Effect of Surface Condition of Electrode on the Surface Melting of Material by Laser-Guided Micro-Arc Discharge

This paper studies the surface melting in the atmosphere by YAG laser-guided micro-arc discharge. In three kinds of surface conditions (free, oiled, and polyethylene covered), we try to control the diameter and the power density of discharge pit. It is found that the power density of 3 x 10(6) W/cm(2) of discharge pit on the oiled surface is moderate to form the melted layer thicker than that of the others, adapting to strengthen the surface of material, and the power density of 1.07 x 10(7) W/cm(2) of discharge pit on the polyethylene-covered surface is highest to form the deepest discharge pit among them, adapting to remove the material.

Crack propagation in the power-law nonlinear viscoelastic material

An analysis on crack creep propagation problem of power-law nonlinear viscoelastic materials is presented. The creep incompressilility assumption is used. To simulate fracture behavior of craze region, it is assumed that in the fracture process zone near the crack tip, the cohesive stress sigma(f) acts upon the crack surfaces and resists crack opening. Through a perturbation method, i. e., by superposing the Mode-I applied force onto a referential uniform stress state, which has a trivial solution and gives no effect on the solution of the original problem, the nonlinear viscoelastic problem is reduced to linear problem. For weak nonlinear materials, for which the power-law index n similar or equal to 1, the expressions of stress and crack surface displacement are derived. Then, the fracture process zone local energy criterion is proposed and based on which the formulas of cracking incubation time t

Torsional impact response of a penny-shaped interface crack in bonded materials with a graded material interlayer

In this paper, the dynamic response of a penny-shaped interface crack in bonded dissimilar homogeneous half-spaces is studied. It is assumed that the two materials are bonded together with such a inhomogeneous interlayer that makes the elastic modulus in the direction perpendicular to the crack surface is continuous throughout the space. The crack surfaces art assumed to be subjected to torsional impact loading. Laplace and Hankel integral transforms are applied combining with a dislocation density,function to reduce the mixed boundary value problem into a singular integral equation with a generalized Cauchy kernel in Laplace domain. By solving the singular integral equation numerically, and using a numerical Laplace inversion technique, the dynamic stress intensity factors art obtained. The influences of material properties and interlayer thickness on the dynamic stress intensity factor are investigated.

Comportamiento de dos poblaciones de Moringa oleifera (material acriollado y mejorado PKM1) en sus primeras etapas de crecimiento en condiciones de vivero, UNA, Managua, 2013

El presente trabajo de investigación se estableció entre los meses de Abril- Junio, 2013, en el vivero de la Facultad de Recursos Naturales de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, con la finalidad de evaluar germinación y sobrevivencia de las plántulas, afectaciones por plagas y enfermedades, altura de la planta, diámetro basal del tallo, número de hojas, tasa de crecimiento en función de la altura, longitud de la raíz principal, numero de raíces, diámetro de la raíz principal, peso fresco y seco de la parte aérea de la planta y su raíz de dos poblaciones de Moringa oleifera: acriollada y mejorada PKM1. Se utilizó un Diseño Completamente Aleatorizado con 20 repeticiones para las primeras 8 variables y 8 repeticiones para las 5 últimas variables en ambos tratamientos. Durante el periodo experimental, M. oleifera acriollada presentó un porcentaje de germinación de 98.33% mientras que PKM1 de 78.30%, en cuanto a la sobrevivencia para acriollada fue de 99.43% y la PKM1 de 97.16%. Las dos poblaciones fueron afectadas por Zompopo (Atta. spp) siendo la más afectada PKM1 con él 90% consideradas como susceptibles. Al final de la evaluación se observaron diferencias estadísticas (P <0.05) a favor de Moringa acriollada en: altura de la planta, diámetro basal del tallo, numero de hojas, tasa de crecimiento en función de la altura, longitud de la raíz principal, número de raíces, diámetro de la raíz principal, peso seco de la raíz. El peso seco de la parte aérea no mostró diferencias estadísticas (P <0.05) entre tratamientos. Mediante el análisis se demostró que existe comportamiento diferente de crecimiento entre los tratamientos evaluados, aun cuando el material acriollado exhibió mejores resultados en la mayoría de las variables medidas ambos presentaron un buen comportamiento en la fase de vivero.

Competência material da Comissão de Legislação Participativa

Consultoria Legislativa - Área I - Direito Constitucional, Eleitoral, Municipal, Administrativo, Processo Legislativo e Poder Judiciário.

On crack path stability in a layered material

Crack paths in an elastic layer on top of a substrate are considered. Crack growth is initiated from an edge crack in the layer. The plane of the initially straight crack forms an angle to the free surface. The load consists of a pair of forces applied at the crack mouth and parallel to the interface. Crack paths are calculated using a boundary element method. Crack growth is assumed to proceed along a path for which the mode II stress intensity factor vanishes. The inclination and the length of the initial crack are varied. The effect of two different substrates on the crack path evolution is demonstrated. A crack path initially leading perpendicularly to the interface is shown to be directionally unstable for a rigid substrate. Irrespective of its initial angle, the crack does not reach the interface, but reaches the free surface if the layer is infinitely long. At finite layer length the crack reaches the upper free surface if the initial crack inclination to the surface is small enough. For an inextendable flexible substrate, on the other hand, the crack reaches the interface if its initial inclination is large enough. For the flexible substrate an unstable path parallel with the sides of an infinitely long layer is identified. The results are compared with experimental results and discussed in view of characterisation of directionally unstable crack paths. The energy release rate for an inclined edge crack is determined analytically.

Numerical analyses for the material bifurcation in plane sheet under tension

The various patterns (shear banding, surface wrinkling and necking) of material bifurcation in plane sheet under tension are investigated in this paper by means of a numerical method. It is found that numerical analysis can provide better ground for searching for the lowest critical loads. The inhomogeneity caused by void damage and the nonuniformity in the stress distribution across sheet thickness are proved to have detrimental effects on the material bifurcation. Nevertheless, material stability can be promoted by any means of depressing void damage or alleviating stress, even locally across the thickness. Besides, the peculiar behaviour of material bifurcation under slight biaxiality state is demonstrated. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

A new expression of hardening coefficients for fcc-crystal and calibration of the material constants

In order to describe the effect of latent hardening on the macro-plastic behavior of foc-crystal, a new expression for hardening coefficient is proposed in which there are 12 material constants, each having clear physical meaning. And a method of material constant calibration is suggested and used to determine the material constants of copper and aluminum crystal. The simulated load-elongation curves along various crystallographic orientations are comparable with the experimental ones.

Collapsed isoparametric element as a singular element for a crack normal to the bi-material interface

It is shown that the variable power singularity of the strain field at the crack tip can be obtained by the simple technique of collapsing quadrilateral isoparametric elements into triangular elements around the crack tip and adequately shifting the side-nodes adjacent to this crack tip. The collapsed isoparametric elements have the desired singularity at crack tip along any ray. The strain expressions for a single element have been derived and in addition to the desired power singularity, additional singularities are revealed. Numerical examples have shown that triangular elements formed by collapsing one side lead to excellent results.