816 resultados para MALDI-TOF
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii, previously characterized by molecular techniques, were identified for the first time by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). All isolates were correctly identified, with log score values of >2.0. Thus, MALDI-TOF MS is a new tool for differentiating species of the genus Paracoccidioides.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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The modification of proteins by reducing sugars is a process that occurs naturally in the body. This process, which is known as glycation, has been linked to many of the chronic complications encountered during diabetes. Glycation has also been linked to changes in the binding of human serum albumin (HSA) to several drugs and small solutes in the body. While these effects are known, there is little information that explains why these changes in binding occur. The goal of this project was to obtain qualitative and quantitative information about glycation that occurs on HSA. The first section of this dissertation examined methods that could be used to quantify and identify glycation that occurs on HSA. The extent of glycation that occurred on HSA was quantified using oxygen-18 labeling mass spectrometry and the glycation sites were identified by observing the mass-to-charge (m/z) shifts that occurred in glycated HSA. This initial investigation revealed that oxygen-18 labeling based quantitation can be improved over previous methods if a relative comparison is done with oxygen-18 labeled peptides in a control HSA sample. Similarly, the process of making m/z shift-based assignments could be improved if only the peptides that were unique to the glycated HSA samples were used with internal calibration. These techniques were used in subsequent chapters for the assignment of early and late-stage glycation products on HSA. The regions of HSA that contained the highest amount of modification were identified, quantified, and ranked in order of their relative abundance. Of the commonly reported glycation sites, the N-terminus was found to have the highest extent of modification, followed by lysines 525, 199, and 439. The relative amount of modification on lysine 281, with respect to the aforementioned residues, varied with different degrees of glycation. The oxygen-18 labeling approach used for this analysis was novel because it allowed for the simultaneous quantification of all glycation-related modifications that were occurring on HSA. As such, several arginine residues were also found to have high amounts of modification on glycated HSA.
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The protozoan parasite Leishmania is an intracellular pathogen infecting and replicating inside vertebrate host macrophages. A recent model suggests that promastigote and amastigote forms of the parasite mimic mammalian apoptotic cells by exposing phosphatidylserine (PS) at the cell surface to trigger their phagocytic uptake into host macrophages. PS presentation at the cell surface is typically analyzed using fluorescence-labeled annexin V. Here we show that Leishmania promastigotes can be stained by fluorescence-labeled annexin V upon permeabilization or miltefosine treatment. However, combined lipid analysis by thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed that Leishmania promastigotes lack any detectable amount of PS. Instead, we identified several other phospholipid classes such phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as candidate lipids enabling annexin V staining.
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The induction of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats results in a period of exacerbation followed by complete recovery. Therefore, this model is widely used for studying the evolution of multiple sclerosis. In the present investigation, differentially expressed proteins in the spinal cord of Lewis rats during the evolution of EAE were assessed using the combination of 2DE and MALDI-TOF MS. The majority of the differentially expressed proteins were identified during the acute phase of EAE, in relation to naive control animals. On the other hand, recovered rats presented a similar protein expression pattern in comparison with the naive ones. This observation can be explained, at least in part, by the intense catabolism existent in acute phase due to nervous tissue damage. In recovered rats, we have described the upregulation of proteins that are apparently involved in the recovery of damaged tissue, such as light and medium neurofilaments, glial fibrillary acidic protein, tubulins subunits, and quaking protein. These proteins are involved mainly in cell growth, myelination, and remyelination as well as in astrocyte and oligodendrocyte maturation. The present study has demonstrated that the inflammatory response, characterized by an increase of the proliferative response and infiltration of autoreactive T lymphocytes in the central nervous system, occurs simultaneously with neurodegeneration.
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This communication describes the general biochemical properties and some immunological characteristics of the venom from the Peruvian scorpion Hadruroides lunatus, which is the most medically relevant species in Peru. The soluble venom of this scorpion is toxic to mice, the LD50 determined was 0.1 mg/kg and 21.55 mg/kg when the venom was injected intracranial or intraperitoneally, respectively. The soluble venom displayed proteolytic, hyaluronidasic, phospholipasic and cardiotoxic activities. High performance liquid chromatography of the soluble venom resulted in the separation of 20 fractions. Two peptides with phospholipasic activity were isolated to homogeneity and their molecular masses determined by mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF). Anti-H. lunatus venom sera were produced in rabbits. Western blotting analysis showed that most of the protein content of this venom is immunogenic. H. lunatus anti-venom displayed consistent cross-reactivity with venom antigens from the new World-scorpions Tityus serrulatus and Centruroides sculpturatus venoms; however, a weaker reactivity was observed against the venom antigens from the old World-scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The ability of nanoassisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry (NALDI-MS) imaging to provide selective chemical monitoring with proper spatial distribution of lipid profiles from tumor tissues after plate imprinting has been tested. NALDI-MS imaging identified and mapped several potential lipid biomarkers in a murine model of melanoma tumor (inoculation of B16/F10 cells). It also confirmed that the in vivo treatment of tumor bearing mice with synthetic supplement containing phosphoethanolamine (PHO-S) promoted an accentuated decrease in relative abundance of the tumor biomarkers. NALDI-MS imaging is a matrix-free LDI protocol based on the selective imprinting of lipids in the NALDI plate followed by the removal of the tissue. It therefore provides good quality and selective chemical images with preservation of spatial distribution and less interference from tissue material. The test case described herein illustrates the potential of chemically selective NALDI-MS imaging for biomarker discovery.
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This investigation discloses the recognition of an FXYD2 protein in a microsomal Na,K-ATPase preparation from the posterior gills of the blue crab, Callinectes danae, by a mammalian (rabbit) FXYD2 peptide specific antibody (gamma C-33) and MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry techniques. This is the first demonstration of an invertebrate FXYD2 protein. The addition of exogenous pig FXYD2 peptide to the crab gill microsomal fraction stimulated Na,K-ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Exogenous pig FXYD2 also considerably increased enzyme affinity for K+, ATP and N-4(+)center dot K-0.5 for Na+ was unaffected. Exogenous pig FXYD2 increased the V-max for stimulation of gill Na,K-ATPase activity by Na+, K+ and ATP, by 30% to 40%. The crab gill FXYD2 is phosphorylated by PKA, suggesting a regulatory function similar to that known for the mammalian enzyme. The PKA-phosphorylated pig FXYD2 peptide stimulated the crab gill Na,K-ATPase activity by 80%, about 2-fold greater than did the non-phosphorylated peptide. Stimulation by the PKC-phosphorylated pig FXYD2 peptide was minimal. These findings confirm the presence of an FXYD2 peptide in the crab gill Na, K-ATPase and demonstrate that this peptide plays an important role in regulating enzyme activity. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Background Up-regulation of S100A7 (Psoriasin), a small calcium-binding protein, is associated with the development of several types of carcinomas, but its function and possibility to serve as a diagnostic or prognostic marker have not been fully defined. In order to prepare antibodies to the protein for immunohistochemical studies we produced the recombinant S100A7 protein in E. coli. mRNA extracted from human tracheal tumor tissue which was amplified by RT-PCR to provide the region coding for the S100A7 gene. The amplified fragment was cloned in the vector pCR2.1-TOPO and sub-cloned in the expression vector pAE. The protein rS100A7 (His-tag) was expressed in E. coli BL21::DE3, purified by affinity chromatography on an Ni-NTA column, recovered in the 2.0 to 3.5 mg/mL range in culture medium, and used to produce a rabbit polyclonal antibody anti-rS100A7 protein. The profile of this polyclonal antibody was evaluated in a tissue microarray. Results The rS100A7 (His-tag) protein was homogeneous by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry and was used to produce an anti-recombinant S100A7 (His-tag) rabbit serum (polyclonal antibody anti-rS100A7). The molecular weight of rS100A7 (His-tag) protein determined by linear MALDI-TOF-MS was 12,655.91 Da. The theoretical mass calculated for the nonapeptide attached to the amino terminus is 12,653.26 Da (delta 2.65 Da). Immunostaining with the polyclonal anti-rS100A7 protein generated showed reactivity with little or no background staining in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells, detecting S100A7 both in nucleus and cytoplasm. Lower levels of S100A7 were detected in non-neoplastic tissue. Conclusions The polyclonal anti-rS100A7 antibody generated here yielded a good signal-to-noise contrast and should be useful for immunohistochemical detection of S100A7 protein. Its potential use for other epithelial lesions besides human larynx squamous cell carcinoma and non-neoplastic larynx should be explored in future.
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Abstract: Background: The testis-specific isoform of angiotensin-converting enzyme (tACE) is exclusively expressed in germ cells during spermatogenesis. Although the exact role of tACE in male fertility is unknown, it clearly plays a critical function in spermatogenesis. The dipeptidase domain of tACE is identical to the C-terminal catalytic domain of somatic ACE (sACE). Bradykinin potentiating peptides (BPPs) from snake venoms are the first natural sACE inhibitors described and their structure–activity relationship studies were the basis for the development of antihypertensive drugs such as captopril. In recent years, it has been showed that a number of BPPs – including BPP-10c – are able to distinguish between the N- and C-active sites of sACE, what is not applicable to captopril. Considering the similarity between tACE and sACE (and since BPPs are able to distinguish between the two active sites of sACE), the effects of the BPP-10c and captopril on the structure and function of the seminiferous epithelium were characterized in the present study. BPP-10c and captopril were administered in male Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection (4.7 μmol/kg for 15 days) and histological sections of testes were analyzed. Classification of seminiferous tubules and stage analysis were carried out for quantitative evaluation of germ cells of the seminiferous epithelium. The blood-testis barrier (BTB) permeability and distribution of claudin-1 in the seminiferous epithelium were analyzed by hypertonic fixative method and immunohistochemical analyses of testes, respectively. Results: The morphology of seminiferous tubules from animals treated with BPP-10c showed an intense disruption of the epithelium, presence of atypical multinucleated cells in the lumen and degenerated germ cells in the adluminal compartment. BPP-10c led to an increase in the number of round spermatids and total support capacity of Sertoli cell in stages I, V, VII/VIII of the seminiferous epithelium cycle, without affecting BTB permeability and the distribution of claudin-1 in the seminiferous epithelium. Interestingly, no morphological or morphometric alterations were observed in animals treated with captopril. Conclusions: The major finding of the present study was that BPP-10c, and not captopril, modifies spermatogenesis by causing hyperplasia of round spermatids in stages I, V, and VII/VIII of the spermatogenic cycle.
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Gli istoni sono proteine basiche che possono essere classificate in varie classi: H1, H2A, H2B, H3 e H4. Queste proteine formano l’ottamero proteico attorno al quale si avvolge il DNA per formare il nucleosoma che è l’unità fondamentale della cromatina. A livello delle code N-terminali, gli istoni possono essere soggetti a numerose modifiche posttraduzionali quali acetilazioni, metilazioni, fosforilazioni, ADP-ribosilazioni e ubiquitinazioni. Queste modifiche portano alla formazione di diversi siti di riconoscimento per diversi complessi enzimatici coinvolti in importanti processi come la riparazione e la replicazione del DNA e l’assemblaggio della cromatina. La più importante e la più studiata di queste modifiche è l’acetilazione che avviene a livello dei residui amminici della catena laterale dell’amminoacido lisina. I livelli corretti di acetilazione delle proteine istoniche sono mantenuti dall’attività combinata di due enzimi: istone acetil transferasi (HAT) e istone deacetilasi (HDAC). Gli enzimi appartenenti a questa famiglia possono essere suddivisi in varie classi a seconda delle loro diverse caratteristiche, quali la localizzazione cellulare, la dimensione, l’omologia strutturale e il meccanismo d’azione. Recentemente è stato osservato che livelli aberranti di HDAC sono coinvolti nella carcinogenesi; per questo motivo numerosi gruppi di ricerca sono interessati alla progettazione e alla sintesi di composti che siano in grado di inibire questa classe enzimatica. L’inibizione delle HDAC può infatti provocare arresto della crescita cellulare, apoptosi o morte cellulare. Per questo motivo la ricerca farmaceutica in campo antitumorale è mirata alla sintesi di inibitori selettivi verso le diverse classi di HDAC per sviluppare farmaci meno tossici e per cercare di comprendere con maggiore chiarezza il ruolo biologico di questi enzimi. Il potenziale antitumorale degli inibitori delle HDAC deriva infatti dalla loro capacità di interferire con diversi processi cellulari, generalmente non più controllati nelle cellule neoplastiche. Nella maggior parte dei casi l’attività antitumorale risiede nella capacità di attivare programmi di differenziamento, di inibire la progressione del ciclo cellulare e di indurre apoptosi. Inoltre sembra essere molto importante anche la capacità di attivare la risposta immunitaria e l’inibizione dell’angiogenesi. Gli inibitori delle HDAC possono essere a loro volta classificati in base alla struttura chimica, alla loro origine (naturale o sintetica), e alla loro capacità di inibire selettivamente le HDAC appartenenti a classi diverse. Non è ancora chiaro se la selettività di queste molecole verso una specifica classe di HDAC sia importante per ottenere un effetto antitumorale, ma sicuramente inibitori selettivi possono essere molto utili per investigare e chiarire il ruolo delle HDAC nei processi cellulari che portano all’insorgenza del tumore. Nel primo capitolo di questa tesi quindi è riportata un’introduzione sull’importanza delle proteine istoniche non solo da un punto di vista strutturale ma anche funzionale per il destino cellulare. Nel secondo capitolo è riportato lo stato dell’arte dell’analisi delle proteine istoniche che comprende sia i metodi tradizionali come il microsequenziamento e l’utilizzo di anticorpi, sia metodi più innovativi (RP-LC, HILIC, HPCE) ideati per poter essere accoppiati ad analisi mediante spettrometria di massa. Questa tecnica consente infatti di ottenere importanti e precise informazioni che possono aiutare sia a identificare gli istoni come proteine che a individuare i siti coinvolti nelle modifiche post-traduzionali. Nel capitolo 3 è riportata la prima parte del lavoro sperimentale di questa tesi volto alla caratterizzazione delle proteine istoniche mediante tecniche cromatografiche accoppiate alla spettrometria di massa. Nella prima fase del lavoro è stato messo a punto un nuovo metodo cromatografico HPLC che ha consentito di ottenere una buona separazione, alla linea di base, delle otto classi istoniche (H1-1, H1-2, H2A-1, H2A-2, H2B, H3-1, H3-2 e H4). La separazione HPLC delle proteine istoniche ha permesso di poter eseguire analisi accurate di spettrometria di massa mediante accoppiamento con un analizzatore a trappola ionica tramite la sorgente electrospray (ESI). E’ stato così possibile identificare e quantificare tutte le isoforme istoniche, che differiscono per il tipo e il numero di modifiche post-traduzionali alle quali sono soggette, previa estrazione da colture cellulari di HT29 (cancro del colon). Un’analisi così dettagliata delle isoforme non può essere ottenuta con i metodi immunologici e permette di eseguire un’indagine molto accurata delle modifiche delle proteine istoniche correlandole ai diversi stadi della progressione del ciclo e alla morte cellulare. Il metodo messo a punto è stato convalidato mediante analisi comparative che prevedono la stessa separazione cromatografica ma accoppiata a uno spettrometro di massa avente sorgente ESI e analizzatore Q-TOF, dotato di maggiore sensibilità e risoluzione. Successivamente, per identificare quali sono gli specifici amminoacidi coinvolti nelle diverse modifiche post-traduzionali, l’istone H4 è stato sottoposto a digestione enzimatica e successiva analisi mediante tecniche MALDI-TOF e LC-ESI-MSMS. Queste analisi hanno permesso di identificare le specifiche lisine acetilate della coda N-terminale e la sequenza temporale di acetilazione delle lisine stesse. Nel quarto capitolo sono invece riportati gli studi di inibizione, mirati a caratterizzare le modifiche a carico delle proteine istoniche indotte da inibitori delle HDAC, dotati di diverso profilo di potenza e selettività. Dapprima Il metodo messo a punto per l’analisi delle proteine istoniche è stato applicato all’analisi di istoni estratti da cellule HT29 trattate con due noti inibitori delle HDAC, valproato e butirrato, somministrati alle cellule a dosi diverse, che corrispondono alle dosi con cui sono stati testati in vivo, per convalidare il metodo per studi di inibizione di composti incogniti. Successivamente, lo studio è proseguito con lo scopo di evidenziare effetti legati alla diversa potenza e selettività degli inibitori. Le cellule sono state trattate con due inibitori più potenti, SAHA e MS275, alla stessa concentrazione. In entrambi i casi il metodo messo a punto ha permesso di evidenziare l’aumento dei livelli di acetilazione indotto dal trattamento con gli inibitori; ha inoltre messo in luce differenti livelli di acetilazione. Ad esempio il SAHA, potente inibitore di tutte le classi di HDAC, ha prodotto un’estesa iperacetilazione di tutte le proteine istoniche, mentre MS275 selettivo per la classe I di HDAC, ha prodotto modifiche molto più blande. E’ stato quindi deciso di applicare questo metodo per studiare la dose e la tempo-dipendenza dell’effetto di quattro diversi inibitori delle HDAC (SAHA, MS275, MC1855 e MC1568) sulle modifiche post-traduzionali di istoni estratti da cellule HT29. Questi inibitori differiscono oltre che per la struttura chimica anche per il profilo di selettività nei confronti delle HDAC appartenenti alle diverse classi. Sono stati condotti quindi studi di dose-dipendenza che hanno consentito di ottenere i valori di IC50 (concentrazione capace di ridurre della metà la quantità relativa dell’istone meno acetilato) caratteristici per ogni inibitore nei confronti di tutte le classi istoniche. E’ stata inoltre calcolata la percentuale massima di inibizione per ogni inibitore. Infine sono stati eseguiti studi di tempo-dipendenza. I risultati ottenuti da questi studi hanno permesso di correlare i livelli di acetilazione delle varie classi istoniche con la selettività d’azione e la struttura chimica degli inibitori somministrati alle cellule. In particolare, SAHA e MC1855, inibitori delle HDAC di classi I e II a struttura idrossamica, hanno causato l’iperacetilazione di tutte le proteine istoniche, mentre MC1568 (inibitore selettivo per HDAC di classe II) ha prodotto l’iperacetilazione solo di H4. Inoltre la potenza e la selettività degli inibitori nel provocare un aumento dei livelli di acetilazione a livello delle distinte classi istoniche è stata correlata al destino biologico della cellula, tramite studi di vitalità cellulare. E’ stato osservato che il SAHA e MC1855, inibitori potenti e non selettivi, somministrati alla coltura HT29 a dose 50 μM producono morte cellulare, mentre MS275 alla stessa dose produce accumulo citostatico in G1/G0. MC1568, invece, non produce effetti significatici sul ciclo cellulare. Questo studio ha perciò dimostrato che l’analisi tramite HPLC-ESI-MS delle proteine istoniche permette di caratterizzare finemente la potenza e la selettività di nuovi composti inibitori delle HDAC, prevedendone l’effetto sul ciclo cellulare. In maggiore dettaglio è risultato che l’iperacetilazione di H4 non è in grado di provocare modifiche significative sul ciclo cellulare. Questo metodo, insieme alle analisi MALDI-TOF e LC-ESI-MSMS che permettono di individuare l’ordine di acetilazione delle lisine della coda N-terminale, potrà fornire importanti informazioni sugli inibitori delle HDAC e potrà essere applicato per delineare la potenza, la selettività e il meccanismo di azione di nuovi potenziali inibitori di questa classe enzimatica in colture cellulari tumorali.
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The study of protein expression profiles for biomarker discovery in serum and in mammalian cell populations needs the continuous improvement and combination of proteins/peptides separation techniques, mass spectrometry, statistical and bioinformatic approaches. In this thesis work two different mass spectrometry-based protein profiling strategies have been developed and applied to liver and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) for the discovery of new biomarkers. The first of them, based on bulk solid-phase extraction combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization - Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and chemometric analysis of serum samples, was applied to the study of serum protein expression profiles both in IBDs (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) and in liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, viral hepatitis). The approach allowed the enrichment of serum proteins/peptides due to the high interaction surface between analytes and solid phase and the high recovery due to the elution step performed directly on the MALDI-target plate. Furthermore the use of chemometric algorithm for the selection of the variables with higher discriminant power permitted to evaluate patterns of 20-30 proteins involved in the differentiation and classification of serum samples from healthy donors and diseased patients. These proteins profiles permit to discriminate among the pathologies with an optimum classification and prediction abilities. In particular in the study of inflammatory bowel diseases, after the analysis using C18 of 129 serum samples from healthy donors and Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and inflammatory controls patients, a 90.7% of classification ability and a 72.9% prediction ability were obtained. In the study of liver diseases (hepatocellular carcinoma, viral hepatitis and cirrhosis) a 80.6% of prediction ability was achieved using IDA-Cu(II) as extraction procedure. The identification of the selected proteins by MALDITOF/ TOF MS analysis or by their selective enrichment followed by enzymatic digestion and MS/MS analysis may give useful information in order to identify new biomarkers involved in the diseases. The second mass spectrometry-based protein profiling strategy developed was based on a label-free liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole - time of flight differential analysis approach (LC ESI-QTOF MS), combined with targeted MS/MS analysis of only identified differences. The strategy was used for biomarker discovery in IBDs, and in particular of Crohn’s disease. The enriched serum peptidome and the subcellular fractions of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) from healthy donors and Crohn’s disease patients were analysed. The combining of the low molecular weight serum proteins enrichment step and the LCMS approach allowed to evaluate a pattern of peptides derived from specific exoprotease activity in the coagulation and complement activation pathways. Among these peptides, particularly interesting was the discovery of clusters of peptides from fibrinopeptide A, Apolipoprotein E and A4, and complement C3 and C4. Further studies need to be performed to evaluate the specificity of these clusters and validate the results, in order to develop a rapid serum diagnostic test. The analysis by label-free LC ESI-QTOF MS differential analysis of the subcellular fractions of IECs from Crohn’s disease patients and healthy donors permitted to find many proteins that could be involved in the inflammation process. Among them heat shock protein 70, tryptase alpha-1 precursor and proteins whose upregulation can be explained by the increased activity of IECs in Crohn’s disease were identified. Follow-up studies for the validation of the results and the in-depth investigation of the inflammation pathways involved in the disease will be performed. Both the developed mass spectrometry-based protein profiling strategies have been proved to be useful tools for the discovery of disease biomarkers that need to be validated in further studies.