Impact of eutrophication on biodiversity of the macrozoobenthos community in a Chinese shallow lake

Comparative studies on community structure and biodiversity of macrozoobenthos were carried out in three lake areas with different states of eutrophication (mesotrophic, eutrophic and hypereutrophic) in a shallow subtropic lake (Lake Donghu) in the middle basin of the Yangtze River of China. Thirty-three taxa (including six Mollusca, five Oligochaeta, 15 Chironomidae and seven other zoobenthos) were found during February 1998 to April 1999. The results show that the more eutrophic the lake water, the lower the macrozoobenthos species diversity (measured as species number, diversity index, and K-dominant curves). Abundance of the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri was positively correlated with the degree of eutrophication, which was due mainly to its ability to tolerate low dissolved oxygen. The chironomid Tanypus chinensis also thrived in the hypereutrophic environment; however, it was less endurable to eutrophication than L. hoffmeisteri.

Sequences of cytochrome b gene for primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia and their phylogenetic concerning

1140 bp of cytochrome b gene were amplified and sequenced from 14 species of primitive cyprinid fishes in East Asia. Aligned with other ten cytochrome b gene sequences of cyprinid fish from Europe and North America retrieved from Gene bank, we obtained a matrix of 24 DNA sequences. A cladogram was generated by the method of Maximum likelihood for the primitive cyprinid fishes. The result indicated that subfamily Leuciscinae and Danioninae do not form a monophyletic group. In the subfamily Danioninae, Opsariichthys biden and Zacco platypus are very primitive and form a natural group and located at the root. But the genera in subfamily Danioninae are included in different groups and have not direct relationship. Among them, Aphyocypris chinensis and Yaoshanicus arcus form a monophyletic group. Tanichthys albonubes and Gobiocypris rarus have a close relation to Gobioninae. The genus Danio is far from other genera in Danioninae, In our cladogram, the genera in Leuciscinae were divided into two groups that have no direct relationship. The genera in Leuciscinae distributed in Europe, Sibera and North America, including Leuciscus, Rutilus, Phoxinus, N. crysole, Opsopoeodus emilae, form a monophyletic group. And the Leuciscinae in southern China including Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Mylopharyngodon piceus, Squalibarbus and Ochetobius elongatus have a common origination.

Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the foodweb of Ya-Er Lake area, China

Bioaccumulation of PCDD/F in the foodweb was investigated in the Ya-Er Lake area, which was heavily polluted by PCDD/F. The high concentrations of PCDD/F in sediment can be transferred and bioaccumulated by aquatic organisms and humans through various pathways. Benthonic invertebrate animals and aquatic plants with a lot of fibers in the root can accumulate PCDD/F from sediment and water. Snail (Bellamya aeruginosa), shrimp (Macrobranchium sp.) and freshwater mussel (Acuticosta chinensis (Lea)) took up PCDD/F from the water and maintained the emission patterns, whereas fish tended to selectively accumulate 2,3,7,8-substituted isomers. The tissues of fish-eating bird and duck (Anas platyrhynchos) were very highly contaminated by PCDD/F due to ingestion of fish and other aquatic organisms from sediment. The residual concentration in breast milk depended on the original concentration of PCDD/F in the food. A resident in Ya-Er Lake area showed a daily intake of PCDD/ F of about 9.14 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day. This is higher than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for PCDD/F (1 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day), which was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

西夫韦肽和盐肤木提取物体外抗HIV 活性及机制研究

本论文主要由3 个相对独立的部分组成: 西夫韦肽抗HIV 活性机制研究及其 联合用药和耐药性研究，盐肤木提取物及其化合物抗HIV 活性机制研究和精子 顶体反应抑制剂AGB 抗HIV 活性及机制研究。 HIV 侵入抑制剂是抗HIV 药物研发的热点。该类抑制剂靶定在病毒复制周 期早期，为HARRT 疗法提供了更多新的药物组合，且该类抑制剂对临床中已产 生的耐药毒株也有较好的抑制作用。目前FDA 批准上市的侵入抑制剂仅有T-20， 急需开发新一类的HIV-1 侵入抑制剂。西夫韦肽是由36 个氨基酸组成的多肽， 我们对西夫韦肽进行了一系列体外抗HIV 药效学的实验来研究西夫韦肽体外抗 HIV 活性以及作用机制。实验结果表明西夫韦肽对多种HIV 宿主细胞毒性小， 可以有效抑制HIV-1IIIB 诱导的C8166 细胞的病变效应，EC50 值仅为7.8ng/ml ， TI 值大于 384,615;在不同的检测方法中，西夫韦肽均表现出了比T-20 更好的抑 制活性，EC50 值低了13-42 倍。在对HIV-1 临床分离株、耐药株、两株HIV-2 毒株和SIVmac239 的抑制活性研究表明西夫韦肽也可以很好地抑制 HIV-1 临床株 HIV-1KM018 的复制，EC50 值低至4.4ng/ml，对耐药株HIV-174V、HIV-2 和 SIVmac239 的复制也均有较好的抑制作用。 在机制研究中，我们发现西夫韦肽极有效地抑制HIV-1慢性感染H9细胞与 正常C8166细胞间的融合作用，EC50 低至0.4ng/ml，表明西夫韦肽可以以极低的 浓度有效抑制HIV进入宿主细胞。用GST-pull down 实验进一步验证了西夫韦肽 和T-20可以很好地与HR1结合而不能与HR2结合，作用机制就是特异地与gp41的 HR1结合从而抑制了6-Helix的形成，阻断了HIV的融合过程。由于HIV的高变异 性，单一药物治疗容易产生耐药性，最终导致治疗失败。因此在新药开发中进行 药物与作用靶不同的已上市药物体外联合用药和耐药性研究是非常必要的，将对 临床应用有指导意义，我们的实验结果表明西夫韦肽与AZT联合用药体外抗HIV-1作用较单独用药好，不同检测方法联合用药比单独使用西夫韦肽的效果好 8.3-9.4倍；耐药性研究表明其体外诱导耐药性产生的时间与T-20相仿，与T-20有 交叉耐药。 我国传统的中医药是个巨大的宝库，有丰富的临床经验，中医药治疗艾滋病 有着一定的潜力。从我国国情出发，利用中医药的独特性及经济性，开发传统的 具有我国特色的艾滋病治疗天然药物成为AIDS 防治工作的当务之急。盐肤木是 中国的本土植物，在我国民间用作传统医药有着悠久的历史。盐肤木茎提取物尤 其是石油醚提取部分RC-1 具有较好的抗HIV 活性，且作用于病毒复制周期的后 期，从中分离得到的化合物1、2、4、5 和6 都是RC-1 的活性成份；盐肤木茎 提取物乙酸乙酯提取物RC-2 中也有较好的抗HIV 作用，其中的化合物8、9、 10 和13 是抗HIV 的活性成分，且作用机制各不相同，这些有效化合物的抗HIV 机制值得进一步的研究。 杀微生物剂是一种局部用药于阴道或宫颈的药物制剂，由女性自主控制防止 性传播疾病病原体包括HIV 的感染，是近年来的研究热点之一。AGB(4`-乙酰胺 苯基 4-胍基苯甲酸酯)是顶体酶的抑制剂，我们的实验表明AGB 有很好的杀精 子作用，还具有体外抗HIV-1 的作用，作用机制主要是阻断HIV-1 进入细胞。

矿山废弃物中重金属污染行为及其对白菜品质的影响

综合运用环境地球化学、土壤学、生态学和统计学的方法开展了矿山废弃物尾矿石的堆置对土壤造成的污染以及矿区土壤重金属污染对白菜（Brassica Chinensis）的卫生品质和营养品质的影响研究。静态培养试验和动力学淋溶试验证明：在环境因素（如降水）的作用下，尾矿石的堆置将对下伏土壤的重金属含量产生长久影响，随着降水量以及酸度的增加，土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn的全量和有效态含量都有所升高并且土层间的差异减小。有机酸能不同程度地促进土壤中的重金属转化为有效态，增强重金属的生物有效性；多元梭酸比一元梭酸的转化率高。另外，有机酸对重金属的转化作用随其浓度的增大而增强，在低温范围内，随温度的升高而增加。通过网室盆栽试验，研究了土壤受Cu、Cd、Pb，Zn单一重金属污染后对大白菜吸收Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn以及植物体内粗纤维和维生素C含量的影响；同时还进一步对Cd-P交互作用影响大白菜吸收Cd、P以及植物体内粗纤维和维生素C含量的情况进行了研究，结果表明大白菜从污染的土壤吸收重金属与土壤中目标元素的含量呈极显著正相关，对非目标重金属的吸收情况复杂，因不同元素间的相互作用机制而异；白菜体内粗纤维和抗坏血酸含量随土壤重金属浓度的增加而降低，它们之间呈极显著的负相关关系。在采用大白菜进行高等植物毒性试验的基础上，首次运用典型相关分析方法对Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn复合污染土壤的生态毒性进行了评价，分别建立了由4元素共同组成的复合污染土壤毒性的线性组合函数和由芽生物量抑制率和根伸长抑制率组成的植物学表征的线性组合函数，并计算了其第一典型变量Toxl（土壤毒性）和BloL（植物学表征）之间的相关系数为0.94（p＜0.01）。典型相关分析是介质毒性评价的有效方法之一。

中药射干的化学成分研究

本学位论文由4章组成。第一章是论文的主体，报道了中药射干的化学成分研究。第二章是中药射干代用品川射干的化学成分研究，并附带报道了西番莲化学成分的研究结果。第三章是射干、川射干及西番莲提取物化学成分串联质谱分析的报道。第四章为综述，概述了射干及鸢尾属植物的化学成分和药理研究进展。 在第一和二章中分别报道了射干（Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.）、川射干 （Iris tectorum Maxim.）及西番莲（Passiflora incarnate L.）化学成分的分离纯化与结构鉴定。采用正、反相硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析、薄层制备及HPLC等各种分离方法，从三种药用植物中共分离出68个不同的化合物，其中61个的结构得 得以鉴定，另外4个化合物的结构正在鉴定中，3个由于量少且有点杂质未作进一步的鉴定。 中药射干（Rhizoma Belamcandae）为射干植物的干燥根茎，从中共分离出53个化合物，通过红外、质谱及核磁共振等波谱方法鉴定了包括12个新化合物在内的48个，结构类型分别属于iridal型三萜及其新颖的二聚体、异黄酮、黄酮及黄酮醇、香豆素、甾体、芳香酸和脂肪酸及其甘油酯等。新化合物中有两个异黄酮类化合物，其结构分别鉴定为5,7,8,4′-四羟基-6-甲氧基异黄酮和5,6-二羟基-4′-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷；八个新的iridal型三萜化合物分别鉴定为鸢尾烯（L）、16-甲氧基鸢尾烯、16-去羟基鸢尾烯、2-(E)-16-去羟基鸢尾烯、16-去羟基鸢尾烯B、3-乙酰基-16-去羟基鸢尾烯、iristectoroneL和iristectoroneM；两个结构骨架新颖的双三萜，分别命名为射干素A和射干素B，其分离纯化的困难以及结构的新颖和复杂突显出该论文的科学意义。除这些新化合物外，还有9个已知化合物为首次从中药射干中分离得到。此外，从中药射干的代用品川射干中分离得到7个已知化合物，主要是黄酮类成分及iridal型三萜化合物，其中1个三萜化合物为从射干中分离鉴定的新成分。另外还从西番莲中分离出8个化合物，鉴定了其中的6个，主要为黄酮碳苷。 第三章是关于射干、川射干及西番莲提取物化学成分的ESI-MS-MS分析，在初步探讨了从这些植物中分离鉴定出的一些异黄酮及黄酮碳苷的质谱裂解规律基础上，通过质谱和串联质谱分析，定性和半定量地检测了射干和川射干中主要的异黄酮成分以及西番莲中的黄酮碳苷成分，为这些药材品质的快速鉴定提供了一种简便方法。 第四章概述了射干及鸢尾属药用植物的化学和药理研究进展，特别是对其中异黄酮及三萜类成分的研究进展进行了深入系统的综述。 This dissertation is composed by four chapters. The first and second chapter reports the phytochemical investigation of three medicine plants, Belamcanda chinensis (L.)DC., Iris tectorum Maxim. and Passiflora incarnate L. Sixty eight different compounds were isolated and sixty one of them were identified. The third chapter described rapid ESI-MS-MS analysis of B. chinensis, I. tectorum, and P. incarnate. The forth part is a review about the progress of studies on the chemical constituents from Belamcanda chinensis and Iris species. Fifty-three compounds were isolated from Rhizoma Belamcandae, the rhizomes of B. chinensis by the methods of column chromatography (normal and reversed phase silica gel, Sephadex LH-20), preparative TLC and HPLC. On the basis of spectroscopic methods including IR, ESI-MS, 1-D and 2-D NMR, forty eight of them were identified as seventeen flavonoids, seventeen tritepenoids, one cumarin, five steroids and some benzene derivative etc. Among them, the structures of twelve new compounds were elucidated as 6-methoxy-5,7,8,4′-tetrahydryoxyisoflavoe, 4′-methoxy-5,6-dihydroxyisoflavone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, iristectorene L, 16-methoxyisoiridogermanal, 16-dehydroxyisoiridogermanal, 2-(E)-16-dehydroxy isoiridogermanal, 16-dehydroxyiristectorene B, 3-acetyl-16-dehydroxyisoiridoger- manal, iristectorone L, iristectorone M, belamcandene A and belamcandene B. Last two new compounds are dimer of triterpenoids with a novel carbon skeleton. Beside the new compounds, nine known ones were isolated from this plant for the first time. Isolation of I. tectorum yielded seven compounds. On the basis of spectroscopic methods including ESI-MS, NMR and the comparison with authentic samples, three of them were determined as isoflavone, two of them were triterpenoids, and other two were β-sitosterol and apocynin. All of them are known compounds except one of iridal type triterpenoid, 16-dehydroxyiristectorene B, which also obtained from B. chinensis as a new compound. Isolation of P. incarnate yielded eight compounds. Six of them were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods including ESI-MS, NMR and the comparison with authentic samples. Four of them are flavone-C-gluconside, and two are steroids. The third chapter describes the tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS-MS) analysis of the isoflavonoids from B. chinensis and I. tectorum, as well as C-glycosyl-flavonoide from P. incarnate, in order to explore the rapid methodology of validating the quality of the herbs. In addition, the fractionation rules of some iosflavonoids and C-glycosyl-flavonoids were discussed. The fourth chapter summarizes the research development on chemistry and pharmacology of medicine plants of B.chinensis and Iris species.

低极性化合物的电喷雾质谱检测方法及几种中藏药材的活性成分研究

本学位论文首先报道了为解决低极性化合物的电喷雾质谱（ESI-MS）分析难题而建立的一种衍生化分析方法；然后从色谱-质谱联用分析、分离纯化和结构鉴定等方面分别报道了几种中藏药材的活性成分研究。论文由下述六章组成： 第一章报道了盐酸羟胺衍生化方法在电喷雾质谱 (ESI-MS) 分析中的应用。该方法利用盐酸羟胺和羰基成肟的快速反应，建立了针对三萜酮等含酮或醛羰基低极性化合物的ESI-MS 信号增强技术。此方法不仅可应用于增强羰基化合物的ESI-MS 质谱信号，还可检测化合物中羰基的个数以及辨别涉及羰基官能团的同分异构体。此外，通过简单的氧化反应，还可将该方法拓展到三萜醇、甾醇等含羟基的低极性化合物，增强它们的ESI-MS 信号。对比已报道的相关ESI-MS 增强质谱信号的衍生化方法，此方法有经济、实用、快速和简便的显著特点。 第二章是关于野生羌活及其栽培品种化学成分的色谱-质谱联用分析。对不同产地野生羌活生长过程中活性成分的动态变化、野生羌活不同形态部位和人工栽培羌活中的活性成分含量进行了HPLC 定量分析。结果表明主要活性成分羌活醇和异欧前胡素都随生长期存在规律性变化，羌活不同形态部位中的活性成分含量也有明显不同。这些实验结果有些较好地印证了传统中医的用药理论，有些也对羌活的传统使用方法提出了新的建议。 第三章介绍了几种传统中藏药材的色谱-质谱联用及串联质谱分析。通过GC-MS 方法，从藏药材长花党参挥发油中共分离鉴定出45 个化合物；利用HPLC方法测定了该藏药材中的主要化学成分——木犀草素的含量（0.7%）；利用串联质谱技术，对西番莲和射干中的主要成分进行了快速鉴定，从西番莲中鉴定了4个黄酮碳苷；从不同产地的射干和川射干中鉴定了8 个主要异黄酮成分，其中包括一个未见报道的化合物。 第四章的内容为藏药材石莲叶点地梅的活性成分研究。从植物石莲叶点地梅(Androsace integra (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz.) 乙醇提取物的正丁醇萃取部分共分离和鉴定了6 个化合物，利用MS 和NMR 等现代波谱学技术阐明了它们的结构：其中包括4 个三萜类化合物：分别是androsacin (1)、 ardisiacrispin A (2) 、saxifragifolin A (3) 和20(29)-lupen-3-one (4)；一个神经酰胺：4-羟基-Δ8,9(Z)-鞘氨醇-2'-羟基正二十四碳酸酰胺(5)；一个甾体类化合物：胡萝卜苷(6)。化合物1为新的13,28-epoxy-oleanane 型三萜皂苷，在其结构表征的过程中，采用LC-MS 进行糖分析，获得了值得推广的好结果。通过活性筛选发现化合物1~3 对HepG2肝癌细胞表现出不同程度的抑制活性，其中化合物2 活性最好，其IG50 为1.65μg/mL。 第五章是关于一些传统中藏药材的农药活性筛选。利用Syngenta 公司的活性筛选平台对68 种传统中藏药材醇提物进行了抗菌和除草的生物源农药活性筛选。结果表明所筛选的68 种植物提取物中，共有14 种样品表现出明显的除草/杀虫活性，其中水母雪莲花、松萝和茯神木等植物提取物还具有多种生物活性。活性成分还有待进一步追踪分离、纯化和结构鉴定。 第六章为文献综述，概述了羌活药材的研究进展。对羌活属及药用羌活植物从分类学、本草学、品质评价、人工栽培、化学成分及药理作用等方面进行了文献归纳和总结。 In this dissertation, an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) signal enhancement method, as well as the work of bioactive components study, HPLC-MS/MS application, bioassay screening, chromatograph separation and structure identification of the metabolites in several medicinal herbs have been reported. First chapter expounded a rapid, simple ESI-MS sensitivity enhancement method for detecting carbonyl groups in natural products has been developed by using hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH·HCl) as a derivatization reagent. We use the oxime formed during the derivatization reactions and its Beckmann rearrangement intermediates as a means of detecting the carbonyl groups originally present in these triterpenoids. In comparison with other derivatization methods in the literature, this method is simple, specific and can be used to detect carbonyl groups in triterpenoids which have low polarity and are poorly or non-ionizable. Moreover, it can also be used to detect hydroxyl groups by using the Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) to convert primary and secondary hydroxyls into carbonyl groups. Chapter 2 reported an HPLC-MS method for analyzing the main bioactive compounds in both wild and cultured Notopterygium incisum. The results indicated that the main bioactive compounds varied through different seasons regularly, and in different commercial parts of this herb the content of these compounds also differed from each other. The quantitative analysis results showed that in the traditional commercial parts, the content of main chemical constitutes in Silkworm Notopterygium, Bamboo Notopterygium and Irregular-nodal Notopterygium are higher than that in Striped Notopterygium. This result is tally with the traditionally concept that the quality of Notopterygium, Bamboo Notopterygium and Irregular-nodal Notopterygium are better than that of Striped Notopterygium, which means that the quality of rhizomes is better than main roots. The chemical constituents of cultured N. incisum is reported for the first time in this dissertation and the analysis results showed some growth curves of chemical constituents in this plant, but still left some questions unanswered. Chapter 3 discussed the GC/LC-MS analysis of the traditional Chinese medicines Codonopsis thalictrifolis, Passiflora incarnate, Belamcanda chinensis and Passiflora incarnate. The main constituent, luteolin was isolated and identified from the traditional Tibet medicine of C. thalictrifolis. The quantitative analysis by HPLC has revealed that the content of luteolin in this herb is 0.7%. GC-MS was employed to analyzed chemical constituents of the essential oil from the flower of C. thalictrifolis. More than 60 peaks were detected and 45 of them were identified by comparing their spectra with that of the standards in the database and literatures. ESI-MS/MS was used to analyze the n-butanol extract of Passiflora incarnate. Based on the information of pseudo molecular ions and fragment ions of the glycosides, four major flavone-C-glycosides have been detected and identified as 7-methoxyluteolin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside, vitexin, swertisin and orientin. The isoflavone compounds in theextracts of three samples of B. chinensis collected in Gansu, Sichuan and Hunan, and the extract of Iris tectorum collected in Sichuan were analyzed by using TOF-HRMS and IT-MS. From the extracts of these herbs, a new isoflavone, identified as 5’,5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-3’4’-dimethoxyl isoflavon, and 7 known ones have been identified by analyzing the fragmentation patterns and their molecular formulas given by HRMS and the tandem mass spectrometry acquired by IT-MS. Chapter 4 elucidated the isolation and identification of a new triterpene saponin, androsacin (1), along with five known compounds (2-6) were isolated from the whole plants of Androsace integra (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz., an herb used in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine. The chemical structure of the new compound was established as 3β-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl}-16α-hydroxy-13β,28-epoxy-olean-30-al by analyzing its MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra. Compound 2 was cytotoxic toward HepG2 cancer cell with the GI50 value of 1.65 μg/mL. Chapter 5 described the biogenic pesticide activity screening of 68 traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine extractions. The intention of this study is to explore bioactive natural compounds from these traditional medicinal herbs for biogenic insecticides use. Based on Syngenta’s bioassay, 14 extractions of these traditional medicines showed pesticide activities, and some of them had multi-activities on antibacterial and insecticidal. Chapter 6 is a review on the chemical and bioactivity research progress of Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii.

贡嘎山麦吊杉(Plcea brachytyly)群落的结构研究

群落结构的确定是群落研究的基础。本文立足于个体、种群、群落三级水平，从空间和时间两种概念出发，对贡嘎山麦吊杉(Picea brachytyla)群落的结构进行了研究。经初步统计，在麦吊杉林分布的主要地段共有维管束植物93科、263属、约560种，其中种子植物71科、220属、479种。通过种子植物区系地理成份的分析表明，麦吊杉群落的区系组成具有区系成分复杂、特有现象明显和成分古老的特点。在生活型组成上，麦吊杉群落的高位芽植物所占比例最大，其中小高位芽植物最多，而在叶级谱中小叶类型占有较明显的优势。通过种—面积曲线和重要值—面积曲线两种方法求得的麦吊杉群落的最小面积在800-900平方米之间，实际应用时可选用1000平方米的保守面积。在物种的综合特征分析中，群落表现出优势种明显的特征，而存在度II占有最大的比例。物种多样性的研究表明，贡嘎山麦吊杉群落的Shannon-Wiener指数在2.33-3.26之间，Simpson指数在0.43-0.70之间，种间相遇(PIE)在0.42-0.79之间，而以Shannon-Wiener指数为基础的均匀度在34.45%-62.90%之间。麦吊杉群落的垂直结构较为复杂，分层明显。一般可划分出乔木层、灌木层、草本层和活地被层四个基本层次，乔木层通常还可划分为2-3个亚层，由高海拔至低海拔成层现象有逐渐复杂的趋势。构成麦吊杉群落的层片类型较多，其中以常绿针叶大高位芽植物为其建群层片。麦吊杉林中的层外植物较丰富，种子植物、蕨类植物、以及苔藓植物和地衣植物皆可构成其空中层片，其中苔藓植物生长繁茂，反映出群落结构的完整性。麦吊杉群落结构的水平分化较明显，经研究，其密度值在0.32-0.41之间，平均距离在1.56-1.41之间。应用Raunkiaer的频度指数方法对整个麦吊杉群落的种群频度进行调查后表明，其频度分布情况与Raunkiaer的频度定律基本上是符合的，即A>B> Cchinensis)呈Poisson分布外，其余优势种多呈集群分布。在种间联结测定时，本文选用了联结系数方法对62种乔木和60种灌木的联结特征进行了测定，结果表明，该群落可以细划为四个结构组分，各组分都有其不同的种群生态组合。本文以立木级结构代替种群年龄结构，对麦吊杉种群的动态进行了分析，结合各种群存活曲线的分析，表明麦吊杉种群正界于相对稳定与衰退时期，由于补充率小于死亡率，衰退的趋势已明显表现出来。本文还从区系成分、生活型组成、生境特点、层片结构、结构分化等方面对麦吊杉群落的特点进行了分析和讨论，并对麦吊杉种群分布格局的成因进行了探讨。

九寨沟景区旅游活动扰动形成的退化地段植被恢复试验初报

日益增强的旅游活动干扰已成为九寨沟世界自然遗产的有效保护与持续管理不可回避的问题，也已成为当前区域生态保护与经济发展的焦点问题之一。评估乡土植物种的基本特征、质量、种子休眠程度以及萌发能力；筛选适宜的植被恢复乡土物种并选择有效植被恢复技术措施是开展植被恢复试验的重要前提和保障。本文以九寨沟世界自然遗产为例,通过对景区乡土植物种子基本特征的测定以及采用乡土物种作为植被恢复技术试验与恢复技术筛选的试验物种，在景区旅游干扰区的三种生境类型：原始针叶林、混交林和边坡，根据不同的影响因素设计试验，从而探索适宜的恢复措施和植被恢复物种。初步结论如下： 1． 本文研究的28种乡土植物中，17种测定的物种活力较高(>72%)，均具有作为恢复物种的潜力。但28种种子中75%的发芽率为0%。大部分种子存在一定程度的休眠，包括甘肃山楂、称花藤、疏花槭、陇东海棠、球花荚迷、巴东小檗、蔷薇、宝兴栒子、光泽栒子、光枝柳叶忍冬、甘青铁线莲、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花、糙叶五加和独活。因而种子存在深度休眠是乡土物种自然更新和植被恢复的主要障碍，需要根据种子的形态生理特征，寻求打破乡土植物种子休眠的有效方法，提高种子发芽率。 2．低温层积只显著提高了蔷薇、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花和假升麻3种种子的发芽率，也相对较早地提高了陇东海棠、鲜黄小檗和独活的萌发。对于其它物种的种子，低温层积没能有效打破休眠提高发芽率。综合分析结果表明九寨沟28种林下或林缘乡土植物中窄叶鲜卑花、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花、假升麻、陇东海棠、鲜黄小檗和独活等12种可直播或通过低温层积处理后直播用于旅游干扰退化地段的植被恢复中，而其它的种类尚需进一步寻求打破休眠的措施以提高种子发芽能力。 3．在原始林生境下，七筋菇、巴东小檗、耳叶风毛菊、长叶毛花忍冬及独活5种乡土植物种子的出苗能力不高，因此目前急需提出有关提高种子出苗的方法措施。在相同的处理条件下，不同物种出苗数存在着较大的差异，相比而言，巴东小檗、耳叶风毛菊和长叶毛花忍冬种子出苗与幼苗存活较高，对于其环境适应能力较强，因此它们更适宜采用播种的方式应用于九寨沟原始林践踏地段地表的植被恢复实践；而七筋菇和独活在室内和自然气候条件下萌发都很困难，在植被恢复过程中，可考虑采用其它播种方式。而在边坡和混交林生境试验结果表明，供试物种无萌发和出苗现象，这可能跟外界环境条件、干扰和种子命运有关。 4． 本研究中腐殖质、松土和苔藓覆盖处理措施均未能提高物种出苗，且对样方内植被结构以及物种丰富度也无显著影响，其中的影响因素也是多方面的，因此还需进一步研究探索。但腐殖质对幼苗存活能力方面有一定的积极作用。 The increasing tourism disturbance is an unavoidable issue to effective conservation and sustaind tourist management of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. It has become one of the focal problems of regional ecological protect and economic development. Assessing the traits, quality, seed dormancy and germination of native seed and choosing the suitable species and ways for vegetation restoration were the important precondition and guarantee before vegetation restoration. In this paper, as an example to Jiuzhaigou world nature heritage, through the estimation to the basic characteristics of native seeds and the use of native species for the test of vegetation restoration and the choosing of vegetation restoration techniques, in three different habitats being disturbed, including the primitive forest, mixed forest and side slope. According to different factors, designing experiments in order to explore the appropriate measures and species of vegetation restoration . Our results are as follows: 1． There are 77% seeds of the 28 species with high viability(>72%), which had the potential possibility of being restoration species. The germination of 75% of the seed was 0%.Most of the seed was dormant, So dormancy of seed was the barrier for natural regeneration and vegetation restoration, Further research is needed on investigating the other more effective methods to release seed dormancy of these native species in the future. 2． Cold stratification did not release seed dormancy of most species. In our study, there are only 3 species including Clematis peterae var. trichocarpa, Stachyurus chinensis and Aruncus sylvester (P<0.05) with germination percentage increased by cold stratification. By comprehensive analysis, the result shows: In 28 undergrowth native seeds, Sibiraea angustata, Clematis peterae var. trichocarpa, Stachyurus chinensis, Aruncus Sylvester, Malus kansuensis, Berberis diaphana,and Heracleum hemsleyanum could be used to vegetation restoration by sowing directly or sowing after cold stratification in degenerate gland being disturbed by turism, and othes seed of 28 were needed to search other methods to release seed dormancy for advancing the ability of germination. 3．In the habitat of primitive forest, the ability of emergence of the native species Clintonia udensis, Berberis henryana, Saussurea neofranchetii, Lonicera trichosantha var.xerocalyx and Heracleum hemsleyanum was low, so it is urgently needed to search about the methods of advancing emergence. In the sametreatment, the number of emergence of different species was very different. Relatively speaking, the emergence and seedling survival of the species Berberis henryana, Saussurea neofranchetii and Lonicera trichosantha var.xerocalyx was higher, and the adaptability of the species was better, so they were more suitable for vegetation restoration on trampling-induced degraded patches of primitive forest in Jiuzhaigou; But the germination of Clintonia udensis and Heracleum hemsleyanum was both difficult in laboratory and natural conditions, so it could be considered to apply other sowing methods. However, the result showed that: applied species didn’t germinate or emergent in the habitat of side slope and mixed forest, which could be related to external environment conditions, interference and the fate of the seed. 4．In this study, humus, scatification and bryophyte cover measures didn’t advance the emergence of the species or the structure of vegetation and richness in plot significantly, the impact factors of which were many, therefore further research is needed . However, humus had a certain positive effect on the ability of seedling survival.

大赖草总DNA转化小麦引起的HMW-GS基因变化及大赖草HMW-GS基因的克隆

应用花粉管通道技术将新疆大赖草总DNA导入小麦，用高重序列分析方法，已为大赖草总DNA转入小麦提供了初步的分子证据。在转 化后代中选育出稳定遗传的大穗变异株系，分析表明，这些转化株中蛋白质含量明显增高(13%-17%)。对基因供体新疆大赖草、受 体春麦761、转化株的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)进行了SDS-PAGE分析，发现这些转化株中HMW-GS发生了很大变化，并在此基础 上，用来自小麦基因组的四对特异引物，以PCR方法扩增供体、受体以及转化株的1Ax、1Bx、1Dx及1Ay、1By、1Dy型HMW-GS全基因 ，比较他们扩增产物的差异，结果表明，受体与转化株在HMW-GS基因1Ax、1Bx位点上的扩增产物差异不大，在HMW-GS基因位点1Dx 和y型基因上的扩增产物有较大差异，说明了受体在基因位点1Dx、1Ay、1By和1Dy上可能发生了多位点插入，可能由于这些基因位 点上的插入引起了转化株的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)的变化，这就再一次为大赖草总DNA导入提供了直接的分子证据。虽然大 赖草总DNA导入提高了小麦蛋白质的含量，改变了HMW-GS的组成，部分改变了品质评分，但我们感到这些转化株在品质改良方面仍 有很大余地，如何更好地利用新疆大赖草蛋白质的优良特性及避免总DNA导入给转化株带来的不良性状，一个大赖草HMW-GS基因正 被分离及克隆，并准备将其利用于未来的品质育种当中。Total DNA of Leymus racemosus had been transformed into wheat through pollen tube pathway. Analysis of the repeated gene sequence had provided an elementary proof. Some variant cultivars with big ear were screened from their offsprings, and their protein content increased greatly from 13% (receptor)to 17%(transformed). The result from SDS-PAGE analysis of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits(HMW- GS) respectively in donor(Xinjiang Leymus racemosus), receptor(spring wheat cultivar 761)and transformed wheats, showed the HMW-GS composition changed in the transformed plants. On the basis of the research, Four special pairs primers from wheat(T.aestivum L.) genome were used to amplify complete coding regions of HMW-GS genes on 1Ax、1Bx 、1Dx and 1Ay、1By、1Dy loci of donor、receptor and the big ear transformed cultivars. By comparing amplified PCR products. Faint differences were found among receptor and transformed cultivar's 1Ax、1Bx PCR amplifed products and apparent differences on those of 1Dx、y-typePCR product. We gueseed that there may be some DNA inserts in 1Dx 、1By、1Dy loci resulted in the changes of the HMW-GS among transformed cultivars. This provides second direct molecular witness to the exogenous DNA introduction. Even though the transformed plants have higher protein content, changed HMW-GS composition, partially improved process quality, there still leave much work to improve quality. In order to make full use of the excellent property of Leymus racemosus protein and avoid the disadvantages introducced by total DNA transformation, a HMW-GS gene of Leymus racemosus was being isolated and cloned.

大连地区中国对虾“红腿病”病原体及其感染寄主细胞的电镜观察

There are many kinds of pathogenic bacteria that can cause "the red-legged disease of penaeous chinensis. We focus on the study of those 'red-legged disease Caused by V. alginolyticus. The study implies that the pothogens infect the whole body of diseased penaeous chinensis. The pathogen bacteria and the cell ultrastructural pathology can be seen in the tissue cells including heart, liver, intestine and leg muscles.

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被自然恢复过程——以吴起县双树沟流域为例

采用TWINSPAN分类法对黄土丘陵沟壑区吴起县双树沟流域30个自然恢复草地植被进行分类,并对分类后各植被群落特征和地上生物量进行统计分析。结果表明:在自然恢复条件下,随着退耕年限的不断增加,退耕地植被自然恢复依次经历了猪毛蒿群落—赖草+长芒草群落—赖草+铁杆蒿群落—铁杆蒿群落—铁杆蒿+茭蒿群落5个发展阶段,地带性植被类型铁杆蒿+茭蒿群落在研究区内开始出现,并且已经占有一定优势;随着退耕地植被自然恢复的不断进行,Margalef等丰富度指数以及Shannon-wiener等多样性指数、Pielou等物种均匀度指数和地上生物量都呈现出先减小后增大的发展趋势;在植被自然恢复的稳定阶段,虽然物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数有一定的增加,但是相对恢复初期来讲还是有所下降,并且有达到与初期相当水平的趋势;物种丰富度指数均在第1恢复阶段最大,而均匀度指数Jsw以及Shannon-wiener指数在第5恢复阶段最高。随着退耕地植被自然恢复的不断进行,植被群落总盖度随着退耕年限的延长而不断增大。

生态恢复后的千烟洲植物群落种类组成及结构特征

Qianyanzhou(QYZ) Ecological Station established in 1983 with an area of 204 hm~2 is affiliated to the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network.Before 1982,herbs had been dominant,sparsely dotted with shrubs.After 20-year restoration of the vegetation,the vegetation showed significant changes in both forest coverage and species diversity.Forest coverage had increased to 93.3% in 1999 from 0.4% in 1982.The vegetation could be broadly classified into two groups: artificial forest,accounting for the most percent,and natural secondary forest.These two groups could be subdivided into 12 types.Based on the 2003 field work,The authors studied plant community composition and vertical structure.The results were as follows: 1) On the study plots were there about 150 species,of which 100,49,and 47 grew in arbor layer and shrub layer and herb layer,respectively.Of 12 community types,the amount of species in shrub layer was larger than that of other two layers.As to the species richness in the different community types,Liquidambar formosana community showed the highest and Imperata cylindrical var.major community the least.The amount of species in arbor layer of artificial forest was smaller than those of natural Pinus massoniana forest,but no difference in understory.2) Loropetalum chinense,Quercus fabric and Vaccinium bracteatum were dominant shrub species with a wide distribution.Three ferns Woodwardia japonica、Dryopteris atrata and Dicrannepteris dichotoma were dominant herb species.Lianas were sparse,but Milletlia reticulata were found in all forest types.3) Up to now some natural regeneration species,such as Eurya muricata、Quercus fabri、Vaccinium bracteatum、Rhus chinensis、Adinandra bockiana,had grown in the arbor layer of artificial forests.Some herb species,such as Arundinella setosa、Miscanthus floridulus、Isachne globosa、Scirpus triqueter,which were dominant ones in the herb layer before the restoration of vegetation,disappeared now.4) The vertical structure of natural Pinus massoniana community and Liquidambar formosana community showed more complex comparing with artificial forests.For the artificial forests,the conifer and broad-leaves mixed forest had a more complex structure.In both natural Pinus(massoniana) community and Liquidambar formosana community,it was dominated by individuals with height of 3～4 m,while 10～12 m in the artificial forests.

Structural characterization and identification of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans in Fructus Schisandrae using electrospray ionization ion trap multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry

The electrospray ionization ion trap multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn) and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MSn) have been applied successfully to the direct investigation of a number of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan constituents from the methanol extracts of the Fructus Schisandrae in the positive ion mode. The detailed structural characterization of the same skeleton and different peripheral substituents had been studied and the precise elemental compositions of ions at high mass resolution had been obtained. So the fragmentation mechanisms could be clarified.