Ion correlations due to high-frequency electric field and their effect on the nonlinear plasma conductivity

The influence of a strong, high‐frequency electric field on the ion‐ion correlations in a fully ionized plasma is investigated in the limit of infinite ion mass, starting with the Bogoliubov‐Born‐Green‐Kirkwood‐Yvon hierarchy of equations; a significant departure from the thermal correlations is found. It is shown that the above effect may substantially modify earlier results on the nonlinear high‐frequency plasma conductivity.

Space Debris Removal with an Ion Beam Shepherd Satellite: target-plasma interaction

A novel concept for active space debris removal known as Ion Beam Shepherd (IBS) which has been recently presented by our group is investigated. The concept makes use of a highly collimated ion beam to exert the necessary force on a generic debris to modify its orbit and/or attitude from a safe distance in a controlled manner, without the need of docking. After describing the main characteristics of the IBS system, some of the key aspects of thruster plasma and its interaction with the debris are studied, namely, (1) the modeling of the expansion of an plasma beam, based on the quasi-selfsimilarity exhibited by hypersonic plumes, (2) the characterization of the force and torque exerted upon the target debris, and (3) a preliminary evaluation of other plasma-body interactions.

Far wake structure in rarefied plasma flows past charged bodies

The asymptotic structure of the far-wake behind a charged body in a rarefied plasma flow is investigated under the assumption of small ion-to-electron temperature ratio and of flow speed hypersonic with respect to the ions but not with respect to the electrons. It is found that waves are excited even if the flow is subacoustic (flow velocity less than the ion-acoustic speed). For both superacoustic and subacoustic velocities a steep wave front develops separating the weakly perturbed, quasineutral plasma ahead, from the region behind where ion waves appear. Near the axis a trailing front develops;the region between this and the axis is quasineutral for superacoustic speeds. The decay laws in all of these regions, the self-similar structure of the fronts and the general character of the waves are determined.The damping of the waves and special flow detail for bodies large and small compared with the Debye length are discussed. A nonlinear analysis of the leading wave front in superacoustic flow is carried out. A hyperacoustic equivalence principle is presented.

Dispersion relation for electron waves propagating in an isotropic plasma containing Maxwellian and suprathermal electrons

The paper discusses the dispersion relation for longitudinal electron waves propagating in a collisionless, homogeneous isotropic plasma, which contains both Maxwellian and suprathermal electrons. I t is found that the dispersion curve, known to have two separate branches for zero suprathermal energy spread,depends sensitively on this quantity. As the energy half-width of the suprathermal population increases, the branches approach each other until they touch at a connexion point, for a small critical value of that half-width. The topology of the dispersion curves is different for half-widths above and below critical; and this can affect the use of wave-propagation measurements as a diagnostic technique for the determination of the electron distribution function. Both the distance between the branches and spatial damping near the connexion frequency depend on the half-width, if below critical, and can be used to determine it. The theory is applied to experimental data.

Self-similar motion of laser half-space plasmas. II. Thermal waves and intermediate regimes

The one-dimensional self-similar motion of an initially cold, half-space plasma of electron density n,produced by the (anomalous) absorption of a laser pulse of irradiation

ion and ion-electron energy exchange, involves three dimensionless numbers: e = nc/n0 assumed small, Z, (ion charge number), and a parameter aion is negligible) moving into the undisturbed plasma, from a much thinner isothermal flow expanding into the vacuum. For lion flow between a shock, bounding the undisturbed plasma, and a very thin transition layer bounding an expansion flow, much larger in extent than the compression region. In both regimes, the critical plane lies far in the expansion tail. The results break down when the density is so small that the plasma becomes collisionless. The analysis is also invalid for a too small. Using results previously found for a>€~4'3, a qualitative discussion of how plasma behavior changes with a, is given.

Ion-Ion correlations effect on nonlinear high-frequency plasma conductivity. AT(30-1)-1238-MATT-675

On the basis of the BBGKY hierarchy of equations an expression is derived for the response of a fully ionized plasma to a strong, high-frequency electric field in the limit of infinite ion mass. It is found that even in this limit the ionion correlation function is substantially affected by the field. The corrections to earlier nonlinear results for the current density appear to be quite ssential. The validity of the model introduced by Dawson and Oberman to study the response to a vanishingly small field is confirmed for larger values of the field when the eorrect expression for the ion-ion correlations i s introduced; the model by itself does not yield such an expression. The results have interest for the heating of the plasma and for the propagation of a strong electromagnetic wave through the plasma. The theory seems to be valid for any field intensity for which the plasma is stable.

Determination and analysis of plasma radiative properties for numerical simulations of laboratory radiative blast waves launched in xenon clusters

Radiative shock waves play a pivotal role in the transport energy into the stellar medium. This fact has led to many efforts to scale the astrophysical phenomena to accessible laboratory conditions and their study has been highlighted as an area requiring further experimental investigations. Low density material with high atomic mass is suitable to achieve radiative regime, and, therefore, low density xenon plasmas are commonly used for the medium in which the radiative shocks propagate. The knowledge of the plasma radiative properties is crucial for the correct understanding and for the hydrodynamic simulations of radiative shocks. In this work, we perform an analysis of the radiative properties of xenon plasmas in a range of matter densities and electron temperatures typically found in laboratory experiments of radiative shocks launched in xenon plasmas. Furthermore, for a particular experiment, our analysis is applied to make a diagnostics of the electron temperatures of the radiative shocks since they could not be experimentally measured

Structure of intermediate shocks in collisionsless anisotropic Hall-magnetohydrodynamics plasma models

The existence of discontinuities within the double-adiabatic Hall-magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model is discussed. These solutions are transitional layers where some of the plasma properties change from one equilibrium state to another. Under the assumption of traveling wave solutions with velocity C and propagation angle θ with respect to the ambient magnetic field, the Hall-MHD model reduces to a dynamical system and the waves are heteroclinic orbits joining two different fixed points. The analysis of the fixed points rules out the existence of rotational discontinuities. Simple considerations about the Hamiltonian nature of the system show that, unlike dissipative models, the intermediate shock waves are organized in branches in parameter space, i.e., they occur if a given relationship between θ and C is satisfied. Electron-polarized (ion-polarized) shock waves exhibit, in addition to a reversal of the magnetic field component tangential to the shock front, a maximum (minimum) of the magnetic field amplitude. The jumps of the magnetic field and the relative specific volume between the downstream and the upstream states as a function of the plasma properties are presented. The organization in parameter space of localized structures including in the model the influence of finite Larmor radius is discussed

Ion balance in waters through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) has been employed to carry out the determination of both major anions and cations in water samples. The anion quantification has been performed by means of a new automatic accessory. In this device chloride has been determined by continuously adding a silver nitrate solution. As a result solid silver chloride particles are formed and retained on a nylon filter inserted in the line. The emission intensity is read at a silver characteristic wavelength. By plotting the drop in silver signal versus the chloride concentration, a straight line is obtained. As regards bicarbonate, this anion has been on-line transformed into carbon dioxide with the help of a 2.0 mol L−1 nitric acid stream. Carbon signal is linearly related with bicarbonate concentration. Finally, information about sulfate concentration has been achieved by means of the measurement of sulfur emission intensity. All the steps have been simultaneously and automatically performed. With this setup detection limits have been 1.0, 0.4 and 0.09 mg L−1 for chloride, bicarbonate and sulfate, respectively. Furthermore, it affords good precision with RSD below 6 %. Cation (Ca, Mg, Na and K) concentration, in turn, has been obtained by simultaneously reading the emission intensity at characteristic wavelengths. The obtained limits of detection have been 8 × 10−3, 2 × 10−3, 8 × 10−4 and 10−2 mg L−1 for sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium, respectively. As regards sample throughput, about 30 samples h−1 can be analysed. Validation results have revealed that the obtained concentrations for these anions are not significantly different as compared to the data provided by conventional methods. Finally, by considering the data for anions and cations, precise ion balances have been obtained for well and mineral water samples.

Role of the plasma-electrode bias and the transverse magnetic field upon H- ion extraction in the negative ion source

Non peer reviewed

Electron acoustic soliton energy of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in the Earth’s magnetotail region at critical ion density

The nonlinear properties of small amplitude electron-acoustic solitary waves (EAWs) in a homogeneous system of unmagnetized collisionless plasma consisted of a cold electron fluid and isothermal ions with two different temperatures obeying Boltzmann type distributions have been investigated. A reductive perturbation method was employed to obtain the Kadomstev-Petviashvili (KP) equation. At the critical ion density, the KP equation is not appropriate for describing the system. Hence, a new set of stretched coordinates
is considered to derive the modified KP equation. Moreover, the solitary solution, soliton energy and the associated electric field at the critical ion density were computed. The present investigation can be of relevance to the electrostatic solitary structures observed in various space plasma environments, such as Earth’s magnetotail region.

Synthèse de titanates de lithium nanostructurés par plasma inductif pour les batteries lithium-ion

Le marché des accumulateurs lithium-ion est en expansion. Cette croissance repose partiellement sur la multiplication des niches d’utilisation et l’amélioration constante de leurs performances. En raison de leur durabilité exceptionnelle, de leur faible coût, de leur haute densité de puissance et de leur fiabilité, les anodes basées sur les titanates de lithium, et plus particulièrement le spinelle Li4Ti5O12, présentent une alternative d’intérêt aux matériaux classiques d’anodes en carbone pour de multiples applications. Leur utilisation sous forme de nanomatériaux permet d’augmenter significativement la puissance disponible par unité de poids. Ces nanomatériaux ne sont typiquement pas contraints dans une direction particulière (nanofils, nanoplaquettes), car ces formes impliquent une tension de surface plus importante et requièrent donc généralement un mécanisme de synthèse dédié. Or, ces nanostructures permettent des réductions supplémentaires dans les dimensions caractéristiques de diffusion et de conduction, maximisant ainsi la puissance disponible, tout en affectant les propriétés habituellement intrinsèques des matériaux. Par ailleurs, les réacteurs continus reposant sur la technologie du plasma thermique inductif constituent une voie de synthèse démontrée afin de générer des volumes importants de matériaux nanostructurés. Il s’avère donc pertinent d’évaluer leur potentiel dans la production de titanates de lithium nanostructurés. La pureté des titanates de lithium est difficile à jauger. Les techniques de quantification habituelles reposent sur la fluorescence ou la diffraction en rayons X, auxquelles le lithium élémentaire se prête peu ou pas. Afin de quantifier les nombreuses phases (Li4Ti5O12, Li2Ti3O7, Li2TiO3, TiO2, Li2CO3) identifiées dans les échantillons produits par plasma, un raffinement de Rietveld fut développé et validé. La présence de γ-Li2TiO3 fut identifiée, et la calorimétrie en balayage différentiel fut explorée comme outil permettant d’identifier et de quantifier la présence de β-Li2TiO3. Différentes proportions entre les phases produites et différents types de morphologies furent observés en fonction des conditions d’opération du plasma. Ainsi, des conditions de trempe réductrice et d’ensemencement en Li4Ti5O12 nanométrique semblent favoriser l’émergence de nanomorphologies en nanofils (associés à Li4Ti5O12) et en nanoplaquette (associées à Li2TiO3). De plus, l’ensemencement et les recuits augmentèrent significativement le rendement en la phase spinelle Li4Ti5O12 recherchée. Les recuits sur les poudres synthétisées par plasma indiquèrent que la décomposition du Li2Ti3O7 produit du Li4Ti5O12, du Li2TiO3 et du TiO2 (rutile). Afin d’approfondir l’investigation de ces réactions de décomposition, les paramètres cristallins du Li2Ti3O7 et du γ-Li2TiO3 furent définis à haute température. Des mesures continues en diffraction en rayon X à haute température furent réalisées lors de recuits de poudres synthétisées par plasma, ainsi que sur des mélanges de TiO2 anatase et de Li2CO3. Celles-ci indiquent la production d’un intermédiaire Li2Ti3O7 à partir de l’anatase et du carbonate, sa décomposition en Li4Ti5O12 et TiO2 (rutile) sur toute la plage de température étudiée, et en Li2TiO3 et TiO2 (rutile) à des températures inférieures à 700°C.