Design and synthesis of efficient mac architectures for high speed decimal processor

Most of the commercial and financial data are stored in decimal fonn. Recently, support for decimal arithmetic has received increased attention due to the growing importance in financial analysis, banking, tax calculation, currency conversion, insurance, telephone billing and accounting. Performing decimal arithmetic with systems that do not support decimal computations may give a result with representation error, conversion error, and/or rounding error. In this world of precision, such errors are no more tolerable. The errors can be eliminated and better accuracy can be achieved if decimal computations are done using Decimal Floating Point (DFP) units. But the floating-point arithmetic units in today's general-purpose microprocessors are based on the binary number system, and the decimal computations are done using binary arithmetic. Only few common decimal numbers can be exactly represented in Binary Floating Point (BF P). ln many; cases, the law requires that results generated from financial calculations performed on a computer should exactly match with manual calculations. Currently many applications involving fractional decimal data perform decimal computations either in software or with a combination of software and hardware. The performance can be dramatically improved by complete hardware DFP units and this leads to the design of processors that include DF P hardware.VLSI implementations using same modular building blocks can decrease system design and manufacturing cost. A multiplexer realization is a natural choice from the viewpoint of cost and speed.This thesis focuses on the design and synthesis of efficient decimal MAC (Multiply ACeumulate) architecture for high speed decimal processors based on IEEE Standard for Floating-point Arithmetic (IEEE 754-2008). The research goal is to design and synthesize deeimal'MAC architectures to achieve higher performance.Efficient design methods and architectures are developed for a high performance DFP MAC unit as part of this research.

Studies on the propagation of errors in physical oceanographic computations

The results of an investigation on the limits of the random errors contained in the basic data of Physical Oceanography and their propagation through the computational procedures are presented in this thesis. It also suggest a method which increases the reliability of the derived results. The thesis is presented in eight chapters including the introductory chapter. Chapter 2 discusses the general theory of errors that are relevant in the context of the propagation of errors in Physical Oceanographic computations. The error components contained in the independent oceanographic variables namely, temperature, salinity and depth are deliniated and quantified in chapter 3. Chapter 4 discusses and derives the magnitude of errors in the computation of the dependent oceanographic variables, density in situ, gt, specific volume and specific volume anomaly, due to the propagation of errors contained in the independent oceanographic variables. The errors propagated into the computed values of the derived quantities namely, dynamic depth and relative currents, have been estimated and presented chapter 5. Chapter 6 reviews the existing methods for the identification of level of no motion and suggests a method for the identification of a reliable zero reference level. Chapter 7 discusses the available methods for the extension of the zero reference level into shallow regions of the oceans and suggests a new method which is more reliable. A procedure of graphical smoothening of dynamic topographies between the error limits to provide more reliable results is also suggested in this chapter. Chapter 8 deals with the computation of the geostrophic current from these smoothened values of dynamic heights, with reference to the selected zero reference level. The summary and conclusion are also presented in this chapter.

Characterization of human and instrument related measurement errors

Measurement is the act or the result of a quantitative comparison between a given quantity and a quantity of the same kind chosen as a unit. It is generally agreed that all measurements contain errors. In a measuring system where both a measuring instrument and a human being taking the measurement using a preset process, the measurement error could be due to the instrument, the process or the human being involved. The first part of the study is devoted to understanding the human errors in measurement. For that, selected person related and selected work related factors that could affect measurement errors have been identified. Though these are well known, the exact extent of the error and the extent of effect of different factors on human errors in measurement are less reported. Characterization of human errors in measurement is done by conducting an experimental study using different subjects, where the factors were changed one at a time and the measurements made by them recorded. From the pre‐experiment survey research studies, it is observed that the respondents could not give the correct answers to questions related to the correct values [extent] of human related measurement errors. This confirmed the fears expressed regarding lack of knowledge about the extent of human related measurement errors among professionals associated with quality. But in postexperiment phase of survey study, it is observed that the answers regarding the extent of human related measurement errors has improved significantly since the answer choices were provided based on the experimental study. It is hoped that this work will help users of measurement in practice to better understand and manage the phenomena of human related errors in measurement.

Analytical Study of Typographical Errors in OPACS and Corrective Measures

The present study is an attempt to highlight the problem of typographical errors in OPACS. The errors made while typing catalogue entries as well as importing bibliographical records from other libraries exist unnoticed by librarians resulting the non-retrieval of available records and affecting the quality of OPACs. This paper follows previous research on the topic mainly by Jeffrey Beall and Terry Ballard. The word “management” was chosen from the list of likely to be misspelled words identified by previous research. It was found that the word is wrongly entered in several forms in local, national and international OPACs justifying the observations of Ballard that typos occur in almost everywhere. Though there are lots of corrective measures proposed and are in use, the study asserts the fact that human effort is needed to get rid of the problem. The paper is also an invitation to the library professionals and system designers to construct a strategy to solve the issue

Analytical Study of Typographical Errors in OPACS and Corrective Measures

The present study is an attempt to highlight the problem of typographical errors in OPACS. The errors made while typing catalogue entries as well as importing bibliographical records from other libraries exist unnoticed by librarians resulting the non-retrieval of available records and affecting the quality of OPACs. This paper follows previous research on the topic mainly by Jeffrey Beall and Terry Ballard. The word “management” was chosen from the list of likely to be misspelled words identified by previous research. It was found that the word is wrongly entered in several forms in local, national and international OPACs justifying the observations of Ballard that typos occur in almost everywhere. Though there are lots of corrective measures proposed and are in use, the study asserts the fact that human effort is needed to get rid of the problem. The paper is also an invitation to the library professionals and system designers to construct a strategy to solve the issue

A Realization Of An Fpga Sub System For Reducing Odometric Localization Errors In Wheeled Mobile Robots

This paper introduces a simple and efficient method and its implementation in an FPGA for reducing the odometric localization errors caused by over count readings of an optical encoder based odometric system in a mobile robot due to wheel-slippage and terrain irregularities. The detection and correction is based on redundant encoder measurements. The method suggested relies on the fact that the wheel slippage or terrain irregularities cause more count readings from the encoder than what corresponds to the actual distance travelled by the vehicle. The standard quadrature technique is used to obtain four counts in each encoder period. In this work a three-wheeled mobile robot vehicle with one driving-steering wheel and two-fixed rear wheels in-axis, fitted with incremental optical encoders is considered. The CORDIC algorithm has been used for the computation of sine and cosine terms in the update equations. The results presented demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique

Short-Term Load Forecast Of A Low Loadfactor Power System For Optimization Of Merit Order Dispatch Using Adaptive Learning Algorithm

Short term load forecasting is one of the key inputs to optimize the management of power system. Almost 60-65% of revenue expenditure of a distribution company is against power purchase. Cost of power depends on source of power. Hence any optimization strategy involves optimization in scheduling power from various sources. As the scheduling involves many technical and commercial considerations and constraints, the efficiency in scheduling depends on the accuracy of load forecast. Load forecasting is a topic much visited in research world and a number of papers using different techniques are already presented. The accuracy of forecast for the purpose of merit order dispatch decisions depends on the extent of the permissible variation in generation limits. For a system with low load factor, the peak and the off peak trough are prominent and the forecast should be able to identify these points to more accuracy rather than minimizing the error in the energy content. In this paper an attempt is made to apply Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with supervised learning based approach to make short term load forecasting for a power system with comparatively low load factor. Such power systems are usual in tropical areas with concentrated rainy season for a considerable period of the year

Test for basis-set errors in relativistic Dirac-Fock-Slater calculations with a numerical AO-DFS-basis

A fully relativistic four-component Dirac-Fock-Slater program for diatomics, with numerically given AO's as basis functions is presented. We discuss the problem of the errors due to the finite basis-set, and due to the influence of the negative energy solutions of the Dirac Hamiltonian. The negative continuum contributions are found to be very small.

Forecasting Global Temperature Variations by Neural Networks

Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984 are forecast usingsregularization networks, multilayer perceptrons and linearsautoregression. The regularization network, optimized by stochasticsgradient descent associated with colored noise, gives the bestsforecasts. For all the models, prediction errors noticeably increasesafter 1965. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that thesclimate dynamics is characterized by low-dimensional chaos and thatsthe it may have changed at some point after 1965, which is alsosconsistent with the recent idea of climate change.s

Desarrollo de un nuevo protocolo de cirugía general, que disminuya las devoluciones de medicamentos e insumos al almacén de cirugía del Hospital Méderi

Esta tesis surge como una oportunidad de mejora en el almacén de cirugías del Hospital MÉDERI, debido a la recurrente devolución de medicamentos e insumos solicitados por las auxiliares de enfermería para las cirugías generales, lo cual repercute directamente en pérdidas de productividad laboral por los re-procesos, un aumento en los errores humanos y posibles pérdidas de medicamentos e insumos. Tras esta clara oportunidad de mejora, se toma la decisión de evaluar el proceso interno del almacén de cirugías con el fin de conocer el punto crítico que genera esta situación; dando como resultado los protocolos de cirugías, los cuales al haber sido diseñados varios años atrás basados en una demanda presentada en ese momento, no están acorde con la realidad que se vive actualmente el almacén de cirugía. Por lo tanto se decidió implementar un pronóstico de promedio móvil, para identificar la demanda real que se presentan en el Hospital MÉDERI, esto seguido de una identificación gráfica comparativa que permitiera definir el nuevo protocolo de cirugía general, lo cual permite disminuir la cantidad de material solicitado, con lo cual se generan disminuciones significativas en el inventario, perdidas y un aumento en la productividad.

L'anàlisi dels errors de puntuació. 'El análisis de los errores de puntuación'.

En este artículo se presenta el análisis de los errores de puntuación realizado sobre un corpus formado a partir de exámenes de Selectividad. El estudio de los errores de puntuación que los estudiantes hacen en los escritos académicos que producen permite averiguar cuales son y en qué grado consiguen este tipo de errores.Estos datos permiten reflexionar sobre las representaciones que tienen los estudiantes sobre la puntuación, a la vez que permite hacerlo sobre la propia naturaleza de la puntuación. Desde este conocimiento es posible establecer una imagen más fiel de las carencias que presentan los estudiantes y de cómo se puede orientar la práctica educativa para erradicar estos errores de sus escritos.

Estratègies, dificultats i errors en els aprenentatges de les habilitats espacials. 'Estrategias, dificultades y errores en los aprendizajes de las habilidades espaciales'.

Analizar las estrategias, las dificultades y los errores de los alumnos, manifestados en los aprendizajes de habilidades de orientación espacial y de habilidades espaciales ligados a los procesos de resolución. Asociar, cuando sea posible, las tipologías establecidas a los grupos de incidencia determinados por las variables sexo y escolarización.. 655 alumnos de edades entre 14-16 años de 16 centros diferentes de EGB, FP y BUP. 24 alumnos de la muestra anterior.. Elabora un cuestionario con una primera parte de carácter general, con preguntas de geometría escolar, y una segunda parte con contenido estrictamente espacial. Aplica el cuestionario a la muestra. Estudia los tipos de errores manifestados en las actividades del cuestionario donde la transformación geométrica es una rotación al espacio y los asocia a grupos de incidencia. Establece una tipología de procesos de resolución, analizando las estrategias, dificultades y errores, asociándola a grupos de incidencia.. Cuestionario. Análisis cualitativo. Análisis cuantitativo. Elabora las conclusiones en función de cada item del cuestionario. Las conclusiones generales se relacionan con la metodología utilizada; las estrategias, dificultades y errores de los alumnos; habilidad de orientación espacial de los alumnos; diferencias de comportamiento entre grupos; implementación de las habilidades..