Aplicação do método LTT às estruturas retangulares e triangulares em multicamadas e empilhadas em substratos PBG para comunicações móveis

Recently the planar antennas have been studied due to their characteristics as well as the advantages that they offers when compared with another types of antennas. In the mobile communications area, the need for this kind of antennas have became each time bigger due to the intense increase of the mobile communications that needs of antennas which operate in multifrequency and wide bandwidth. The microstrip antennas presents narrow bandwidth due the loss in the dielectric generated by radiation. Another limitation is the radiation pattern degradation due the generation of surface waves in the substrate. In this work some used techniques to minimize the disadvantages (previously mentioned) of the use of microstrip antennas are presented, those are: substrates with PBG material - Photonic Bandgap, multilayer antennas and with stacked patches. The developed analysis in this work used the TTL - Transverse Transmission Line method in the domain of Fourier transform, that uses a component of propagation in the y direction (transverse to the direction real of propagation z), treating the general equations of electric and magnetic field as functions of y and y . This work has as objective the application of the TTL method to microstrip structures with single and multilayers of rectangular and triangular patches, to obtaining the resonance frequency and radiation pattern of each structure. This method is applied for the treatment of the fields in stacked structures. The Homogenization theory will be applied to obtaining the effective permittivity for s and p polarizations of the substrate composed of PBG material. Numerical results for the triangular and rectangular antennas with single layer, multilayers resonators with triangular and rectangular patches are presented (in photonic and isotropic substrates). Conclusions and suggestions for continuity of this work are presented

Uma Aplicação do Algoritmo QT Clustering para Marcação Colaborativa de Pontos Perigosos em Vias Públicas

This work proposes a collaborative system for marking dangerous points in the transport routes and generation of alerts to drivers. It consisted of a proximity warning system for a danger point that is fed by the driver via a mobile device equipped with GPS. The system will consolidate data provided by several different drivers and generate a set of points common to be used in the warning system. Although the application is designed to protect drivers, the data generated by it can serve as inputs for the responsible to improve signage and recovery of public roads

Desenvolvimento de um middleware para comunicação via web services e sua aplicação em sistemas de aquisição de dados industriais

The control of industrial processes has become increasingly complex due to variety of factory devices, quality requirement and market competition. Such complexity requires a large amount of data to be treated by the three levels of process control: field devices, control systems and management softwares. To use data effectively in each one of these levels is extremely important to industry. Many of today s industrial computer systems consist of distributed software systems written in a wide variety of programming languages and developed for specific platforms, so, even more companies apply a significant investment to maintain or even re-write their systems for different platforms. Furthermore, it is rare that a software system works in complete isolation. In industrial automation is common that, software had to interact with other systems on different machines and even written in different languages. Thus, interoperability is not just a long-term challenge, but also a current context requirement of industrial software production. This work aims to propose a middleware solution for communication over web service and presents an user case applying the solution developed to an integrated system for industrial data capture , allowing such data to be available simplified and platformindependent across the network

Aplicação prática do método de sintonia de controladores PID utilizando o método do relé com histerese

The area of research and development involving the PID tune of controllers is an active area in the academic and industrial sectors yet. All this due to the wide use of PID controllers in the industry (96% of all controllers in the industry is still PID). Controllers well tuned and tools to monitor their performance over time with the possibility of selftuning, become an item almost obligatory to maintain processes with high productivity and low cost. In a globalized world, it is essential for their self survival. Although there are several new tools and techniques that make PID tune, in this paper will explore the PID tune using the relay method, due its good acceptance in the industrial environment. In addition, we will discuss some techniques for evaluation of control loops, as IAE, ISE, Goodhart, the variation of the control signal and index Harris, which are necessary to propose new tuning for control loops that have a low performance. Will be proposed in this paper a tool for tuning and self tuning PID. Will be proposed in this paper a PID auto-tuning software using a relay method. In particular, will be highlighted the relay method with hysteresis. This method has shown tunings with satisfactory performance when applied to the didactic, simulated and real plants

Modelo matemático para otimização dos custos de um sistema híbrido eólico-solar : aplicação no bombeamento de petróleo

This work purposes the application of a methodology to optimize the implantation cost of an wind-solar hybrid system for oil pumping. The developed model is estimated the implantation cost of system through Multiple Linear Regression technique, on the basis of the previous knowledge of variables: necessary capacity of storage, total daily energy demand, wind power, module power and module number. These variables are gotten by means of sizing. The considered model not only can be applied to the oil pumping, but also for any other purposes of electric energy generation for conversion of solar, wind or solar-wind energy, that demand short powers. Parametric statistical T-student tests had been used to detect the significant difference in the average of total cost to being considered the diameter of the wind, F by Snedecor in the variance analysis to test if the coefficients of the considered model are significantly different of zero and test not-parametric statistical by Friedman, toverify if there is difference in the system cost, by being considered the photovoltaic module powers. In decision of hypothesis tests was considered a 5%-significant level. The configurations module powers showed significant differences in total cost of investment by considering an electrical motor of 3 HP. The configurations module powers showed significant differences in total cost of investment by considering an electrical motor of 5 HP only to wind speed of 4m/s and 6 m/s in wind of 3 m, 4m and 5 m of diameter. There was not significant difference in costs to diameters of winds of 3 m and 4m. The mathematical model and the computational program may be used to others applications which require electrical between 2.250 W and 3.750 W. A computational program was developed to assist the study of several configurations that optimizes the implantation cost of an wind-solar system through considered mathematical model

Eficiência fotossintética de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar e de diferentes espécies de plantas daninhas após a aplicação do diuron

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência fotossintética, através da taxa de transporte de elétrons, de seis espécies de plantas daninhas e três cultivares de cana-de-açúcar após aplicação do herbicida diuron em pós-emergência inicial. Os cultivares utilizados (PO8862, SP80-3280 e RB83-5486) foram cortados em gemas e plantados em vasos com capacidade de 12 litros. A semeadura das seis espécies de plantas daninhas - Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, Panicum maximum, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia e Merremia cissoides - foi realizada para obter 25 plantas por vaso. A aplicação do herbicida diuron em pós-emergência inicial das plantas daninhas e dos cultivares de cana-de-açúcar foi realizada na dose de 3,0 kg ha-1, com adição de 0,2% de surfatante. As avaliações da taxa de transporte de elétrons no fotossistema (ETR) das plantas após a aplicação foram realizadas com auxílio de um fluorômetro portátil. Para as espécies de plantas daninhas, a ETR foi avaliada após intervalos de 2, 4, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 144 horas após a aplicação. Quanto aos cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, os intervalos avaliados foram de 2, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168 e 240 horas após a aplicação. de maneira geral, as reduções dos valores da ETR indicaram o nível de sensibilidade dos diferentes cultivares de cana-de-açúcar e das diferentes plantas daninhas ao diuron, e a intoxicação foi detectada antes ou mesmo sem a presença dos sintomas. A classificação da sensibilidade dos cultivares de cana-de-açúcar foi em ordem decrescente: PO-8862, SP80-3280 e RB83-5486; para as plantas daninhas, as espécies mais sensíveis foram M. cissoides, I. grandifolia e I. hederifolia, seguidas das gramíneas D. horizontalis, P. maximum e B. decumbens.

Efeitos na taxa de transporte de elétrons de plantas daninhas após aplicação de amicarbazone

Entre os herbicidas registrados para cana-de-açúcar, o amicarbazone é um dos mais importantes para o controle das plantas daninhas, sendo preciso que o herbicida seja absorvido, translocado e que ele alcance os cloroplastos das células das folhas para atuar em seu sítio de ligação no fotossistema II. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do amicarbazone na taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR) de Ipomoea grandifolia, Brachiaria decumbens e Digitaria horizontalis. Foi verificada a resposta dessas plantas daninhas, em relação à ETR, quando submetidas ao amicarbazone em solução e na sequência à solução sem herbicida, por meio de leituras da ETR, realizadas em folhas novas e adultas com o uso de um fluorômetro portátil. Verificou-se também o consumo de água das plantas daninhas pela pesagem diária dos recipientes contendo a solução e as plantas. Assim, verificou-se por meio do experimento que a redução dos valores da ETR pode ser utilizada para indicar o nível de intoxicação nas plantas daninhas em estudo. As plantas daninhas I. grandifolia, B. decumbens e D. horizontalis apresentaram respostas diferenciadas quando submetidas a solução sem herbicida após solução com amicarbazone. I. grandifolia apresentou-se mais sensível ao amicarbazone devido à maior dificuldade em recuperar os níveis iniciais de ETR, além de apresentar alterações nas folhas novas após o termino de fornecimento do herbicida. O consumo de água pode explicar esse comportamento em I. grandifolia, visto tratar-se da espécie que mais consumiu água e, consequentemente, mais absorveu o amicarbazone. Já para B. decumbens e D. horizontalis ocorreram menores níveis de absorção de água e, por conseguinte, as folhas velhas tiveram melhor recuperação do transporte de elétrons e não houve intoxicação em folhas novas.

Análise de confiabilidade de uma bomba centrífuga: aplicação na injeção de água para recuperação de petróleo

The oil industry`s need to produce with maximum efficiency, not to mention the safety and the environment aspects, encourages the optimization of processes. It makes them look for a level of excellence in acquisition of equipment, ensuring the quality without prejudice security of facilities and peoples. Knowing the reliability of equipment and that this stands for a system is fundamental to the production strategy to seeks the maximum return on investment. The reliability analysis techniques have been increasingly applied in the industry as strategy for predicting failures likelihood ensuring the integrity of processes. Some reliability theories underlie the decisions to use stochastic calculations to estimate equipment failure. This dissertation proposes two techniques associating qualitative (through expertise opinion) and quantitative data (European North Sea oil companies fault database, Ored) applied on centrifugal pump to water injection system for secondary oil recovery on two scenarios. The data were processed in reliability commercial software. As a result of hybridization, it was possible to determine the pump life cycle and what impact on production if it fails. The technique guides the best maintenance policy - important tool for strategic decisions on asset management.

Aplicação tardia de nitrogênio no feijoeiro em sistema de plantio direto

A adoção de técnicas que possibilitem a maximização da eficiência do uso de nitrogênio pelo feijoeiro é de extrema importância para aumentar a produtividade e qualidade de grãos, reduzir o custo de produção e evitar contaminação ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) à aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura nos estádios V4 e no início do R7, em sistema de plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela aplicação de dois níveis de N (0 e 90 kg ha-1) no estádio V4, combinados com quatro níveis de N (0, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1) no início do estádio R7. Quando não foi realizada adubação nitrogenada de cobertura no estádio V4, a aplicação de N no início do estádio R7 aumentou a produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro em sistema de plantio direto. A produtividade máxima de grãos foi obtida com a aplicação exclusiva de 90 kg ha-1 de N no estádio V4, sendo necessárias, para atingir o mesmo nível de produtividade, maiores doses de N quando aplicadas apenas em R7. Quando é realizada aplicação de N em V4, adubações adicionais em R7 não resultam em aumento de produtividade. A aplicação de N em cobertura no estádio V4 foi mais eficiente do que a aplicação em R7, acarretando em maior incremento na produtividade por unidade do nutriente aplicado. A aplicação de N em cobertura, nos estádios V4 e início do R7, proporcionou aumento no teor de proteína nos grãos do feijoeiro.

Desenvolvimento de sistemas de pastas leves para aplicação em cimentação de poços petrolíferos com baixo gradiente de fratura

All around the world, naturally occurring hydrocarbon deposits, consisting of oil and gas contained within rocks called reservoir rocks , generally sandstone or carbonate exists. These deposits are in varying conditions of pressure and depth from a few hundred to several thousand meters. In general, shallow reservoirs have greater tendency to fracture, since they have low fracture gradient, ie fractures are formed even with relatively low hydrostatic columns of fluid. These low fracture gradient areas are particularly common in onshore areas, like the Rio Grande do Norte basin. During a well drilling, one of the most favorable phases for the occurrence of fractures is during cementing, since the cement slurry used can have greater densities than the maximum allowed by the rock structure. Furthermore, in areas which are already naturally fractured, the use of regular cement slurries causes fluid loss into the formation, which may give rise to failures cementations and formation damages. Commercially, there are alternatives to the development of lightweight cement slurries, but these fail either because of their enormous cost, or because the cement properties were not good enough for most general applications, being restricted to each transaction for which the cement paste was made, or both reasons. In this work a statistical design was made to determine the influence of three variables, defined as the calcium chloride concentration, vermiculite concentration and nanosilica concentration in the various properties of the cement. The use of vermiculite, a low density ore present in large amounts in northeastern Brazil, as extensor for cementing slurries, enabled the production of stable cements, with high water/cement ratio, excellent rheological properties and low densities, which were set at 12.5 lb / gal, despite the fact that lower densities could be achieved. It is also seen that the calcium chloride is very useful as gelling and thickening agent, and their use in combination with nanosilica has a great effect on gel strength of the cement. Hydrothermal Stability studies showed that the pastes were stable in these conditions, and mechanical resistance tests showed values of the order of up to 10 MPa

Aplicação da água residuária das salinas no tratamento de efluente têxtil

The treatment of colored and alkaline effluent has been a challenge to the textile industry. An alternative to remove the colors of those effluents is applying magnesium chloride as a coagulant agent. The magnesium ion, in high pH, hydrolyzes itself, forming the magnesium hydroxide which has a large adsorptive area and positive electrostatic charges able to act as an efficient coagulant. The bittern wastewater from the salt industries has been studied as a potential font of this magnesium ion. Nowadays, this bittern wastewater is evicted into the sea, without any treatment or other use. This thesis has evaluated the potential of applying the wastewater from the salt industries in the treatment of dyeing effluent containing indigo dye and alkaline pH. All the experiments were made in jar tests simulating the chemical coagulation, flocculation and decantation steps ranging the pH and the concentration of magnesium ion. Were obtained removals between 96% and 76% for turbidity, apparent color, and true color, respectively, using 200mg/L Mg2+. The reduction of costs with acid, when were used the salt industries wastewater, comparing with Al2(SO4)3, was 62%. For the degradation of organic matter remaining in the clarified, around 900 mg/L, was applyed the advanced process of oxidation: photo-Fenton. The preliminary results showed 57% reduction in DOC. According to the results obtained, the salt industries wastewater can be applied, as coagulant, in the physical-chemical treatment of the denim dyeing wastewater, so it is not necessary a previous adjust of pH, efficiently and economically

Metais pesados do solo após aplicação de biossólido: I - Fracionamento

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Metais pesados do solo após aplicação de biossólido: II - Disponibilidade

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Reflexões e contribuições para o ensino de gravitação clássica no nível médio

The subject of Classic Gravitation is part of the actual curriculum for High School in Brazil, and it is taught in the first year of that education level. This master thesis presents a research regarding the subject Classic Gravitation in High School. This research was based in two complementary guidelines of research and action. The first guideline was the analysis of 21 didactic books of physics which are the more frequently used in High School, in the city of Natal/RN. The second guideline, worked after being verified the most common deficiencies presents in the didactic books, was the elaboration, followed by a practical application, of a course suggesting how to approach that subject in the classroom. The Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio (National Curricular Parameters for High School PCNEM) defend that Classic Gravitation is very important in the student s formation and that its study helps the comprehension of many nature s phenomena. Because of this vision of that subject by the PCNEM, the 21 analyzed books were separated in two groups: the first one, containing 10 books, was edited before the spreading of PCNEM, and the second, with 11 books, after that spreading. Whatever the group to which the didactic books belonged, the great majority of them let that subject in a second plan; two of them even suggesting, in the teacher s orientations, that the subject Gravitation can be suppressed in case of insufficient time . These analyses points that the PCNEM had produced no changes in the conception of the authors that wrote books regarding that subject. To analyze the didactic books, we elaborated a script which was used as an analysis tool, in which we put in evidence the relative importance of the historic and philosophic contextualization of the subject, the quotidian experience of the students and the interdisciplinary approach, among other aspects. It became evident that the didactic books give very little emphasis to historic aspects of the knowledge construction, to the relations with the day-by-day questions and to the interdisciplinary character of the subject Gravitation. It calls attention the non concordance among the authors opinions regarding the necessary previous knowledge or prerequisites the students should fulfill in order to begin to study Gravitation. The course we elaborated was given to a group of teachers as well as to students. In those courses we treated theoretical and practical aspects and emphasized historical questions and the ones which are related to people s daily life. The course for teachers was realized as an extra-mural activity of the UFRN and was given by the author of this thesis at the Escola Estadual Francisco Ivo Cavalcanti (a state public school in Natal/RN). There were 23 teachers present, from several public schools and several fields of knowledge. The thesis supervisor and the master degree s colleagues of the author acted as collaborators , reporting the participants opinions and speeches. The course to the students, on the other hand, had the participation of 300 regular students who belonged to 6 different 1st year classes of the High School Escola Marista de Natal (RN), in which the author acts as a physics teacher. The student s course was realized as part of the regular curriculum activities, in which three classes stood under the responsibility of the author and other three classes in charge of another Marista s teacher, who participated as a collaborator . The teacher s course as well as the students one were given in two stages, with five hours each. The first stage was divided in two moments, the first one focused on the survey of the spontaneous conceptions about gravitation, in which we worked basically with experiments of free throwing and pendulum, and the second one focused in theoretical presentations and quarrels about universe s models. In the second stage of the course we improved the study of Kepler s laws and the Newton s Universal Gravitation law, and we used as motivating tools some practices involving the construction of the solar system in scale. As instruments for evaluating both courses we used questionnaires and reported the speeches with participants opinions, beyond usual written evaluations in the course for the students. The teachers who participated in the course showed very good wills in realizing interdisciplinary practices; nevertheless, according their own speeches, they frequently came across the difficulty of how to do . From the experience we had in both courses, we conclude that the approach we propose hear to the teaching of the subject Classic Gravitation , supported on the tripod theory, practice and historical and philosophical aspects, is viable and effective. One hopes that this research may contribute in the formation of a opinion, among the teachers, concerning how to approach the subject of Classic Gravitation, and may offer suggestions in order those who want to apply that approach may develop classroom practices aiming to improve the teaching of that subject, which has a singular importance in the formation of High School students

Elaboração e aplicação de uma estratégia de ensino sobre os conceitos de calor e de temperatura

This piece of work has investigated the alternative conceptions shown by students of secondary school, concerned to the concepts of warmth and temperature, aiming the elaboration and application of a learning strategy as of the diagnose risen from the conceptions present in students. The learning strategy was built up by a sequence of activities that involve History of Science and experiments, put in a course that had as a base the proposal of the Group of Redevelopment of Physics Teaching (GREF). We have used as the conductor wire of our research the development of thermo dynamics since the development of the first thermo machines, passing by the Industrial Revolution and the evolution of concepts of warmth and temperature. The learning strategy was applied to a group of second grade of secondary school in a public school in Mossoró (RN). By doing these activities we tried to become the concepts, which are part of thermo dynamics, more meaningful to the students. We have estimated that the application of the strategy has represented some profits to the students of the group, concerning to learning of laws and concepts of thermo dynamics (specifically the concepts of warmth and temperature), as well as what it is referred to the overcoming of its initial conceptions