PeriScope: An Active Internet Probing and Measurement API

Growing interest in inference and prediction of network characteristics is justified by its importance for a variety of network-aware applications. One widely adopted strategy to characterize network conditions relies on active, end-to-end probing of the network. Active end-to-end probing techniques differ in (1) the structural composition of the probes they use (e.g., number and size of packets, the destination of various packets, the protocols used, etc.), (2) the entity making the measurements (e.g. sender vs. receiver), and (3) the techniques used to combine measurements in order to infer specific metrics of interest. In this paper, we present Periscope: a Linux API that enables the definition of new probing structures and inference techniques from user space through a flexible interface. PeriScope requires no support from clients beyond the ability to respond to ICMP ECHO REQUESTs and is designed to minimize user/kernel crossings and to ensure various constraints (e.g., back-to-back packet transmissions, fine-grained timing measurements) We show how to use Periscope for two different probing purposes, namely the measurement of shared packet losses between pairs of endpoints and for the measurement of subpath bandwidth. Results from Internet experiments for both of these goals are also presented.

Estrés térmico por alta temperatura en soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) : análisis de la dinámica de producción y fijación de vainas y su efecto sobre la determinación del rendimiento

En Argentina, y debido al amplio contexto geográfico donde crece, el cultivo de soja está expuesto frecuentemente a episodios de alta temperatura combinados con baja disponibilidad hídrica. Cuando ocurren durante etapas críticas, estas condiciones ambientales disminuyen el rendimiento del cultivo. Sin embargo, son escasos o inexistentes los estudios que evalúan los mecanismos ecofisiológicos que determinan la partición reproductiva y la generación del rendimiento en respuesta a la combinación de estos estreses abióticos. Los objetivos de esta tesis fueron estudiar la generación del rendimiento en soja, enfatizando el estudio de la dinámica de producción de estructuras reproductivas, la estabilidad de la partición reproductiva y de los mecanismos de compensación entre número y peso de granos en respuesta a la interacción de altas temperaturas y distintos niveles hídricos en suelo. Para ello, durante dos campañas, dos genotipos (DM 4200 y DM 4870) fueron evaluados ante la combinación de dos niveles de temperatura (impuestos como episodios estrés térmico de corta duración) y agua edáfica (riego y secano) durante la etapa crítica de generación de vainas. Se cuantificaron la evolución de la biomasa aérea, la eficiencia de uso de radiación, la dinámica de producción y fijación de vainas, el rendimiento y sus componentes (número y peso de granos) y las relaciones fuente/destino durante las etapas de determinación del número y del peso de los granos. La temperatura máxima promedio durante los episodios de estrés térmico superó en 5,6 ºC a la registrada en tratamientos control. La tasa de fijación de vainas fue 38 por ciento inferior en condiciones de alta temperatura combinada con secano con respecto a los controles regados. El estrés térmico en fructificación redujo el número de granos en ambas condiciones hídricas, aunque en distinta magnitud (17 por ciento riego; 42 por ciento secano). En contraste con los controles, el componente peso de granos no logró compensar la reducción del número de granos en la combinación de estrés térmico y secano. En consecuencia, la alta temperatura con secano redujo la partición reproductiva (15 por ciento p menor a 0,05) y el rendimiento fue consistentemente afectado (45 por ciento inferior a los controles regados). Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la caída en partición reproductiva y, por ende, en rendimiento final no obedeció a fallas reproductivas ya que el número de vainas iniciadas fue similar en todos los tratamientos. La supervivencia de vainas se asoció con las condiciones ambientales durante las etapas tempranas de su desarrollo, alteradas por el episodio de estrés térmico. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia de discriminar los efectos del estrés abiótico según el patrón temporal de fijación de vainas.

Evaluación económica de proyectos hortícolas en la Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42º

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Modelo matemático para la determinación de las tarifas sociales destinadas a los clientes residenciales del servicio eléctrico

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal mostrar, a los estudiantes de los niveles superiores, los procedimientos principales de construcción de modelos matemáticos para resolver situaciones problemáticas que se manifiestan en la realidad cotidiana en el desarrollo de una determinada actividad profesional y como objetivo específico establecer alternativas de tarifas sociales con destino a núcleos de clientes perfectamente identificados en cuanto a su calidad, por su escasa capacidad de pago, y aproximadamente delimitados en cuanto a la cantidad. Bajo la denominación de tarifa social de cualquier servicio público se entiende a aquellas tarifas que, siguiendo distintos mecanismos, se subsidian implícita o explícitamente, parcial o totalmente, para beneficiar a ciertos sectores de usuarios con un determinado fin. Para tener una herramienta de análisis que permita simular distintas escenarios con el fin de fijar los subsidios a la tarifa de los clientes residenciales y tomar decisiones al respecto, se elaboró un modelo matemático que describe esta situación. Después del análisis de validación del modelo, mediante el trazado de superficies y curvas de nivel con la ayuda del medio lógico Derive, se realizó una simulación numérica a fin de acotar los resultados posibles que satisfagan los requerimientos impuestos por la situación problemática a resolver. Finalmente se concluye el trabajo con la especificación de la tarifa social buscada.

On variable frequency microwave processing of heterogeneous chip-on-board assemblies

Variable Frequency Microwave (VFM) processing of heterogeneous chip-on-board assemblies is assessed using a multiphysics modelling approach. The Frequency Agile Microwave Oven Bonding System (FAMOBS) is capable of rapidly processing individual packages on a Chip-On-Board (COB) assembly. This enables each package to be processed in an optimal manner, with temperature ramp rate, maximum temperature and process duration tailored to the specific package, a significant benefit in assemblies containing disparate package types. Such heterogeneous assemblies may contain components such as large power modules alongside smaller modules containing low thermal budget materials with highly disparate processing requirements. The analysis of two disparate packages has been assessed numerically to determine the applicability of the dual section microwave system to curing heterogeneous devices and to determine the influence of differing processing requirements of optimal process parameters.

Revolution and the ritual year: religious conflict and innovation in Cristero Mexico

This article analyses Catholic responses to persecution of the Church by the Mexican state during Mexico's cristero rebellion (1926–9) and seeks to make a new contribution to the revolt's religious history. Faced with the Calles regime's anticlericalism, the article argues, Mexico's episcopate developed an alternative cultic model premised on a revitalised lay religion. The article then focuses on changes and continuities in lay – clerical relations, and on the new religious powers of the faithful, now empowered to celebrate ‘white’ masses and certain sacraments by themselves. The article concludes that persecution created new spaces for lay religious participation, showing the 1910–40 Revolution to be a period of religious, as well as social, upheaval.

Biaxial deformation behavior and mechanical properties of a polypropylene/clay nanocomposite

Polymer nanocomposites offer the potential of enhanced properties such as increased modulus and barrier properties to the end user. Much work has been carried out on the effects of extrusion conditions on melt processed nanocomposites but very little research has been conducted on the use of polymer nanocomposites in semi-solid forming processes such as thermoforming and injection blow molding. These processes are used to make much of today’s packaging, and any improvements in performance such as possible lightweighting due to increased modulus would bring signi?cant bene?ts both economically and environmentally. The work described here looks at the biaxial deformation of polypropylene–clay nanocomposites under industrial forming conditions in order to determine if the presence of clay affects processability, structure and mechanical properties of the stretched material. Melt compounded polypropylene/clay composites in sheet form were biaxially stretched at a variety of processing conditions to examine the effect of high temperature, high strain and high strain rate processing on sheet structure
and properties.

A biaxial test rig was used to carry out the testing which imposed conditions on the sheet that are representative of those applied in injection blow molding and thermoforming. Results show that the presence of clay increases the yield stress relative to the un?lled material at typical processing temperatures and that the sensitivity of the yield stress to temperature is greater for the ?lled material. The stretching process is found to have a signi?cant effect on the delamination and alignment of clay particles (as observed by TEM) and on yield stress and elongation at break of the stretched sheet.

A system for the construction of targeted unmarked gene deletions in the genus Burkholderia

Burkholderia species are extremely multidrug resistant, environmental bacteria with extraordinary bioremediation and biocontrol properties. At the same time, these bacteria cause serious opportunistic infections in vulnerable patient populations while some species can potentially be used as bioweapons. The complete DNA sequence of more than 10 Burkholderia genomes provides an opportunity to apply functional genomics to a collection of widely adaptable environmental bacteria thriving in diverse niches and establishing both symbiotic and pathogenic associations with many different organisms. However, extreme multidrug resistance hampers genetic manipulations in Burkholderia. We have developed and evaluated a mutagenesis system based on the homing endonuclease I-SceI to construct targeted, non-polar unmarked gene deletions in Burkholderia. Using the cystic fibrosis pathogen Burkholderia cenocepacia K56-2 as a model strain, we demonstrate this system allows for clean deletions of one or more genes within an operon and also the introduction of multiple deletions in the same strain. We anticipate this tool will have widespread environmental and biomedical applications, facilitating functional genomic studies and construction of safe strains for bioremediation and biocontrol, as well as clinical applications such as live vaccines for Burkholderia and other Gram-negative bacterial species.

Fragmentos de Soto de Rojas: a ‘new’ mythological fable of the Spanish Baroque

The twentieth-century poet Gerardo Diego’s commitment to the recovery of a ‘sub-genre’, the mythological fable, evident in his Fábula de Equis y Zeda (1930) has been acknowledged by Peinado Elliot (2006), among others. However a recent discovery in his archive has revealed a hitherto unknown aspect of the poet’s scholarly commitment to this endeavour. A transcription of a previously unpublished, and until recently, unknown Baroque mythological fable with the title ‘Fábula de Alfeo y Aretusa’ was recently found by his daughter Elena, alongside an unpublished study by the young poet of said fable entitled ‘Un poema manuscrito del siglo XVII de la biblioteca Menéndez Pelayo’. Rosa Navarro Durán (2012) is convinced that the correspondences with Soto de Rojas’ 'Los fragmentos de Adonis' and the clear imprint of Góngora’s 'Soledades' and his 'Fábula de Píramo y Tisbe' permit us to attribute it, with some confidence, to Pedro Soto de Rojas. This essay will consider the significance of this exciting discovery for our reading of Soto de Rojas’ existing corpus, exploring in particular the poem’s links with the dark eroticism of the Fragmentos de Adonis, (1652) and the early Fábula de la Naya.(1623)

Oligo switches: photoresponsive oligonucleotide conjugates by solid-supported click chemistry

Photoresponsive oligonucleotides (ONs) incorporating isoxazole-linked azobenzene (AB) moieties were prepared by resin-supported nitrile oxide-alkyne cycloaddition (NOAC) chemistry. The thermal and photochromic properties of the modified ONs were significantly influenced by the extent of pi-conjugation between the isoxazole and the AB modules.

An efficient and robust case sorting for algorithm for transient stability assessment

An efficient and robust case sorting algorithm based on Extended Equal Area Criterion (EEAC) is proposed in this paper for power system transient stability assessment (TSA). The time-varying degree of an equivalent image system can be deduced by comparing the analysis results of Static EEAC (SEEAC) and Dynamic EEAC (DEEAC), the former of which neglects all time-varying factors while the latter partially considers the time-varying factors. Case sorting rules according to their transient stability severity are set combining the time-varying degree and fault messages. Then a case sorting algorithm is designed with the “OR” logic among multiple rules, based on which each case can be identified into one of the following five categories, namely stable, suspected stable, marginal, suspected unstable and unstable. The performance of this algorithm is verified by studying 1652 contingency cases from 9 real Chinese provincial power systems under various operating conditions. It is shown that desirable classification accuracy can be achieved for all the contingency cases at the cost of very little extra computational burden and only 9.81% of the whole cases need to carry out further detailed calculation in rigorous on-line TSA conditions.

Arteriovenous fistula outcomes in the elderly

OBJECTIVE: Over several decades, there has been an increase in the number of elderly patients requiring hemodialysis. These older patients typically have an increased incidence of comorbidities including diabetes, hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease. We undertook a systematic review of the current literature to assess outcomes of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) formation in the elderly and to compare the results of radiocephalic AVFs vs brachiocephalic AVFs in older patients.

METHODS: A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library. All retrieved articles published before December 31, 2014 (and in English) primarily describing the creation of hemodialysis vascular access for elderly patients were considered for inclusion. We report pooled AVF patency rates and a comparison of radiocephalic vs brachiocephalic AVF patency rates using odds ratios (ORs).

RESULTS: Of 199 relevant articles reviewed, 15 were deemed eligible for the review. The pooled 12-month primary and secondary AVF patency rates were 53.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.3-59.9) and 71.6% (95% CI, 59.2-82.7), respectively. Comparison of radiocephalic vs brachiocephalic AVF patency rates demonstrated that radiocephalic AVFs have inferior primary (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55-0.93; P = .01) and secondary (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-1.00; P = .05) patency rates.

CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis confirms that adequate 12-month primary and secondary AVF patency rates can be achieved in elderly patients. Brachiocephalic AVFs have both superior primary and secondary patency rates at 12 months compared with radiocephalic AVFs. These important data can inform clinicians' and patients' decision-making about suitability of attempting AVF formation in older persons.