1.0:1.2:1.0 v/v). There three homoisoflavonoidal compounds including methylophiopogonanone A 6-aldehydo-isoophiopogonone A, and 6-formyl-isoophiopogonanone A, were successfully isolated and purified in one step. The collected fractions were analyzed by HPLC. In each operation, 140 mg crude extracts was separated and yielded 15.3 mg of methylophiopogonanone A (96.9% purity), 4.1 mg of 6-aldehydo-isoophiopogonone A (98.3% purity) and 13.5 mg of 6-formyl-isoophiopogonanone A (97.3% purity) respectively. The chemical structure of the three homoisoflavonoids are identified by means of ESI-MS and NMR analysis.

Acute peristome edema disease in juvenile and adult sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) reared in North China

Acute peristome edema disease (APED) is a new disease that broke out in cultured sea cucumber along the Shangdong and Liaoning province coasts in China, PR, and has caused a great deal of death in Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) since 2004. Here we report virus-like particles found in intestine epithelium of sea cucumbers reared in North China. It is the first time that sea cucumbers are reported to be infected by virus. Histological examinations showed that the viral inclusion bodies existed in intestine epithelium cells. Electron microscopic examinations show that the virions were spherical, 80-100 nm in diameter, and composed of a helical nucleocapsid within an envelope with surface projections. Detailed studies on the morphogenesis of these viruses found many characteristics previously described for coronaviruses. Virus particles always congregated, and formed a virus vesicle with an encircling membrane. The most obvious cellular pathologic feature is large granular areas of cytoplasm, relatively devoid of organelles. Tubular structures within virus-containing vesicles, nucleocapsid inclusions, and double-membrane vesicles are also found in the cytopathic cells. No rickettsia, chlamydia, bacteria, or other parasitic organisms were found. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PCR-DGGE analysis of intestinal bacteria and effect of Bacillus spp. on intestinal microbial diversity in kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus)

In this study, the intestinal microbiota of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) was examined by molecular analysis of the 16S rDNA to identify the dominant intestinal bacteria and to investigate the effects of Bacillus spp. on intestinal microbial diversity. Samples of the intestines of kuruma shrimp fed normal feed and Bacillus spp. amended feed. PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses were then performed on DNA extracted directly from the guts. Population fingerprints of the predominant organisms were generated by DGGE analysis of the universal V3 16S rDNA amplicons, and distinct bands in the gels were sequenced. The results suggested that the gut of kuruma shrimp was dominated by Vibrio sp. and uncultured gamma proteobacterium. Overall, the results of this study suggest that PCR-DGGE is a possible method of studying the intestinal microbial diversity of shrimp.

Determination of the persistence of dimetridazole, metronidazole and ronidazole residues in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) tissue and stability during cooking

The depletion of three banned nitroimidazole drugs (dimetridazole (DMZ), metronidazole (MNZ) and ronidazole (RNZ)) was investigated in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) following in-water medication. The highest concentrations of residues were measured immediately after the 24 h immersion (day 0). At this time, MNZ and MNZ-OH residues were measured in shrimp tissue samples at concentrations ranging from 361–4189 and 0.28–6.6 μg kg−1, respectively. DMZ and its metabolites HMMNI ranged in concentration between 31509–37780 and 15.0–31.9 μg kg−1, respectively. RNZ and HMMNI concentrations ranged 14530–24206 and 25.0–55 μg kg−1, respectively. MNZ, DMZ and RNZ were the more persistent marker residues and can be detected for at least eight days post-treatment. MNZ-OH was only detectable on day 0 following treatment with MNZ. HMMNI residues were only detectable up to day 1 (0.97–3.2 μg kg−1) or 2 (1.2–4.5 μg kg−1) following DMZ and RNZ treatment, respectively. The parent drugs, MNZ, DMZ and RNZ were still measureable on day 8 at 0.12–1.00, 40.5–55 and 8.8–18.7 μg kg−1, respectively. The study also investigated the stability of nitroimidazole residues under various cooking procedures (frying, grilling, boiling and boiling followed by microwaving). The experiments were carried out in shrimp muscle tissue containing both high and low concentrations of these residues. Different cooking procedures showed the impact on nitroimidazole residue concentration in shrimp tissuetheir concentration depleted significantly, but partially, by boiling and/or microwaving but the compounds were largely resistant to conventional grilling or frying. Cooking cannot therefore be considered as a safeguard against harmful nitroimidazole residues in shrimp.

Edad, crecimiento y algunos aspectos reproductivos y alimentarios de la caballa (Scomber japonicus peruanus)

El presente trabajo comprende el estudio de algunos aspectos de la biología de la caballa (Scomber japonicus peruanus)referidos a la reproducción, alimentación y crecimiento con material procedente de los laboratorios regionales del Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) en Chimbote y Callao para los años 1976-1978. Se determinó que el desove de la caballa desembarcada en ambos puertos ocurre con mayor intensidad a fines de primavera y durante el verano; sin embargo, se encontraron individuos maduros o en desove durante todo el año. Las longitudes medias de madurez sexual oscilaron en los años 1977-78 entre 33.4 y 34.2 cm en el material de Chimbote, y entre 32.3 y 33.6 en el del Callao. La dieta alimentaria de esta especie está compuesta principalmente por zooplancton, peces y fitoplancton. En el año 1976 se observa en el Contenido estomacal una mayor incidencia de peces ( en su mayoría anchoveta Engraulis ringens) que en los años 1977 y 1978, ligada a una mayor disponibilidad de esta especie. El "coeficiente alimentario" calculado presenta variaciones mensuales relacionado posiblemente con el desove y la disponibilidad de alimento. La determinación de la edad se llevó a cabo en base a lectura de otolitos de individuos procedentes de la zona de Callao en el año 1978. Se constató la formación de un anillo hialino en invierno y otro en verano ligados posiblemente a la disponibilidad de alimento y al desove respectivamente.

Fecundidad parcial de Caballa del Perú (Scomber japonicus peruanus)

Un nuevo método, el conteo de ovocitos hidratados, se aplica por primera vez para determinar la fecundidad de la caballa peruana (Scomber Japonicus peruanus) . En febrero de 1985, la fecundidad relativa media fue 278 huevos por gramo de hembra y la fecundidad parcial media de la muestra fue 78,174 huevos por hembra. Se muestra que la caballa del Perú es un desovador múltiple.

El desarrollo de la maricultura en el Perú con énfasis en la Concha de Abanico (Argopecten purpuratus) y Langostinos (Penaeus vannamei)

En 1971 se empezó a cultivar langostinos (Penaeus vannamei) en el Perú, incentivándose estas actividades desde 1977. En 1987 hubo un desarrollo favorable con incremento de la producción por disponibilidad de postlarvas silvestres. El cultivo de la concha de abanico (Argopecten purpuratus ) comenzó en 1980 y tuvo una bonanza en los años después de El Niño 1982-83 y un estancamiento en 1987 por escasez de semillas. En ambos cultivos uno de los problemas mayores es la falta de postlarvas y semillas. Se describe las acciones gubernamentales para promocionar y reactivar dichas actividades.

Escala de madurez gonadal de caballa Scomber japonicus peruanus (Jordan y Hubbs, 1925)

En el presente trabajo se realizó la validación de la escala de madurez gonadal macroscópica de la caballa Scomber japonicus peruanus. Se analizaron 464 muestras de gónadas provenientes del plan de seguimiento de la pesquería pelágica del 2006, 2008, 2009 y 2014. Sobre la base del desarrollo ovocitario, se asignó a cada individuo el estadio de madurez gonadal macroscópico. Se describieron seis estadios de maduración que va desde el estadio 0 (virginal) hasta el estadio 5 (recuperación en hembras, post expulsante en machos). Se compara la presente escala con trabajos anteriormente realizados, se discute acerca de los beneficios de su uso y recomendaciones futuras como parte del seguimiento de la pesquería.

Utilización de subproductos de camarón coextruidos con pasta de soya como ingrediente en dietas balanceadas para camarón Penaeus vannamei

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticios y Producción Acuícola) UANL

Análisis de la transformación de la pluma cruda como fuente de proteína para Penaeus vannamei

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticios y Producción Acuícola) UANL

Efecto de la oxidación de lípidos en harina de subproductos de atún sobre el crecimiento del camarón blanco (Penaeus vannamei Bone) en condiciones de laboratorio

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticiosy Produccisn Acumcola) UANL

Bioensayos de alimentación de larvas de camarón blanco Penaeus vannamei, mediante dos dietas artificiales de diferente perfil de aminoacidos

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticiosy Produccisn Acumcola) UANL

Efecto de la cabeza de camarón co-extruida con trigo o sorgo sobre el crecimiento del camarón Penaeus stylirostris

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticios y Producción Acuícola) UANL