Impacte ambiental comparado do ciclo de vida de soluções de impermeabilização de coberturas planas: Aplicação das soluções estudadas na reabilitação de infraestruturas militares

As coberturas são um elemento fundamental na maioria dos edifícios. A evolução das técnicas e dos materiais, e das exigências funcionais e arquitetónicas, permitiram o apareci-mento das coberturas planas. A evolução dos materiais e das técnicas fez também com que se começasse a ter em conta os impactes ambientais que a produção dos materiais a utilizar nos edifícios provocam. Nesta dissertação, pretende-se fazer uma comparação do ciclo de vida de várias soluções de impermeabilização que se pode utilizar em coberturas planas, a nível ambiental. Existem atualmente declarações ambientais que auxiliam essa comparação, nomeadamente as Declarações Ambientais de Produto (DAP) individuais ou médias, que podem ser encontradas em bases de dados a nível Europeu. No entanto, também é possível encontrar dados relevan-tes para este tipo de estudos em bases de dados genéricas. Depois de recolhidos os dados disponíveis, fez-se uma avaliação dos impactes ambientais de cada solução de impermeabilização. Teve-se em conta as categorias de impacte ambiental definidas e posteriormente tratou-se os dados das três categorias com mais relevância ambiental. Após a recolha dos custos dos vários tipos de material de impermeabilização, fez-se ainda a avaliação económica. Nesta fase, foi necessário ter em conta que cada membrana apresenta uma durabilidade diferenciada, obrigando a substituições em momentos diferentes. Utilizou-se o Valor Atualizado Líquido para prever o custo do ciclo de vida das membranas, incluindo os custos de aquisição, de aplicação e de substituição. Para finalizar, conciliou-se as avaliações ambiental e económica. Na vertente ambiental, teve-se em consideração apenas as duas categorias de impacte mais importante. Utilizando uma análise multicritério, foi possível ordenar as soluções de impermeabilização para cada tipologia de cobertura plana. No caso de estudo, propôs-se a aplicação da solução com melhor desempenho ambiental e económico, para determinado tipo de cobertura.

Brasil: dinámica de la industria de bienes de capital en el ciclo de expansivo 2003-2008 y tras la crisis mundial

La industria de bienes de capital es esencial para el desarrollo tecnológico y para garantizar un crecimiento económico a largo plazo sin restricciones externas. En el Brasil, después de un largo período de estancamiento, las inversiones volvieron a crecer a partir de 2003, dando nuevo impulso a la industria de bienes de capital. Sin embargo, se trata de una industria bastante heterogénea; mientras que en algunos sectores no se logró cubrir la expansión de la demanda, esto fue posible en otros que evidenciaron un elevado potencial tecnológico, como los proveedores de máquinas para las industrias del petróleo, la minería y la construcción, y los fabricantes de equipos de transporte y de generación y distribución de energía eléctrica. Esos sectores continuaron expandiéndose incluso en el período posterior a la crisis mundial de 2008 y casi no fueron afectados por la competencia internacional.

Relação entre ciclo de vida do produto turístico e estratégias de cooperação na faixa litorânea urbana do município de Natal

Tourism in the Northeast of Brazil was introduced as an alternative economic development for the Region by federal promoting policies that focused primarily in structuring the local geographic area. With the completion of these structuring actions, mass tourism expanding the area, as well as spread actions based on cooperation and formalization of governance institutions. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the life cycle of the tourism product 'Coastal Cities of Natal and the cooperation strategies in a historical perspective. Thus was submitted to the life cycle of the tourism product 'Coastal Cities of Natal ; the major projects of tourism development were mapped, the existing cooperation strategies were characterized, and investigated the influence of the cooperation actions for the current stage of product. The specific theoretical support to tourism was built on the perspective of the Theory of Population Ecology, System of Tourism and Touristic Product Life Cycle. Regarding to cooperation the theoretical foundation addressed issues of strategy, New Forms and Collective Efficiency. The survey consisted of a causal descriptive study, using a case study. We used the qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches, and data collected by consulting of secondary data and semistructured interviews with twelve staff working in tourism in Natal. Results showed that the life cycle graph of product 'Coastal Cities of Natal is moving from one stage of growth to a stage of maturity, with a primary upward trend and with crises that are up over the graph. They have been mapped six of tourism development projects of relevance to the product: The Politics of Mega Projects, PRODETUR/NE, Municipalization National Program of Tourism, Regionalization Program, Urbanization Project Beach do Meio and Actions for the Promotion of Destiny. They have been identified sixty-four participating players in process of tourism development, which twenty were considered relevant to the respondents. The main strategies identified for cooperation were the consortium, collective strategy and clusters. Results indicated that co-operation strategies were adopted so that the benefits were obtained at the collective level, dedicated to the strengthening of Natal Destiny and its products. The main reasons were the need of cooperative marketing, international market entry and actions inducing the state. Finally, it was concluded that strategies for cooperation related to product life cycle 'Coastal Cities of Natal' as that work in the consolidation of projects for development of tourism, when the efficiency of collective action is achieved

Ciclo de los negocios en Colombia: el papel de la política de estabilización

Este documento mide la sincronización entre las políticas de estabilización y el ciclo de los negocios en Colombia en el periodo comprendido entre marzo de 1990 y junio de 2013. Para la construcción de los ciclos se utiliza la metodología clásica y se construye un ciclo de referencia a partir de ciclos individuales de tres índices de actividad económica real. Con el fin de medir la sincronización entre el ciclo de nego­cios y los ciclos de las políticas fiscal y monetaria se utiliza el estadístico de Harding y Pagan (2006). Se concluye que durante el periodo de estudio las políticas de estabilización tienden a ser procíclicas (por el lado fiscal) y acíclicas (por el lado monetario). En la literatura se conoce a este fenómeno como when it rains, it pours y es común que se presente en economías emergentes como la colombiana

Relação entre ciclo de vida do produto turístico e estratégias de cooperação na faixa litorânea urbana do município de Natal

Tourism in the Northeast of Brazil was introduced as an alternative economic development for the Region by federal promoting policies that focused primarily in structuring the local geographic area. With the completion of these structuring actions, mass tourism expanding the area, as well as spread actions based on cooperation and formalization of governance institutions. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the life cycle of the tourism product 'Coastal Cities of Natal and the cooperation strategies in a historical perspective. Thus was submitted to the life cycle of the tourism product 'Coastal Cities of Natal ; the major projects of tourism development were mapped, the existing cooperation strategies were characterized, and investigated the influence of the cooperation actions for the current stage of product. The specific theoretical support to tourism was built on the perspective of the Theory of Population Ecology, System of Tourism and Touristic Product Life Cycle. Regarding to cooperation the theoretical foundation addressed issues of strategy, New Forms and Collective Efficiency. The survey consisted of a causal descriptive study, using a case study. We used the qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches, and data collected by consulting of secondary data and semistructured interviews with twelve staff working in tourism in Natal. Results showed that the life cycle graph of product 'Coastal Cities of Natal is moving from one stage of growth to a stage of maturity, with a primary upward trend and with crises that are up over the graph. They have been mapped six of tourism development projects of relevance to the product: The Politics of Mega Projects, PRODETUR/NE, Municipalization National Program of Tourism, Regionalization Program, Urbanization Project Beach do Meio and Actions for the Promotion of Destiny. They have been identified sixty-four participating players in process of tourism development, which twenty were considered relevant to the respondents. The main strategies identified for cooperation were the consortium, collective strategy and clusters. Results indicated that co-operation strategies were adopted so that the benefits were obtained at the collective level, dedicated to the strengthening of Natal Destiny and its products. The main reasons were the need of cooperative marketing, international market entry and actions inducing the state. Finally, it was concluded that strategies for cooperation related to product life cycle 'Coastal Cities of Natal' as that work in the consolidation of projects for development of tourism, when the efficiency of collective action is achieved