Enhancing the magnetic characteristics of BiFeO3 nanoparticles by Ca, Ba co-doping

Multiferroic nanoparticles (NPs) of pristine and Ca, Ba co-doped BiFeO3 were synthesized by a facile sal gel route. Co-doping was done by fixing the total dopant concentration at 5 mol% and then the relative concentrations of Ca and Ba was varied. Structural, optical and magnetic properties of the NPs were investigated using different techniques. UV-Vis absorption spectra of BiFeO3 NPs showed a substantial blue shift of similar to 100 nm (530 nm -> 430 nm) on Ca. Ba co-doping which corresponds to increase in band gap by 0.5 eV. Fe-57 Mossbauer spectroscopy confirmed that iron is present only in 3(+) valence state in all co-doped samples. The coercive field increased by 18 times for Bi0.95Ca0.01Ba0.04FeO3 samples, which is the maximum enhancement, observed amongst all the 5 mol% doped samples. At the equimolar (2.5 mol % each) concentration of co-dopants, the coercive field shows a significant enhancement of about 9 times (220 Oe -> 2014 Oe) with concomitant increase in saturation magnetization by 7 times. Thus, equimolar co-doping causes simultaneous enhancement of the twin aspects of magnetic properties thereby making them better suited for device applications. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A LOWER INITIAL ABUNDANCE OF SHORT-LIVED Ca-41 IN THE EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SOLAR SYSTEM FORMATION

The short-lived radionuclide Ca-41 plays an important role in constraining the immediate astrophysical environment and the formation timescale of the nascent solar system due to its extremely short half-life (0.1 Myr). Nearly 20 years ago, the initial ratio of Ca-41/Ca-40 in the solar system was determined to be (1.41 +/- 0.14) x 10(-8), primarily based on two Ca-Al-rich Inclusions (CAIs) from the CV chondrite Efremovka. With an advanced analytical technique for isotopic measurements, we reanalyzed the potassium isotopic compositions of the two Efremovka CAIs and inferred the initial ratios of Ca-41/Ca-40 to be (2.6 +/- 0.9) x 10(-9) and (1.4 +/- 0.6) x 10(-9) (2 sigma), a factor of 7-10 lower than the previously inferred value. Considering possible thermal processing that led to lower Al-26/Al-27 ratios in the two CAIs, we propose that the true solar system initial value of Ca-41/Ca-40 should have been similar to 4.2 x 10(-9). Synchronicity could have existed between Al-26 and Ca-41, indicating a uniform distribution of the two radionuclides at the time of CAI formation. The new initial Ca-41 abundance is 4-16 times lower than the calculated value for steady-state galactic nucleosynthesis. Therefore, Ca-41 could have originated as part of molecular cloud materials with a free decay time of 0.2-0.4 Myr. Alternative possibilities, such as a last-minute input from a stellar source and early solar system irradiation, could not be definitively ruled out. This underscores the need for more data from diverse CAIs to determine the true astrophysical origin of Ca-41.

Phonon anomalies, orbital-ordering and electronic raman scattering in iron-pnictide Ca(Fe0.97Co0.03)(2)As-2: temperature-dependent Raman study

We report inelastic light scattering studies on Ca(Fe0.97Co0.03)(2)As-2 in a wide spectral range of 120-5200 cm(-1) from 5 to 300 K, covering the tetragonal to orthorhombic structural transition as well as magnetic transition at T-sm similar to 160 K. The mode frequencies of two first-order Raman modes B-1g and E-g, both involving the displacement of Fe atoms, show a sharp increase below T-sm. Concomitantly, the linewidths of all the first-order Raman modes show anomalous broadening below T-sm, attributed to strong spin-phonon coupling. The high frequency modes observed between 400 and 1200 cm(-1) are attributed to electronic Raman scattering involving the crystal field levels of d-orbitals of Fe2+. The splitting between xz and yz d-orbital levels is shown to be similar to 25 meV, which increases as temperature decreases below T-sm. A broad Raman band observed at similar to 3200 cm(-1) is assigned to two-magnon excitation of the itinerant Fe 3d antiferromagnet.

Timing Recovery Algorithms and Architectures for 2-D Magnetic Recording Systems

We investigate the problem of timing recovery for 2-D magnetic recording (TDMR) channels. We develop a timing error model for TDMR channel considering the phase and frequency offsets with noise. We propose a 2-D data-aided phase-locked loop (PLL) architecture for tracking variations in the position and movement of the read head in the down-track and cross-track directions and analyze the convergence of the algorithm under non-separable timing errors. We further develop a 2-D interpolation-based timing recovery scheme that works in conjunction with the 2-D PLL. We quantify the efficiency of our proposed algorithms by simulations over a 2-D magnetic recording channel with timing errors.

Epanaphoras de varia historia portugueza a El Rey Nosso Senhor D. Afonso VI : em cinco relaçoens de sucessos pertencentes a este reyno que contem negocios publicos, politicos, tragicos, amorosos, belicos, triunfantes

Francisco Manuel de Melo nasceu em Lisboa, e m 23 de novembro de 1608. e morreu na sua quinta em Alcântara, em 13 de outubro de 1666. Estudou em colégio Jesuíta, especializando-se em Filosofia e Teologia. Aos dezessete anos, decidiu seguir carreira militar. Condenado por instigar homicídio, esteve preso por onze anos e, em 1655, foi degredado para o Brasil, para onde partiu na armada de Francisco de Brito Freire. Retornou a Portugal em 1658. De lá foi pua a Itália, onde permaneceu p r alguns anos e começou, em 1664, a fazer uma edição completa de suas obras as quais por motivo ignorado não deu continuidade. Transferiu-se para Lisboa onde veio a falecer. Historiador, poeta, orador e crítico moralista, Francisco Manuel foi um dos escritores mais eruditos e polidos. ‘Epanaphoras de varia historia portugueza...’ na sua primeira edição publicada em 1660 trazia dedicatória do autor ao Rei D. Afonso Vl, substituída, pelo editor Craesbeeck, na segunda edição, por dedicatória a D. João da Silva, Marquês de Gouvêa. A obra é composta de cinco epanaforas. Em três delas, Francisco Manuel relata acontecimentos que testemunhou: na Epanáfora Política conta o levante ocorrido em Evora em 1637; na Epanáfora Bélica narra a batalha naval da armada de D. Antonio ocorrida contra os holandeses no Canal da Mancha, em 1637; na Epanáfora Trágica descreve o naufrágio da frota de D. Manuel de Meneses na costa francesa. Outras duas Epanáforas - a Amorosa e a Triunfante - não fazem parte do gênero das memórias; referem-se, respectivamente, a uma lenda sobre o descobrimento da Ilha da Madeira e a restauração de Pernambuco, em 1654. Inocêncio afirma que a primeira edição é ‘infinitamente superior a esta em correção’, onde se podem verificar vários erros, muito embora ambas sejam igualmente raras e tenham o mesmo valor .

Vita, et fatti dell'invitissimo imperatore Carlo Qvinto, et historie universali del mondo, de' suoi tempi... opera vitilissima a prencipi, signori, & capitani, & qual si voglia persona che d'historie si diletta composta dal Sig. Alfonso Ulloa, con la Pace, & Capitolationi seguite, tra li due potentissimi Prencipi Di Francia, & Spagna : & Con Toaule Copiosissime : & In questa ultima qditione in molti moughi mccresciuta, & migliorata

Afonso de Ulloa, escritor espanhol, nasceu em Zamora na primeira metade do século XVl e morreu em Veneza, Itália, em 1580. Filho de Francisco de Ulloa, oficial que esteve na África com Carlos V, seguiu também a carreira das armas, estabelecendo-se depois em Veneza. Desempenhou várias missões diplomáticas, escreveu muitas obras e traduziu para o italiano, língua que conhecia tanto quanto a materna, autores espanhóis e portugueses. Quanto à obra Vita, et fatti dell' invitissimo imperatore Carlo Qvinto.. . sabe-se que foi pela primeira vez impressa em Veneza em 1560 por Vincenzo Valgrisio e que foi muitas vezes reeditada. Salvo pela época, a edição supra referenciada não oferece grande interesse artístico, mas há uma interessante gravura com a efígie de Carlos V.

Repertorio dos cinquo livros das Ordenações do Senhor Rey D. Manuel, com addições das leys extravagantes : dirigido ao muito Illustre Senhor Dom Francisco Coutinho, Conde do Redondo, regedor da justiça deste reino / per o licenciado Duarte Nunez do Lião, Procurador da Casa da Sopprica��ão

As ‘Ordenaçoens do Senhor Rey D. Manuel’, conhecidas como Manuelinas, foram promulgadas, pela primeira vez, em 1514. Posteriormente, o rei mandou que esta edição fosse destruída, sendo substituída pela segunda e definitiva edição de 1521. Esta edição diferencia-se da primeira pela inclusão de muitas outras leis e ordenações pelo número de títulos, pela substância da legislação, pela ordem e disposição das matérias e pelo prólogo. O trabalho de organização deveu-se ao Chanceler-Mor Rui de Grã e ao Desembargador Cristóvão Esteves, principalmente. Em seu plano geral, as novas ‘Ordenaçoens’, embora redigidas em estilo mais conciso e decretatório, seguem o ‘Código Afonsino’, seu predecessor. Divergem desse código apenas na omissão de certas disposições que, na época, já haviam caducado e na introdução de outras provid��ncias adotadas no decurso dos sessenta anos de intervalo entre as duas compilações. Em 1560, Duarte Nunes do Leão organizou e dirigiu a elaboração do ‘Repertório dos cinquo livros das Ordenações do Senhor Rey D. Manuel, com addições das leys extravagantes’, complementando a coleção já existente

Palmerino d'Inghilterra : figliuolo del Re Don Duardo, que si contano gli fran fatti in arme che egli fece per amore della infanta Polinarda, figliuola di Primalcone, doue acquisto mortal fama, et di Floriano dal Deserto suo fratello, con alcuni gloriosi fatti del Prencipe Florendo, figliuolo di Primaleone

Nuouamente tradotto di spagnuolo in italiano

Primeira parte das cartas familiares de D. Francisco Manuel escritas a varias pessoas sobre assuntos diversos /recolhidas, e publicadas em Cinco Centurias por Antonio Luis de Azevedo, professor de Humanidades e por elle offerecidas a Illustriss. Doutiss. e Sempre Insigne Academia dos Generosos (sic.)

Francisco Manuel de Melo nasceu em Lisboa, em 23 de novembro de 1608, e morreu na sua quinta em Alcântara, em 13 de outubro de 1966. Estudou no colégio jesuíta, especializando-se em Filosofia e Teologia. Aos dezessete anos, decidiu seguir carreira militar. Condenado por instigar homicídio, esteve preso por onze anos, e, em 1655, foi degredado para o Brasil, para onde partiu na armada de Francisco de Brito Freire. Retornou a Portugal em 1658. De lá foi para a Itália, onde permaneceu por alguns anos e começou, em 1664, a fazer uma edição completa de suas obras, às quais, por motivo ignorado, não deu continuidade. Transferiu-se para Lisboa, onde, logo depois, veio a falecer. Historiador, poeta, orador e crítico-moralista, Francisco Manuel foi um dos escritores mais eruditos e polidos.

Indentification and characterization of a novel CA^(2+)-binding protein in avian erythrocytes

A novel Ca^(2+)-binding protein with Mr of 23 K (designated p23) has been identified in avian erythrocytes and thrombocytes. p23 localizes to the marginal bands (MBs), centrosomes and discrete sites around the nuclear membrane in mature avian erythrocytes. p23 appears to bind Ca^(2+) directly and its interaction with subcellular organelles seems to be modulated by intracellular [Ca^(2+)]. However, its unique protein sequence lacks any known Ca^(2+)-binding motif. Developmental analysis reveals that p23 association to its target structures occurs only at very late stages of bone marrow definitive erythropoeisis. In primitive erythroid cells, p23 distributes diffusely in the cytoplasm and lacks any distinct localization. It is postulated that p23 association to subcellular structures may be induced in part by decreased intracellular [Ca^(2+)]. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that p23 does not appear to act as a classical microtubule-associated protein (MAP) but p23 homologues appear to be expressed in MB-containing cells of a variety of species from different vertebrate classes. It has been hypothesized that p23 may play a regulatory role in MB stabilization in a Ca^(2+)-dependent manner.

Binucleated (bnbn) turkey erythrocytes were found to express a truncated p23 variant (designated p21) with identical subcellular localization as p23 except immunostaining reveals the presence of multi-centrosomes in bnbn cells. The p21 sequence has a 62 amino acid deletion at the C-terminus and must therefore have an additional ~40 amino acids at the N-terminus. In addition, p21 seems to have lost the ability to bind Ca^(2+) and its supramolecular interactions are not modulated by intracellular [Ca^(2+)]. These apparent differences between p23 and p21 raised the possibility that the p23/p21 allelism could be the Bn/bn genotype. However, genetic analysis suggested that p23/p21 allelism had no absolute correlation with the Bn/bn genotype.

Flavio Josefo e o paradigma de circularidade cultural entre as comunidades judaicas e a sociedade romana na Urbs do século I d.C

O paradigma de circularidade cultural entre a comunidade judaica e a sociedade romana foi construído pela historiografia através da análise do contato sociocultural e embates entre romanos e judeus que, ao longo da história, ocuparam o mesmo espaço em diversas regiões anexadas ao Império Romano. As relações de poder estabelecidas entre Roma e Jerusalém, após a ocupação da Jud��ia, apontam para uma hierarquização nas relações sociais, culturais e políticas entre romanos e judeus. O conceito de circularidade cultural de Carlo Ginzburg nos permite, a partir da trajetória de Flávio Josefo, identificar a dualidade no mundo social de Josefo, na qual, de um lado estavam as culturas dominantes (sociedade romana) e, do outro, as culturas subalternas (comunidades judaicas) que, apesar da marca��ão das diferenças, se influenciavam reciprocamente.

Implications of using On-Farm Flood Flow Capture to recharge groundwater and mitigate flood risks along the Kings River, CA

Two large hydrologic issues face the Kings Basin, severe and chronic overdraft of about 0.16M ac-ft annually, and flood risks along the Kings River and the downstream San Joaquin River. Since 1983, these floods have caused over $1B in damage in today’s dollars. Capturing flood flows of sufficient volume could help address these two pressing issues which are relevant to many regions of the Central Valley and will only be exacerbated with climate change. However, the Kings River has high variability associated with flow magnitudes which suggests that standard engineering approaches and acquisition of sufficient acreage through purchase and easements to capture and recharge flood waters would not be cost effective. An alternative approach investigated in this study, termed On-Farm Flood Flow Capture, involved leveraging large areas of private farmland to capture flood flows for both direct and in lieu recharge. This study investigated the technical and logistical feasibility of best management practices (BMPs) associated with On-Farm Flood Flow Capture. The investigation was conducted near Helm, CA, about 20 miles west of Fresno, CA. The experimental design identified a coordinated plan to determine infiltration rates for different soil series and different crops; develop a water budget for water applied throughout the program and estimate direct and in lieu recharge; provide a preliminary assessment of potential water quality impacts; assess logistical issues associated with implementation; and provide an economic summary of the program. At check locations, we measured average infiltration rates of 4.2 in/d for all fields and noted that infiltration rates decreased asymptotically over time to about 2 – 2.5 in/d. Rates did not differ significantly between the different crops and soils tested, but were found to be about an order of magnitude higher in one field. At a 2.5 in/d infiltration rate, 100 acres are required to infiltrate 10 CFS of captured flood flows. Water quality of applied flood flows from the Kings River had concentrations of COC (constituents of concern; i.e. nitrate, electrical conductivity or EC, phosphate, ammonium, total dissolved solids or TDS) one order of magnitude or more lower than for pumped groundwater at Terranova Ranch and similarly for a broader survey of regional groundwater. Applied flood flows flushed the root zone and upper vadose zone of nitrate and salts, leading to much lower EC and nitrate concentrations to a depth of 8 feet when compared to fields in which more limited flood flows were applied or for which drip irrigation with groundwater was the sole water source. In demonstrating this technology on the farm, approximately 3,100 ac-ft was diverted, primarily from April through mid-July, with about 70% towards in lieu and 30% towards direct recharge. Substantial flood flow volumes were applied to alfalfa, wine grapes and pistachio fields. A subset of those fields, primarily wine grapes and pistachios, were used primarily to demonstrate direct recharge. For those fields about 50 – 75% of water applied was calculated going to direct recharge. Data from the check studies suggests more flood flows could have been applied and infiltrated, effectively driving up the amount of water towards direct recharge. Costs to capture flood flows for in lieu and direct recharge for this project were low compared to recharge costs for other nearby systems and in comparison to irrigating with groundwater. Moreover, the potentially high flood capture capacity of this project suggests significant flood avoidance costs savings to downstream communities along the Kings and San Joaquin Rivers. Our analyses for Terranova Ranch suggest that allocating 25% or more flood flow water towards in lieu recharge and the rest toward direct recharge will result in an economically sustainable recharge approach paid through savings from reduced groundwater pumping. Two important issues need further consideration. First, these practices are likely to leach legacy salts and nitrates from the unsaturated zone into groundwater. We develop a conceptual model of EC movement through the unsaturated zone and estimated through mass balance calculations that approximately 10 kilograms per square meter of salts will be flushed into the groundwater through displacing 12 cubic meters per square meter of unsaturated zone pore water. This flux would increase groundwater salinity but an equivalent amount of water added subsequently is predicted as needed to return to current groundwater salinity levels. All subsequent flood flow capture and recharge is expected to further decrease groundwater salinity levels. Second, the project identified important farm-scale logistical issues including irrigator training; developing cropping plans to integrate farming and recharge activities; upgrading conveyance; and quantifying results. Regional logistical issues also exist related to conveyance, integration with agricultural management, economics, required acreage and Operation and Maintenance (O&M).

Effects of physiological doses of vitamin D sub(3) (Cholecalciferol) on induced molting and growth in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Effects of three different doses of vitamin D sub(3) on molting, growth, and calcium and phosphate composition of tissue and molt during the grow-out of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (average weight 10.56 ± 0.20 g), obtained from a grow-out pond, were studied. Intramuscular doses of vitamin D sub(3) (100, 500 and 2000 IU/kg body weight) were given on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 13th, 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th days. All the experimental animals were fed with a basal diet containing fish meal, shrimp meal, wheat flour, groundnut de-oiled cake, soybean meal and wheat bran at 3% of the body weight. The numbers of molts were recorded as 20±0.50, 29±1.16, 51±1.87, and 30±1.60 in control, 100, 500 and 2000 IU/kg body weight physiological doses, respectively. Maximum growth was recorded in prawns given 500 IU/ kg dose. Survival was between 58.33 ± 9.13 and 77.77 ± 8.61%. The ash content and calcium level increased significantly (p<0.05) and recorded the highest values in 500 IU/kg physiological dose. However, the inorganic phosphate (P sub(i)) content recorded the highest values in tissue in 2000 IU/kg dose (p<0.05, F = 50.60613). There is no significant difference in calcium contents (p>0.05) in both tissue and molt at 500 and 2000 IU/kg doses. It was found that a higher physiological dose (2000 IU/kg) of vitamin D sub(3) increased the rate of mortality. Results have shown that vitamin D sub(3) has a positive impact on the growth and survival of M. rosenbergii and it interferes with the metabolism of Ca and P sub(i), in tissue, and alters molting frequency. Results on physiological dose suggest an alternative and effective dietary supplementation method of vitamin D sub(3) in the grow-out phase of M. rosenbergii.

Investigation of DyBa2Cu3O7-d superconducting domains grown by the infiltration technique starting with small size Dy-211 particles

An infiltration and growth process is here used as an alternative to the classical top-seeded melt-textured growth process for the production of Dy-123 single-domains with finely dispersed small size Dy-211 particles. The starting materials are the 211-particles and a barium and copper rich liquid phase precursor. The infiltration and growth process allows for controlling both the spatial and size distribution of the 211-particles in the final superconducting 123-single-domain. The main parameters (set-ups, maximum processing temperature with respect to the peritectic temperature, nature of reactant, porosity of the 211-preform) of the infiltration and growth process are discussed. Moreover, different processes of chimie douce are shown in order to produce Dy-211 particles with controlled shape and size, particles that can be used as precursors for the infiltration and growth process. © 2005 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Cyanex302及CA-12萃取稀土动力学的研究

随着萃取技术的不断发展，人们日益要求更加深入的了解萃取过程的机制及其动力学特性。以便有效地控制和强化萃取过程，提高萃取效率，或者利用萃取动力学的差异来实现某些分离嘴过程。尽管许多萃取过程进行得很快，但是人们也发现不少的金属鳌合物萃取体系，其萃取过程相当缓慢。因而这类体系的萃取机制和萃取动力学问题已日益引人注目。除此而外，在设计，放大或改进萃取设备时，研究和掌握有关萃取过程的动力学规律也有十分重要意义。在本文中主要对稀土萃取动力学进行了研究，得到主要结果如下：1．研究了硫代有机磷酸Cyan.ex302萃取饵的动力学。通过测定各种萃取条件对萃取速率的影响，获得了萃取速率方程，并讨论了萃取的控制过程。实验发现萃取剂中的杂质对萃取具有较大的加速作用，这对工业生产具有一定的实际意义。2.用两相滴定法测定了两种新合成的J梭酸萃取剂CA-12和CA-100的某些重要的物理常数。这将有助于深入研究它们的萃取性质及机理。3．用层流恒界面池研究了CA-12萃取La, Gd,Er, Yb和Y的动力学。考察了各种因素对萃取速率的影响，获得了它们的萃取速率方程，实验发现了它们的萃取控速步骤并推测了其萃取机理。4．研究了HEHEHP对CA-12萃取Yb和Y的动力学的影响。实验发现在CA���12中加入少量的HEHEHP后，萃取活化能显著降低，萃取速率明显加快。由于加入HEHEHP后，萃取Yb的活化能的降低要比萃取Y的活化能降低的程度大'，所以使Yb和Y的萃取分离因素加大。5．用两相滴定法研究了HEHEHP萃取铭的机理，CA-12萃取稀土及其相关离子的机理。并计算了它们相应的平衡常数。