Design Optimization of Modern Machine-drive Systems for Maximum Fault Tolerant and Optimal Operation

Modern electric machine drives, particularly three phase permanent magnet machine drive systems represent an indispensable part of high power density products. Such products include; hybrid electric vehicles, large propulsion systems, and automation products. Reliability and cost of these products are directly related to the reliability and cost of these systems. The compatibility of the electric machine and its drive system for optimal cost and operation has been a large challenge in industrial applications. The main objective of this dissertation is to find a design and control scheme for the best compromise between the reliability and optimality of the electric machine-drive system. The effort presented here is motivated by the need to find new techniques to connect the design and control of electric machines and drive systems. A highly accurate and computationally efficient modeling process was developed to monitor the magnetic, thermal, and electrical aspects of the electric machine in its operational environments. The modeling process was also utilized in the design process in form finite element based optimization process. It was also used in hardware in the loop finite element based optimization process. The modeling process was later employed in the design of a very accurate and highly efficient physics-based customized observers that are required for the fault diagnosis as well the sensorless rotor position estimation. Two test setups with different ratings and topologies were numerically and experimentally tested to verify the effectiveness of the proposed techniques. The modeling process was also employed in the real-time demagnetization control of the machine. Various real-time scenarios were successfully verified. It was shown that this process gives the potential to optimally redefine the assumptions in sizing the permanent magnets of the machine and DC bus voltage of the drive for the worst operating conditions. The mathematical development and stability criteria of the physics-based modeling of the machine, design optimization, and the physics-based fault diagnosis and the physics-based sensorless technique are described in detail. To investigate the performance of the developed design test-bed, software and hardware setups were constructed first. Several topologies of the permanent magnet machine were optimized inside the optimization test-bed. To investigate the performance of the developed sensorless control, a test-bed including a 0.25 (kW) surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine example was created. The verification of the proposed technique in a range from medium to very low speed, effectively show the intelligent design capability of the proposed system. Additionally, to investigate the performance of the developed fault diagnosis system, a test-bed including a 0.8 (kW) surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine example with trapezoidal back electromotive force was created. The results verify the use of the proposed technique under dynamic eccentricity, DC bus voltage variations, and harmonic loading condition make the system an ideal case for propulsion systems.

Avaliação e conduta em escolares portadores de visão subnormal atendidos em sala de recursos

Purpose: To identify improvement in visual performance of low vision students after assessment and management conducted at the Low Vision Service of State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Method: Fourteen low vision students aged six to 30 years, attended in a room with resources for visual deficiency in Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste -- SP during 1998 received complete ophthalmologic examination, specialized low vision assessment and educational intervention. Results: The most prevalent cause of vision loss was operated congenital cataract with four cases (28.6%), followed by congenital bilateral toxoplasmic macular scars and eye malformation, both with two cases (14.3%) cases each. Eight students (57.2%) had acuity classified as severe vision loss, four (28.6%) profound, one (7.1%) moderate and one (7.1%) nearly normal vision. Twelve (85.7%) were behind expected school grade. Optical aids were prescribed for 12 (85.8%) students but only 7 (58.3%) acquired the aids thus improving significantly their school performance. Conclusion: All students improved school performance even considering that 12 (85.7%) had severe to profound vision loss. As a group their performance could even be better if the optical aid prescriptions were acquired by all. This indicates the need of a social work to support such needs. For good results at school and effective student inclusion a partnership between school, family and specialized education is necessary. We recommend to promote the benefits of the resource room.

Analise quantitativa das adaptações da coluna vertebral em mulheres gravidas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação Física

Analise das alterações nos padrões de preensão palmar em pianistas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Degradação de corantes ácidos por processos oxidativos avançados usando um reator com disco rotatório de baixa velocidade

Three technologies were tested (TiO2/UV, H2O2/UV, and TiO2/H2O2/UV) for the degradation and color removal of a 25 mg L-1 mixture of three acid dyes: Blue 9, Red 18, and Yellow 23. A low speed rotating disc reactor (20 rpm) and a H2O2 concentration of 2.5 mmol L-1 were used. The dyes did not significantly undergo photolysis, although they were all degraded by the studied advanced oxidation processes. With the TiO2/H2O2/UV process, a strong synergism was observed (color removal reached 100%). Pseudo first order kinetic constants were estimated for all processes, as well as the respective apparent photonic efficiencies.

Biomass Refinery as a Renewable Complement to the Petroleum Refinery

Biomass Refinery is a sequential of eleven thermochemical processes and one biological process with two initial basic treatments: prehydrolysis for lignocellulosics and low temperature conversion for biomass with medium-to-high content of lipids and proteins. The other ten processes are: effluent treatment plant, furfural plant, biodiesel plant, cellulignin dryer, calcination, fluidized bed boiler, authotermal reforming of cellulignin for syngas production, combined cycle of two-stroke low-speed engine or syngas turbine with fluidized bed boiler heat recovery, GTL technologies and ethanol from cellulose, prehydrolysate and syngas. Any kind of biomass such as wood, agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, seeds, cakes, sludges, excrements and used tires can be processed at the Biomass Refinery. Twelve basic products are generated such as cellulignin, animal feed, electric energy, fuels (ethanol, crude oil, biodiesel, char), petrochemical substitutes, some materials (ash, gypsum, fertilizers, silica, carbon black) and hydrogen. The technology is clean with recovery of energy and reuse of water, acid and effluents. Based on a holistic integration of various disciplines Biomass Refinery maximizes the simultaneous production of food, electric energy, liquid fuels and chemical products and some materials, achieving a competitive position with conventional and fossil fuel technologies, as well as payment capacity for biomass production. Biomass Refinery has a technical economical capability to complement the depletion of the conventional petroleum sources and to capture its GHGs resulting a biomass + petroleum ""green"" combination.

A simplified, sequential, phosphorus fractionation method

Hedley er al. (1982) developed what has become the most widely used land modified), phosphorus (P) fractionation technique. It consists of sequential extraction of increasingly less phytoavailable P pools. Extracts are centrifuged at up to 25000 g (RCF) and filtered to 0.45 mu m to ensure that soil is not lost between extractions. In attempting to transfer this method to laboratories with limited facilities, it was considered that access to high-speed centrifuges, and the cost of frequent filtration may prevent adoption of this P fractionation technique. The modified method presented here was developed to simplify methodology, reduce cost, and therefore increase accessibility of P fractionation technology. It provides quantitative recovery of soil between extractions, using low speed centrifugation without filtration. This is achieved by increasing the ionic strength of dilute extracts, through the addition of NaCl, to flocculate clay particles. Addition of NaCl does not change the amount of P extracted. Flocculation with low speed centrifugation produced extracts comparable with those having undergone filtration (0.025 mu m). A malachite green colorimetric method was adopted for inorganic P determination, as this simple manual method provides high sensitivity with negligible interference from other anions. This approach can also be used for total P following digestion, alternatively non-discriminatory methods, such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, may be employed.

Infection control practices among a cohort of Brazilian dentists

Objective: To evaluate infection control practices among dentists in private and public practice. Design: Survey and cross-sectional analysis. Setting: Sertaozinho city, Brazil. Participants: All dentists who were currently working at the study city, and agreed to participate, resulting in a study population of 135 dentists. Methods: Participants were personally interviewed and variables were submitted to X(2) or Fisher`s exact test. Results: Hand washing before and after each patient was reported by 86.7% of dentists, but private practitioners used liquid soap and paper towels more often than their public colleagues (p<0.001). Most of the study population (97.8%) used gloves routinely during clinical sessions, but 8.2% reused them. Dry-heat was the main method employed for sterilisation of heat-stable devices by 80.0% of dentists, but adequate temperature and time of exposure was accomplished by only 32.1% of public and 70.0% of private professionals (p<0.001). Heat-sensitive devices were disinfected with an adequate substance by 60.0% of both affiliation dentists (p=0.908). Conclusions: There is a large gap between infection control recommendations and practices observed among the study population, and the situation is worse in public services. To reverse that situation, infection control issues must be openly debated by professional associations, dental schools and health authorities.

Micro-tensile bond strength to bovine sclerotic dentine: Influence of surface treatment

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the surface treatment and acid conditioning (AC) time of bovine sclerotic dentine on the micro-tensile bond strength (mu-TBS) to an etch and rinse adhesive system. Materials and method: Thirty-six bovine incisors were divided into six groups (n = 6): G1 sound dentine submitted to AC for 15 s; G2-G6 sclerotic dentine: G2-AC for 15 s; G3-AC for 30 s; G4-EDTA and AC for 15 s; G5-diamond bur and AC for 15 s; G6-diamond paste and AC for 15 s. An adhesive system was applied to the treated dentine surfaces followed by a hybrid composite inserted in increments and light cured. After 24 h storage in water at 37 degrees C, the specimens were perpendicularly cut with a low-speed diamond saw to obtain beams (0.8 mm x 0.8 mm cross-sectional dimensions) for mu-TBS testing. Data was compared by ANOVA followed by Tukey`s test (P <= 0.05). Results: The mean L-TBS was G1: 18.87 +/- 5.36 MPa; G2: 12.94 +/- 2.09 MPa; G3: 11.73 +/- 0.64 MPa; G4: 11.14 +/- 1.50 MPa; G5: 22.75 +/- 4.10 MPa; G6: 22.48 +/- 2.71 MPa. G1, G5 and G6 presented similar bond strengths significantly higher than those of all other groups. Conclusion: The surface treatment of sclerotic dentine significantly influenced the bond strength to an adhesive system. Mechanical treatment, either using a diamond bur or a diamond paste was able to improve bonding to bovine sclerotic dentine, reaching values similar to bonding to sound dentine. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Erbium, chromium : yttrium scandium gallium garnet laser for caries removal: influence on bonding of a self-etching adhesive system

This study evaluated the influence of the dental substrates obtained after the use of different caries removal techniques on bonding of a self-etching system. Forty, extracted, carious, human molars were ground to expose flat surfaces containing caries-infected dentine surrounded by sound dentine. The caries lesions of the specimens were removed or not (control-G1) either by round steel burs and water-cooled, low speed, handpiece (G2), or by irradiation with an erbium, chromium:yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser (2W, 20 Hz, 35.38 J/cm(2), fiber G4 handpiece with 0.2826 mm(2), non-contact mode at a 2 mm distance, 70% air/20% water-G3) or using a chemo-mechanical method (Carisolv-G4). Caries-infected, caries-affected and sound dentines were submitted to a bonding system followed by construction of a resin-based composite crown. Hour-glass shaped samples were obtained and submitted to a micro-tensile bond test. The bond strength data were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA), complemented by Tukey`s test (P <= 0.05). The samples of sound dentine presented higher bond strengths than did samples of caries-affected dentine, except for the groups treated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser. The highest bond strengths were observed with the sound dentine treated with burs and Carisolv. The bond strengths to caries-affected dentine were similar in all groups. Additionally, bonding to caries-affected dentine of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser and Carisolv groups was similar to bonding to caries-infected dentine. Thus, caries-affected dentine is not an adequate substrate for adhesion. Moreover, amongst the caries removal methods tested, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation was the poorest in providing a substrate for bonding with the tested self-etching system.

Roughness of Human Enamel Surface Submitted to Different Prophylaxis Methods

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate alterations in the surface roughness and micromorphology of human enamel submitted to three prophylaxis methods. Sixty-nine caries-free molars with exposed labial surfaces were divided into three groups. Group I was treated with a rotary instrument set at a low speed, rubber clip and a mixture of water and pumice; group II with a rotary instrument set at a low speed, rubber cup and prophylaxis paste Herjos-F (Vigodent S/A Industria e Comercio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); and group III with sodium bicarbonate spray Profi II Ceramic (Dabi A dante Indtistrias Medico Odontologicas Ltda, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil). All procedures were performed by the same operator for 10 s, and samples were rinsed and stored in distilled water. Pre and post-treatment surface evaluation was completed using a surface profilometer (Perthometer S8P Marh, Perthen, Germany) in 54 samples. In addition, the other samples were coated with gold and examined in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of this study were statistically analyzed with the paired t-test (Student), the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Dunn (5%) test. The sodium bicarbonate spray led to significantly rougher surfaces than the pumice paste. The use of prophylaxis paste showed no statistically significant difference when compared with the other methods. Based on SEM analysis, the sodium bicarbonate spray presented an irregular surface with granular material and erosions. Based on this study, it can be concluded that there was an increased enamel stuface roughness when teeth were treated with sodium bicarbonate spray when compared with teeth treated with pumice paste.

IN VITRO FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF GLASS-FIBER AND CAST METAL POSTS WITH DIFFERENT LENGTHS

Statement of problem. Dental fractures can occur in endodontically treated teeth restored with posts. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro fracture resistance of roots with glass-fiber and metal posts of different lengths. Material and methods. Sixty endodontically treated maxillary canines were embedded in acrylic resin, except for 4 mm of the cervical area, after removing the clinical crowns. The post spaces were opened with a cylindrical bur at low speed attached to a surveyor, resulting in preparations with lengths of 6 mm (group 6 mm), 8 mm (group 8 mm), or 10 mm (group 10 mm). Each group was divided into 2 subgroups according to the post material: cast post and core or glass-fiber post (n=30). The posts were luted with dual-polymerizing resin cement (Panavia F). Cast posts and cores of Co-Cr (Resilient Plus) crowns were made and cemented with zinc phosphate. Specimens were subjected to increasing compressive load (N) until fracture. Data were analyzed with 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey-Kramer test (alpha=.05). Results. The ANOVA analysis indicated significant differences (P<.05) among the groups, and the Tukey test revealed no significant difference among the metal posts of 6-mm length (26.5 N +/- 13.4), 8-mm length (25.2 N +/- 13.9), and 10-mm length (17.1 N +/- 5.2). Also, in the glass-fiber post group, there was no significant difference when posts of 8-mm length (13.4 N +/- 11.0) were compared with the 6-mm (6.9 N +/- 4.6) and 10-mm (31.7 N +/- 13.1) groups. The 10-mm-long post displayed superior fracture resistance, and the 6-mm-long post showed significantly lower mean values (P<.001). Conclusions. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the glass-fiber post represents a viable alternative to the cast metal post, increasing the resistance to fracture of endodontically treated canines. (J Prosthet Dent 2009;101:183-188)

A high efficient and consistent method for harvesting large volumes of high-titre lentiviral vectors

Lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) are emerging as the vectors of choice for in vitro and in vivo gene therapy studies. However, the current method for harvesting lentivectors relies upon ultracentrifugation at 50 000 g for 2 h. At this ultra-high speed, rotors currently in use generally have small volume capacity. Therefore, preparations of large volumes of high-titre vectors are time-consuming and laborious to perform. In the present study, viral vector supernatant harvests from vector-producing cells (VPCs) were pre-treated with various amounts of poly-L-lysine (PLL) and concentrated by low speed centrifugation. Optimal conditions were established when 0.005% of PLL (w/v) was added to vector supernatant harvests, followed by incubation for 30 min and centrifugation at 10 000 g for 2 h at 4 degreesC. Direct comparison with ultracentrifugation demonstrated that the new method consistently produced larger volumes (6 ml) of high-titre viral vector at 1 x 10(8) transduction unit (TU)/ml (from about 3000 ml of supernatant) in one round of concentration. Electron microscopic analysis showed that PLL/viral vector formed complexes, which probably facilitated easy precipitation at low-speed concentration (10 000 g), a speed which does not usually precipitate viral particles efficiently. Transfection of several cell lines in vitro and transduction in vivo in the liver with the lentivector/PLL complexes demonstrated efficient gene transfer without any significant signs of toxicity. These results suggest that the new method provides a convenient means for harvesting large volumes of high-titre lentivectors, facilitate gene therapy experiments in large animal or human gene therapy trials, in which large amounts of lentiviral vectors are a prerequisite.

Estimating Local Part Thickness in Midplane Meshes for Finite Element Analysis

Within the development of motor vehicles, crash safety (e.g. occupant protection, pedestrian protection, low speed damageability), is one of the most important attributes. In order to be able to fulfill the increased requirements in the framework of shorter cycle times and rising pressure to reduce costs, car manufacturers keep intensifying the use of virtual development tools such as those in the domain of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE). For crash simulations, the explicit finite element method (FEM) is applied. The accuracy of the simulation process is highly dependent on the accuracy of the simulation model, including the midplane mesh. One of the roughest approximations typically made is the actual part thickness which, in reality, can vary locally. However, almost always a constant thickness value is defined throughout the entire part due to complexity reasons. On the other hand, for precise fracture analysis within FEM, the correct thickness consideration is one key enabler. Thus, availability of per element thickness information, which does not exist explicitly in the FEM model, can significantly contribute to an improved crash simulation quality, especially regarding fracture prediction. Even though the thickness is not explicitly available from the FEM model, it can be inferred from the original CAD geometric model through geometric calculations. This paper proposes and compares two thickness estimation algorithms based on ray tracing and nearest neighbour 3D range searches. A systematic quantitative analysis of the accuracy of both algorithms is presented, as well as a thorough identification of particular geometric arrangements under which their accuracy can be compared. These results enable the identification of each technique’s weaknesses and hint towards a new, integrated, approach to the problem that linearly combines the estimates produced by each algorithm.

A abordagem global do Fisioterapeuta na dor pélvica no pós-parto

O presente estudo de caso surge no âmbito da prática clínica privada, na área de intervenção da fisioterapia na saúde da mulher, em particular na intervenção multifactorial em sequelas após parto. Iremos descrever e analisar o processo da fisioterapia aplicado a uma mulher de 34 anos com dor lombar/pélvica a qual teve início três semanas após o parto do seu terceiro filho. Este sintoma considerado como principal, que levou à procura dos cuidados de fisioterapia, além das implicações ao nível da estrutura e função, tinha um grande impacto no desempenho de actividades, pela dificuldade em realizar movimentos livremente, especificamente passar da posição de sentado para de pé e na marcha. O impacto na participação social era também considerável, em particular na capacidade de prestar os cuidados necessários ao seu bebé. Além desta queixa, a utente apresentava ainda dor ao nível da zona do períneo, perdas de urina sempre que tosse e dificuldades na amamentação. Todos os problemas referidos pela utente, são muito frequentes nas mulheres após o parto, tendo estes tendencialmente uma resolução natural nas duas a três primeiras semanas, pelo que, a maioria das mulheres não recorre a ajuda para os resolver. No entanto, existe uma percentagem que os estudos nos apontam entre os 16% e os 7% que mantêm a dor lombar/pélvica até às 23 semanas dor essa que como no caso presente, pode ser muito incapacitante, sendo estas as situaçõesque mais poderão beneficiar do apoio da fisioterapia na resolução das suas queixas. Sendo que, a dor lombar e pélvica são um dos grandes problemas de saúde, responsável pela maior fatia do absentismo e pela grande procura de consultas médicas constituindo-se pois como um problema socioeconómico em toda a Europa, para a população em geral. A dor lombar baixa (DLB) ou lombalgia afecta principalmente a população activa e está sempre associada a custos elevados em saúde, absentismo e incapacidade apesar de todos os esforços que têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos no sentido da sua prevenção. A DLB é geralmente definida como sendo uma dor situada entre a 12ª costela e a prega glútea. A dor na cintura pélvica (DCP), muitas vezes confundida por lombalgia é uma queixa mais comum e incapacitante do que a lombalgia tanto na gravidez como no período após o parto (Hofmeyr; Abdel-Aleem & Abdel-Aleem, 2008). O risco de vir a ter dor lombar ou pélvica na gravidez ou após o parto é maior nas mulheres com queixas de dor lombar/pélvica prévia.Cerca de 10% das mulheres reportam a sua história de dores lombares ao período da gravidez ou após o parto. Os desequilíbrios musculares provocados pela gravidez, devido ao aumento do peso feto ao longo dos nove meses e ás alterações hormonais mantêm-se no puerpério dando muitas vezes lugar a quadros de dor e incapacidade na zona da cintura pélvica e lombar (Mens, 1996)Neste contexto o fisioterapeuta terá de actuar na prevenção do aparecimento das queixas e no caso de estas existirem tratá-las e prevenir desde logo as recorrências. Na última década tem havido um grande esforço tanto da parte dos clínicos como dos investigadores no sentido de estudar não só a dor mas a etiologia da DCP. Tanto a definição como a nomenclatura nesta área eram confusas surgindo a necessidade de se criar um grupo de trabalho. Dentro da COST ACTION B13 constituída para elaborar o“European Guidelines for the Management of Low Back Pain “ em 2006 (van Tulder; Becker; Bekkering; Breen; del Real; Hutchinson; Koes; Laerum & Malmivaara, 2006) surge o “Working Group 4” (WG4) nome dado ao grupo de trabalho constituído para elaborar os “European Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pelvic Girdle Pain” (Ronchetti; Vleeming & van Wingerden, 2008), guidelines da dor pélvica. O principal objectivo destes guidelines passa pela proposta de um conjunto de recomendações que possam suportar futuros guidelines nacionais e internacionais sobre a DCP. Deverão ainda ajudar na prevenção de complicações a longo prazo, redução da dor e diminuição das incapacidades .O âmbito deste guideline em particular é promover uma abordagem realística com o intuito de melhorar o diagnóstico e tratamento da DCP através de: Recomendações sobre o diagnóstico e actuação clínica na DCP; Abordagem baseada na evidência dada pelos guidelines clínicos existentes; Recomendações aceites por todas as profissões de saúde dos países participantes; Facilitar uma abordagem multidisciplinar; estimulando a colaboração e uma aproximação consistente entre os profissionais de saúde. Segundo a WG4 a Dor na Cintura Pélvica (DCP) é definida por uma dor sentida entre a crista iliaca posterior e a prega glútea, localizando-se com especial incidência na zona da articulação sacro ilíaca (SI) podendo irradiar para a parte posterior da coxa e surgir simultaneamente/ou separadamente, dor na sínfise púbica: A capacidade para andar, estar de pé e sentada;está geralmente diminuída. Esta condição surge geralmente relacionada com a gravidez, trauma ou artrite. O diagnóstico da DCP é feito: Após se ter excluído o diagnóstico de DLB; Quando a dor ou alterações funcionais referentes à dor pélvica podem ser reproduzidas por testes clínicos específicos. A causa da DCP é multifactorial e pode estar relacionada com diferentes condições, gravidez, pós parto, espondilite anquilosante ou trauma. Na maioria dos casos não existe nenhuma explicação óbvia para o aparecimento da DCP, contudo durante a gravidez o corpo da mulher está exposto a determinados factores que têm impacto na estabilidade e dinâmica da cintura pélvica. Um destes factores é a hormona relaxina que em combinação com outras hormonas provoca laxidão dos ligamentos da cintura pélvica assim como de todas as outras estruturas ligamentares. De acordo com os estudos de Albert et al. (2002) o ponto de prevalência de mulheres que sofrem de DCP durante a gravidez é próximo dos 20% sendo forte a evidência no que respeita a este valor. É difícil comparar os estudos existentes na literatura porque a DCP é muitas vezes incluída na dor lombar. Contudo, naqueles em que a DCP é definida e estudada separadamente, o que se encontra é similar e aceitável. Depois da gravidez a prevalência da DCP rapidamente baixa para 7% nos três primeiros meses (Petersen; Olsen; Laslett; Thorsen; Manniche; Ekdahl & Jacobsen, 2004); (Albert; Godskesen & Westergaard, 2001) A percentagem de mulheres que sofrem de dor severa depois da gravidez era 3, 3,2,2,1 e 1% respectivamente 1,3,6,12,18 e 24 meses depois do parto (Albert et al., 2001). As mulheres que apresentavam DCP persistente depois do parto muitas vezes também tinham queixas de dor severa durante a gravidez., 21% das mulheres com queixas de dor severa durante a gravidez ainda apresentavam DCP com teste provocatórios de dor positivo dois anos após o parto (Albert et al., 2001). No estudo de (Ostgaard & Andersson) 5% das mulheres apresentavam dor severa depois da gravidez, e nos seus estudos (Ostgaard; Roos-Hansson & Zetherstrom); (Ostgaard; Zetherstrom & Roos-Hansson) o ponto de prevalência no follow up no período do pós parto á 11ª e 23ª semana, foi respectivamente de 16 e 7%. Estes números são relativos a uma população não tratada. Os principais factores de risco da DCP durante a gravidez são: uma história anterior de dor lombar; trauma prévio da pélvis (Mens et al 1996). Há uma ligeira evidência conflituosa (um estudo somente) que considera factor de risco a multiparidade e uma actividade laboral com elevadas cargas . Há acordo em que não são factores de risco: pilula anticoncepcional, o intervalo de tempo entre gravidezes, altura, peso, fumar e a idade. Uma revisão da literatura que teve como base a “European Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of pelvic girdle pain” (Vleeming et al 2008) revela que foram usados uma variedade de exames, procedimentos e testes para investigar doentes grávidas ou não. Nos estudos em que foram descritos os procedimentos dos exames são usados uma combinação de métodos: inspecção da marcha; postura e inclinação da bacia; palpação de ligamentos e músculos; teste para a sacro-ilíaca (SI) bloqueada; testes de provocação de dor para a SI e sínfise púbica. Os primeiros estudos focam-se mais na inspecção e palpação enquanto que os mais recentes incidem mais nos teste de provocação de dor, provavelmente devido a uma fidedignidade e especificidade maior. Os testes de provocação de dor mais fidedignos e mais usados para a dor na SI são o teste Thigh trust e o teste de Patrick´s Faber. Para a dor a nível da sínfise púbica o teste mais usado é a palpação da síinfise e o teste de Trendlenbourgh modificado usado como um teste de provocação de dor. A fim de se efectuar o diagnóstico da DCP são recomendados pela “European Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic girdle pain” que conste do exame clínico os testes de provocação de dor pélvica posterior, o Gaenslen´s sign, o teste de Patrick, o teste da compressão e o teste da distracção. De acordo com estas guidelines recomenda-se: Exercícios individualizados na gravidez; Um programa individualizado que deve incidir especialmente em exercícios de estabilização no intuito de melhorar o controlo e a estabilidade integrados num tratamento multifactorial adequado ao pós-parto; Medicação para alívio da dor se necessário à excepção das grávidas que só poderão tomar o paracetamol. O fisioterapeuta é o profissional com mais competências para intervir junto a utentes com problemas do foro músculo-esquelético. Para a sua resolução, o fisioterapeuta dispõe de várias formas de abordagem, como seja o método de McKenzie. O método de Mckenzie preconiza uma abordagem, um diagnóstico mecânico feito com base na resposta do doente a movimentos repetidos, a posições ou e actividades. Segundo Robin Mckenzie, o diagnóstico diferencial deve ser feito com o intuito de excluir qualquer patologia séria ou que, não seja adequada a um tipo de terapia mecânica. Ao fazer o seu diagnóstico o terapeuta deve restringir-se às lesões de origem músculo-esqueléticas. Quando o fisioterapeuta se especializa nesta área, o seu diagnóstico mecânico é de longe mais correcto,(Donelson, 1997) (Donelson; Aprill; Medcalf & Grant) do que aquele que é feito pela maioria dos profissionais médicos conseguindo, com fidelidade, afirmar se a dor tem origem discal ou não. No estudo de (Donelson, 1997) (Machado, 2006) foi avaliada a relação entre as respostas do fenómeno da centralização e periferialização da dor com dados discográficos, tendo concluído que o processo da avaliação ,segundo o método de Mckenzie, é seguro na distinção da dor de origem discogénica da não discogénica (P < 0.001) assim como é competente para um annulus incompetente (P < 0.042) em discos sintomáticos e é superior á imagem por ressonância magnética na distinção (P < 0.042) dor de discos “trincados” de discos não dolorosos. Noutros estudos como o de Hefford (2008) que se propôs a desenvolver o perfil do uso das classificações de diagnóstico e tratamento de Mckenzie por fisioterapeutas. credenciados no método de Mckenzie na Nova Zelândia, veio confirmar o que estudos anteriores já tinham feito dando validade externa ao método de Mckenzie, e suportando a avaliação mecânica de doentes da coluna de acordo com a preferência direccional. No estudo de (Machado, 2010) procurou-se avaliar qual o efeito a curto prazo de adicionar o Método de Mckenzie a cuidados de primeira linha em doentes com dor lombar aguda. Tendo concluído que o programa de tratamento baseado no método de Mckenzie e quando adicionado aos cuidados correntemente usados na dor lombar não produz melhoramentos apreciáveis adicionais a curto prazo no que respeita à dor, incapacidade, função ou num efeito global perceptível. No entanto, o método de Mckenzie parece reduzir a utilização dos serviços de saúde embora, não reduza o risco de o doente desenvolver sintomas persistentes. Noutro estudo o mesmo autor (Machado, 2006) mostra-nos que o método é mais efectivo do que a terapia passiva no tratamento da dor lombar aguda mas a magnitude da diferença diz que a evidência da utilização do método para a dor lombar crónica é limitada. Existem outros métodos que constituem alternativas eficazes para o tratamento da dor lombar e pélvica entre elas a Reeducação Postural Global (RPG). Este método de terapia física foi desenvolvido em França pelo fisioterapeuta Philippe Souchard. A sua abordagem terapêutica baseia-se numa ideia integrada do sistema muscular formado por cadeias musculares, que podem encurtar como resposta a factores de ordem constitucional, psicológicos ou comportamental. O objectivo do RPG é alongar os músculos encurtados usando a propriedade do “creep” típica dos tecidos visco elásticos e reforçar a contracção dos músculos antagonistas, evitando assim assimetrias posturais. Embora este método esteja implantado em muitos países de língua romana existem poucos estudos a suportar a sua eficácia clínica e base teórica Começam no entanto a surgir alguns estudos a comprovar a sua eficácia como o de (Bonetti, #1535;Bonetti, 2010) cujo objectivo foi comparar a curto e médio prazo dois grupos de utentes com dor lombar persistente e avaliar a eficácia de um programa de tratamento de RPG com um programa de exercícios de estabilização. Neste estudo o RPG é sugerido como uma forma mais eficaz de melhorar a dor e diminuir a incapacidade em doentes com dor lombar persistente do que, o programa de exercícios de estabilização, resultados estes que necessitam de ser confirmados com estudos de níveis mais elevados de standards metodológicos, incluindo uma melhor aleatorização, uma amostra maior e um maior follow up. O RPG constitui também uma possível abordagem à incontinência urinária (Fozzatti; Herrmann; Palma; Riccetto & Palma, 2010) tendo em alguns estudos como o de Fozatti surgido como uma alternativa ou um complemento ao fortalecimento dosMPP. Neste estudo foram constituídos dois grupos onde um seguiu um programa de fortalecimento dos MPP e outro um programa de RPG, em ambos os grupos houve melhoria tanto a nível do diário de micção durante três dias, como da avaliação funcional dos MPP e do King´s Health Questionnaire sendo sugerido que o RPG poderá ser uma alternativa ao fortalecimento dos MPP.