Somme 1916, route de Rosières-en-Santerre, Lihons et Chaulnes, les fourrés sont remplis [d'obus] de 75 : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57264

The transventricular-transseptal access to the aortic root : a new route for extrapleural trans-catheter aortic stent-valve implantation

Rapport de synthèseObjectif: le remplacement valvulaire aortique par voie transcathétère est, actuellement, une méthode fiable indiquée pour des patients à haut risque porteurs d'une sténose valvulaire aortique. La voie transfémorale est utilisable seulement en cas d'absence de maladie vasculaire et la voie transapicale est contrindiquée en cas de dysfonction pulmonaire chronique sévère. Une alternative pour ne pas passer a travers l'espace pleural serait par voie sous- xiphoïdienne et trans-septale à travers le ventricule droit.Méthode: une expérience animale a été amené au laboratoire de recherche du CHUV. Cinq cochons (poids : 52.3±10.9 kg) ont été endormi et, sous anesthésie générale, le ventricule droit a été préparé a travers un accès sous- xiphoïdien. Ensuite, sous guide fluoroscopique et avec l'utilisation d'une échocardiographie intracardiaque, un accès trans-septal a été crée entre le ventricule droit et le ventricule gauche en utilisant des dilatateur de diamètre croissant (de 8F à 26F). Par la suite, une valve stentée crée dans le laboratoire en utilisant un stent en nitinol et du péricarde a été chargé dans une cartouche et introduite dans le ventricule gauche à travers un introducteur trans-septal. Enfin, la valve a été amené dans la chambre de chasse du ventricule gauche et ensuite dans la racine aortique et puis déployé au bon endroit. Quand le système a été retiré, le septum ventriculaire a pu être réparé par mise en place d'un système d'occlusion septal Amplazer. Trente minutes après la procédure, les animaux ont été sacrifié et le coeur a été analysé pour étudier le positionnement da la valve stentée, l'efficacité de la fermeture du septum inter-ventriculaire et la fermeture de la paroi du ventricule droit.Résultat : les cinq cochon ont tous eu un parfait positionnement et pose de la prothèse en position aortique au premier essai (efficacité 100%). Les procédures ont duré, moyennement, 49±4 minutes et la progressive dilatation de l'accès trans-septale à donné lieu à une communication inter-ventriculaire mesurable après dilatation avec du 18F et plus. Toutes les valves stentées ont été déployées au bon endroit avec un bon résultat du fonctionnement des valves prothétiques et absence d'insuffisance para prothétique. Pendant les procédures, des battement prématurés ainsi que des épisodes isolées de tachycardie supra ventriculaire ont été détectés. Par contre, il n'y a pas eu de bloc atrio-ventriculaire. Les pertes sanguines pendant les procédures étaient de 280±10mL, et les systèmes d'occlusion Amplatzer étaient tous bien déployés sans shunts inter-ventriculaires résiduels.Conclusion: la technique d'introduction de valve stentées par voie extrapleural (trans-ventriculaire et trans-septale) est techniquement possible et elle jette les bases pour le remplacement valvulaire aortique trans-ventriculaire sous anesthésie locale.

In vitro effect of malachite green on Candida albicans involves multiple pathways and transcriptional regulators UPC2 and STP2.

In this study, we show that a chemical dye, malachite green (MG), which is commonly used in the fish industry as an antifungal, antiparasitic, and antibacterial agent, could effectively kill Candida albicans and non-C. albicans species. We have demonstrated that Candida cells are susceptible to MG at a very low concentration (MIC that reduces growth by 50% [MIC(50)], 100 ng ml(-1)) and that the effect of MG is independent of known antifungal targets, such as ergosterol metabolism and major drug efflux pump proteins. Transcriptional profiling in response to MG treatment of C. albicans cells revealed that of a total of 207 responsive genes, 167 genes involved in oxidative stress, virulence, carbohydrate metabolism, heat shock, amino acid metabolism, etc., were upregulated, while 37 genes involved in iron acquisition, filamentous growth, mitochondrial respiration, etc., were downregulated. We confirmed experimentally that Candida cells exposed to MG resort to a fermentative mode of metabolism, perhaps due to defective respiration. In addition, we showed that MG triggers depletion of intracellular iron pools and enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These effects could be reversed by the addition of iron or antioxidants, respectively. We provided evidence that the antifungal effect of MG is exerted through the transcription regulators UPC2 (regulating ergosterol biosynthesis and azole resistance) and STP2 (regulating amino acid permease genes). Taken together, our transcriptome, genetic, and biochemical results allowed us to decipher the multiple mechanisms by which MG exerts its anti-Candida effects, leading to a metabolic shift toward fermentation, increased generation of ROS, labile iron deprivation, and cell necrosis.

Use of green fluorescent protein-based reporters to monitor balanced production of antifungal compounds in the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0.

AIMS: To develop reporter constructs based on stable and unstable variants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) for monitoring balanced production of antifungal compounds that are crucial for the capacity of the root-colonizing Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 to control plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogenic fungi. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 produces the three antifungal metabolites 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), pyoluteorin (PLT) and pyrrolnitrin (PRN). The gfp[mut3] and gfp[AAV] reporter genes were fused to the promoter regions of the DAPG, PLT and PRN biosynthetic genes. The reporter fusions were then used to follow the kinetics of expression of the three antifungal metabolites in a microplate assay. DAPG and PLT were found to display an inverse relationship in which each metabolite activates its own biosynthesis while repressing the synthesis of the other metabolite. PRN appears not to be involved in this balance. However, the microbial and plant phenolic metabolite salicylate was found to interfere with the expression of both DAPG and PLT. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained provide evidence that P. fluorescens CHA0 may keep the antifungal compounds DAPG and PLT at a fine-tuned balance that can be affected by certain microbial and plant phenolics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: To our knowledge, the present study is the first to use stable and unstable GFP variants to study antibiotic gene expression in a biocontrol pseudomonad. The developed reporter fusions will be a highly valuable tool to study in situ expression of this bacterial biocontrol trait on plant roots, i.e. at the site of pathogen suppression.

Production and Abatement Distortions under Noisy Green Taxes, October 2005

Pigouvian taxes are typically imposed in situations where there is imperfect knowledge on the extent of damage caused by a producing firm. A regulator imposing imperfectly informed Pigouvian taxes may cause the firms that should (should not) produce to shut down (produce). In this paper we use a Bayesian information framework to identify optimal signal-conditioned taxes in the presence of such losses. The tax system involves reducing (increasing) taxes on firms identified as causing high (low) damage. Unfortunately, when an abatement decision has to be made, the tax system that minimizes production distortions also dampens the incentive to abate. In the absence of wrong-firm concerns, a regulator can solve the problem by not adjusting taxes for signal noise. When wrong-firm losses are a concern, the regulator has to trade off losses from distorted production incentives with losses from distorted abatement incentives. The most appropriate policy may involve a combination of instruments.

Carte topographique de la route du Simplon entre Brieg et Domo d'Ossola / dressée par Ch[ar]les Picquet, géographe ord[inai]re du roi et de S.A.R m[onsei]g[neu]r le duc d'Orléans

Échelle(s) : 1:100 000

Carte du cours du Danube : depuis Passau jusqu'à Lintz : De l'Inn depuis Wœrgl jusqu'à son confluent : De la Salza depuis Hallein jusqu'à son confluent : et de la grande route de Kufften à Salzbourg / Atelier de gravure sur pierre de Hellrigel

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:205 000]

Plan de la partie de la route dép[artementa]le n°4 d'Ambérieux à Belley depuis la maison Thermet jusqu'au sommet de la rampe de la Darde, de la rivière de Furand et du coteau boisé et hautiné qui sépare la vallée de Furand d'avec la gorge de la Darde : Département de l'Ain : Arrondissement de Belley / Dressé par Mr Marchand, conducteur au corps royal des ponts et chaussées à Belley (Ain)

Échelle(s) : 1:2 500

Inferring the degree of incipient speciation in secondary contact zones of closely related lineages of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup).

Reproductive isolation between lineages is expected to accumulate with divergence time, but the time taken to speciate may strongly vary between different groups of organisms. In anuran amphibians, laboratory crosses can still produce viable hybrid offspring >20 My after separation, but the speed of speciation in closely related anuran lineages under natural conditions is poorly studied. Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) offer an excellent system to address this question, comprising several lineages that arose at different times and form secondary contact zones. Using mitochondrial and nuclear markers, we previously demonstrated that in Sicily, B. siculus and B. balearicus developed advanced reproductive isolation after Plio-Pleistocene divergence (2.6 My, 3.3-1.9), with limited historic mtDNA introgression, scarce nuclear admixture, but low, if any, current gene flow. Here, we study genetic interactions between younger lineages of early Pleistocene divergence (1.9 My, 2.5-1.3) in northeastern Italy (B. balearicus, B. viridis). We find significantly more, asymmetric nuclear and wider, differential mtDNA introgression. The population structure seems to be molded by geographic distance and barriers (rivers), much more than by intrinsic genomic incompatibilities. These differences of hybridization between zones may be partly explained by differences in the duration of previous isolation. Scattered research on other anurans suggests that wide hybrid zones with strong introgression may develop when secondary contacts occur <2 My after divergence, whereas narrower zones with restricted gene flow form when divergence exceeds 3 My. Our study strengthens support for this rule of thumb by comparing lineages with different divergence times within the same radiation.

Human skin in vitro permeation of bentazon and isoproturon formulations with or without protective clothing suit.

Skin exposures to chemicals may lead, through percutaneous permeation, to a significant increase in systemic circulation. Skin is the primary route of entry during some occupational activities, especially in agriculture. To reduce skin exposures, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is recommended. PPE efficiency is characterized as the time until products permeate through material (lag time, Tlag). Both skin and PPE permeations are assessed using similar in vitro methods; the diffusion cell system. Flow-through diffusion cells were used in this study to assess the permeation of two herbicides, bentazon and isoproturon, as well as four related commercial formulations (Basagran(®), Basamais(®), Arelon(®) and Matara(®)). Permeation was measured through fresh excised human skin, protective clothing suits (suits) (Microchem(®) 3000, AgriSafe Pro(®), Proshield(®) and Microgard(®) 2000 Plus Green), and a combination of skin and suits. Both herbicides, tested by itself or as an active ingredient in formulations, permeated readily through human skin and tested suits (Tlag < 2 h). High permeation coefficients were obtained regardless of formulations or tested membranes, except for Microchem(®) 3000. Short Tlag, were observed even when skin was covered with suits, except for Microchem(®) 3000. Kp values tended to decrease when suits covered the skin (except when Arelon(®) was applied to skin covered with AgriSafe Pro and Microgard(®) 2000), suggesting that Tlag alone is insufficient in characterizing suits. To better estimate human skin permeations, in vitro experiments should not only use human skin but also consider the intended use of the suit, i.e., the active ingredient concentrations and type of formulations, which significantly affect skin permeation.

New polymorphic microsatellites markers and development of mitotyping primers for West-Mediterranean green toad species (Bufo viridis subgroup)

We report new polymorphic microsatellites for three species of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup): 10 in B. balearicus and seven each in B. siculus and B. boulengeri. Diversity at these loci, measured for 27 B. balearicus, 23 B. siculus and 11 B. boulengeri, ranged from low to high (two to 10 alleles). Mitotyping primers, specific to the control region, which allow fast screening of parapatric Sicilian endemic B. siculus and Italian mainland-origin B. balearicus, were developed.

A pathogen-specific epitope inserted into recombinant secretory immunoglobulin A is immunogenic by the oral route.

Oral administration of rabbit secretory IgA (sIgA) to adult BALB/c mice induced IgA+, IgM+, and IgG+ lymphoblasts in the Peyer's patches, whose fusion with myeloma cells resulted in hybridomas producing IgA, IgM, and IgG1 antibodies to the secretory component (SC). This suggests that SC could serve as a vector to target protective epitopes into mucosal lymphoid tissue and elicit an immune response. We tested this concept by inserting a Shigella flexneri invasin B epitope into SC, which, following reassociation with IgA, was delivered orally to mice. To identify potential insertion sites at the surface of SC, we constructed a molecular model of the first and second Ig-like domains of rabbit SC. A surface epitope recognized by an SC-specific antibody was mapped to the loop connecting the E and F beta strands of domain I. This 8-amino acid sequence was replaced by a 9-amino acid linear epitope from S. flexneri invasin B. We found that cellular trafficking of recombinant SC produced in mammalian CV-1 cells was drastically altered and resulted in a 50-fold lower rate of secretion. However, purification of chimeric SC could be achieved by Ni2+-chelate affinity chromatoraphy. Both wild-type and chimeric SC bound to dimeric IgA, but not to monomeric IgA. Reconstituted sIgA carrying the invasin B epitope within the SC moiety triggers the appearance of seric and salivary invasin B-specific antibodies. Thus, neo-antigenized sIgA can serve as a mucosal vaccine delivery system inducing systemic and mucosal immune responses.

Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers for the European green toad Bufo viridis viridis, a declining amphibian species.

We report 13 new polymorphic microsatellite markers for the European green toad Bufo viridis viridis (B. viridis subgroup), a declining amphibian from Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe. Diversity at these loci estimated for 19 individuals ranged from two to ten alleles. Most of these primers also cross-amplify in related West-Mediterranean green toad species (Bufo balearicus, B. siculus and B. boulengeri). These microsatellites will be useful for conservation genetics of threatened Bufo viridis viridis populations and evolutionary studies of green toad taxa in secondary contact to examine hybridization.

The adverse effects of environmental policy in green markets

We model green markets in which purchasers, either firms orconsumers, have higher willingness-to-pay for lesspolluting goods. The effectiveness of pollution reductionpolicies is examined in a duopoly setting. We show thatduopolists' strategic behaviour may increase pollutionlevels. Maximum emission standards, commonly used in greenmarkets, improve the environmental features of products.Nonetheless, overall pollution levels will rise becausegovernment regulation also affects market shares and bootsfirms' sales. Consequently, social welfare may be reduced.We also explore the effects of technological subsidies andproduct charges, including differentiation of charges.