La política editorial antifraude de las revistas científicas españolas e iberoamericanas del JCR en Ciencias Sociales

El proceso de publicación de un artículo debe basarse en la credibilidad, la verdad y la autenticidad. La inclusión de normas éticas en la política editorial científica se concibe como una medida preventiva y disuasoria de conductas inapropiadas. Dada la escasez de estudios sobre ética y publicación científica en Ciencias Sociales y, en particular, en España e Iberoamérica, esta investigación analiza la política editorial antifraude de las revistas españolas y latinoamericanas indexadas en el JCR en Ciencias Sociales (2014). Para cumplir nuestro objetivo, se utilizaron como muestra objeto de estudio 104 revistas y en las instrucciones a autores se examinaron una serie de principios de actuación ética: 1) Derechos de las personas que participan en la investigación; 2) Protección del bienestar de los animales objeto de experimentación; 3) Conflicto de interés; 4) Envío y publicación de manuscritos. Nuestros resultados apuntan que el carácter inédito de la investigación, así como la prohibición del envío simultáneo de los trabajos a otras revistas son los temas que aparecen con más frecuencia. Pese al intento de sociedades de edición científica como ICMJE y COPE por estandarizar los asuntos que afectan al fraude en la ciencia, su incidencia es exigua en las publicaciones objeto de estudio. Dada la dispersión normativa analizada, se retoma la necesidad detectada por otros autores de desarrollar un código ético uniforme para las disciplinas de Ciencias Sociales.

Estudo comparativo entre o código deontológico português de Medicina Dentária e o código de ética odontológico brasileiro

A Medicina Dentária é uma área da medicina em que os profissionais podem realizar procedimentos cirúrgicos invasivos e prescrever formulações farmacológicas de maneira autónoma, a partir de diagnósticos realizados por eles próprios. O exercício das atividades médicas deve ser pautado em princípios éticos, legais e na compreensão da realidade social, económica e cultural do local onde exercem os profissionais. Para tanto, o estudo dos Códigos Deontológicos e dos Códigos de Ética e Deontológicos são importantes instrumentos na busca por este paradigma de conduta. O Objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa pretende comparar o Código Deontológico de Medicina Dentária em Portugal com o Código de Ética Odontológica Brasileiro, buscando diferenças e semelhanças. Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica do Código Deontológico Português e do Código de Ética Odontológica Brasileiro, utilizando-se dos próprios códigos, livros e artigos pertinentes ao estudo. Pode-se verificar que ambos os códigos são Completos. O Código Deontológico Português é complementado por Regulamentos internos da Ordem dos Médicos Dentistas. Existem temas específicos no Código Brasileiro que não estão presente no Código Português.

Objeção da consciência e aborto previsto em lei : vivências em um serviço público de saúde

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, 2015.

La ética y trabajo social

El desarrollo de esta monografía busca dar a conocer por medio de la teoría la relación de la ética con el Trabajo Social, para ello en este trabajo se aborda a la ética de una manera sistematizada, el estudio de los valores imprescindibles en el campo de lo ético, definiéndolos y dándoles relación con la vida cotidiana y el Trabajo Social, las razones por la que una persona tiene que tener ética en la realidad y cotidianidad del ser humano, el campo de los códigos de ética profesional que enmarca a los profesionales y muestra la manera de actuar de los mismos, el código deontológico publicado de Trabajo Social, de qué trata, sus objetivos, sus funciones en el papel profesional, sobre todo en el desarrollo de la carrera, en primer lugar el asunto de la ética que lleva consigo los valores y propósitos que guían la acción profesional en Trabajo Social, y el compromiso ético que tienen los trabajadores(as) sociales en torno a todos los aspectos de accionar, también aborda los dilemas, contradicciones y conflictos éticos de la profesión, donde se comienza a poner en juego realmente las valoraciones éticas, cada uno de los tipos de dilemas éticos y la clasificación factorial de los dilemas éticos encontrados en Trabajo Social, por último, algunas conclusiones a las que se ha podido llegar en el desarrollo de los capítulos, además entrevistas a profesionales del Trabajo Social ecuatorianos en algunos ámbitos laborales con lo que se dará por concluida la presente monografía.

Management, organisation, and ethics in the public sector

Since the 1980s, in Australia and other developed nations, public sector management philosophies and how the public sector is organized have changed dramatically. At the same time, there have been many demands, and several attempts, to preserve and promote ethical behaviour within the public sector - though few go much beyond the publication of a code. Both developments require an understanding of how public organizations operate in this new environment. Organizational and management theory are seen as providing important potential insights into the opportunities and pitfalls for building ethics into the practices, culture and norms of public organizations. This book brings together the experience and research of a range of "reflective practitioners" and "engaged academics" in public sector management, organizational theory, management theory, public sector ethics and law. It addresses what management and organization theory might suggest about the nature of public organizations and the institutionalization of ethics.

The successful influence of teaching ethics on Malaysian accounting students

The Malaysian accounting profession is committed to promoting education that results in a strong ethical culture within accountants. However, some consider ethical training unproductive since trainees may have their ethical values formed pre-commencement. This paper investigates the impact of ethics instruction on final year accounting students, the future accountants of Malaysia. 85 final year accounting students were given five ethical scenarios, and asked what action they considered appropriate. They were then subject to two ethical training methodologies, a traditional lecture/tutorial process and a group assignment. After a significant gap, students were re-presented with the ethical scenarios and asked what action they now considered appropriate. In all five instances students offered a more ethical response the second time. Also, participants rated both training methods and their combined effect as effective. Results suggest there is benefit in including ethics teaching and indeed emphasising its importance in accountancy courses, if the profession’s goal of ethical practitioners is to be achieved.

Truth, obligation and ethics in the propagation of democracy

In this paper I present an analysis of the language used by the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) on its website (NED, 2008). The specific focus of the analysis is on the NED's high usage of the word “should” revealed in computer assisted corpus analysis using Leximancer. Typically we use the word “should” as a term to propose specific courses of action for ourselves and others. It is a marker of obligation and “oughtness”. In other words, its systematic institutional use can be read as a statement of ethics, of how the NED thinks the world ought to behave. As an ostensibly democracy-promoting institution, and one with a clear agenda of implementing American foreign policy, the ethics of NED are worth understanding. Analysis reveals a pattern of grammatical metaphor in which “should” is often deployed counter intuitively, and sometimes ambiguously, as a truth-making tool rather than one for proposing action. The effect is to present NED's imperatives for action as matters of fact rather than ethical or obligatory claims.

Levels of awareness of professional ethics used as a sensitizing method in project-based learning

There is a need for educational frameworks for computer ethics education. This discussion paper presents an approach to developing students’ moral sensitivity, an awareness of morally relevant issues, in project-based learning (PjBL). The proposed approach is based on a study of IT professionals’ levels of awareness of ethics. These levels are labelled My world, The corporate world, A shared world, The client’s world and The wider world. We give recommendations for how instructors may stimulate students’ thinking with the levels and how the levels may be taken into account in managing a project course and in an IS department. Limitations of the recommendations are assessed and issues for discussion are raised.

Entry into Valhalla : contextualising the learning of legal ethics through the use of Second Life machinima

An ability to recognise and resolve ethical dilemmas was identified by the Australian Law Reform Commission as one of the ten fundamental lawyering skills. While the ‘Priestley 11’ list of areas of law required to qualify for legal practice includes ethics and professional responsibility, the commitment to ethics learning in Australian law schools has been far from uniform. The obligation imposed by the Priestley 11 is frequently discharged by a traditional teaching and learning approach involving lectures and/or tutorials and focusing on the content of the formal rules of professional responsibility. However, the effectiveness of such an approach is open to question. Instead, a practical rather than a theoretical approach to the teaching of legal ethics is required. Effective final-year student learning of ethics may be achieved by an approach which engages students, enabling them to appreciate the relevance of what they are learning to the real world and facilitating their transition from study to their working lives. Entry into Valhalla comprises a suite of modules featuring ‘machinima’ (computer-generated imagery) created using the Second Life virtual environment to contextualise otherwise abstract concepts. It provides an engaging learning environment which enables students to obtain an appreciation of ethical responsibility in a real-world context and facilitates understanding and problem-solving ability.

Doctoral research training : encouraging timely completion – case study reflections of one university on how it supports a vibrant research training culture

This is a case study of a young university striving to generate and sustain a vibrant Research Training culture. The university’s research training framework is informed by a belief in a project management approach to achieving successful research candidature. This has led to the definition and reporting of key milestones during candidature. In turn, these milestones have generated a range of training programs to support Higher Degree Research (HDR) students to meet these milestones in a timely fashion. Each milestone focuses on a specific set of skills blended with supporting the development of different parts of the doctoral thesis. Data on student progress and completion has provided evidence in highlighting the role that the milestones and training are playing in supporting timely completion. A university-wide reporting cycle generated data on the range of workshops and training provided to Higher Degree Research students and supervisors. The report provided details of thesis topic and format, as well as participation in research training events and participant evaluation of those events. Analysis of the data led to recommendations and comments on the strengths and weaknesses of the current research training program. Discussion considered strategies and drivers for enhancements into the future. In particular, the paper reflects on the significant potential role of centrally curated knowledge systems to support HDR student and supervisor access, and engagement and success. The research training program was developed using blended learning as a model. It covered face-to-face workshops as well as online modules. These were supplemented by web portals that offered a range of services to inform and educate students and supervisors and included opportunities for students to interact with each other. Topics ranged from the research life cycle, writing and publication, ethics, managing research data, managing copyright, and project management to use of software and the University’s Code of Conduct for Research. The challenges discussed included: How to reach off campus students and those studying in external modes? How best to promote events to potential participants? How long and what format is best for face-to-face sessions? What online resources best supplement face-to-face offerings? Is there a place for peer-based learning and what form should this take? These questions are raised by a relatively young university seeking to build and sustain a vibrant research culture. The rapid growth in enrolments in recent years has challenged previous one-to-one models of support. This review of research training is timely in seeking strategies to address changing research training support capacity and student needs. Part of the discussion will focus on supervisory training, noting that good supervision is the one remaining place where one-to-one support is provided. Ensuring that supervisors are appropriately equipped to address student expectations is considered in the context of the research training provisions. The paper concludes with reflection on the challenges faced, and recommended ways forward as the number of research students grows into the future.

The ethics of professional accountants: An Aristotelian perspective

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how Aristotle’s ethics can be applied to the ethics of professional accountants, in relation to the approach adopted by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), and to consider the reasons that justify the Aristotelian approach. Design/methodology/approach The paper outlines IFAC’s approach and identifies several weaknesses. Three themes of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics are applied to the work of professional accountants. Reasons why this perspective is more suitable for professional accountants are then articulated. Findings Several aspects of Aristotle’s ethics can be fruitfully applied to the ethics of professional accountants. These include the relationship between function, goals and the good, an awareness of the human goal to achieve eudaimonia, the development of both excellences of character and of intelligence, and the significance of non-rational aspects of morality, including emotions, will, responsibility and choice. Research limitations/implications This perspective provides an alternative conceptualisation of the ethics of professional accountants. Although it does not provide concrete guidance regarding what the ethical approach to specific situations may be, it presents a useful counterpoint to existing approaches that are largely deontological and utilitarian. Practical implications This paper provides accountants in practice with a more comprehensive and adequate perspective on what it means for a professional accountant to be ethical, and raises several issues related to how ethics is included in the education and training of accountants. Originality/value Investigating the philosophical basis for professional ethics approaches professional codes of ethics in a way that it is not typically considered. The paper also provides a more comprehensive application of Aristotelian ethics than previous work.

Business leadership in today's world : a matter of virtues

Resumen: La autora centra su artículo en lo que considera la dimensión práctica del liderazgo empresarial propuesta por el documento pontificio: el actuar tendiendo a la virtud. Se destaca la importancia que el documento pontificio concede a las virtudes fundamentales en el desarrollo del bien común en el marco de la ética empresarial, que va más allá de un mero código de conducta. La vida virtuosa florece cuando el hombre descubre su verdadera vocación y la asume en cada una de sus acciones. El artículo expresa las cualidades de esa virtud, y las razones por las cuales la cultura empresarial debe tomar raíces en ella

Decoding cosets of first-order Reed-Muller code

Proper encoding of transmitted information can improve the performance of a communication system. To recover the information at the receiver it is necessary to decode the received signal. For many codes the complexity and slowness of the decoder is so severe that the code is not feasible for practical use. This thesis considers the decoding problem for one such class of codes, the comma-free codes related to the first-order Reed-Muller codes.

A factorization of the code matrix is found which leads to a simple, fast, minimum memory, decoder. The decoder is modular and only n modules are needed to decode a code of length 2ⁿ. The relevant factorization is extended to any code defined by a sequence of Kronecker products.

The problem of monitoring the correct synchronization position is also considered. A general answer seems to depend upon more detailed knowledge of the structure of comma-free codes. However, a technique is presented which gives useful results in many specific cases.

Aquaculture provisions of the proposed fishery code

A list is given of the provisions for aquaculture in the Philippine Fishery Code, passed by Congress on its third and final reading on 5 August 1997, under the following headings: 1) Code of practice for aquaculture; 2) Fishpond lease agreements; 3) Fish pens, fish cages, fish traps, etc.; 4) Non-obstruction to navigation and to defined migration paths of fish; 5) Insurance; and, 6) Registration.

Chemical environment code and measure of molecular similarity

A new scheme for the code of chemical environments of compounds is described in this paper, and three molecular similarity methods have been used to select nearest neighbors from four different types of probe compounds. One of the methods is based on the C-13 NMR spectra. The second method is based on the code of chemical environments and molecular topological index A(x). The third approach, i.e. the Tanimoto coefficient, is also based on the code of chemical environments, but not to use the topological index. Five nearest neighbors for each probe compound using these three molecular similarity methods were determined and taken from the database of 7309 structures. The results indicate that the scheme of the chemical environment code and the method for similarity measure of intermolecules suggested in this study are reasonable. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.