O pensamento proto-nacionalizante de Fernando Oliveira e António Vieira : fundamentos sacralizantes da ideografia da nação portuguesa

«A escrita da história assume também uma dimensão profética e entra ao serviço da afirmação de uma consciência nacionalizante; e, através de uma hermenêutica inteligentemente orientada, os escritores/cartógrafos da nacionalidade formulam as suas críticas em relação ao presente e advertem os contemporâneos, em tom profético, em relação aos riscos do futuro. Mas esta nostalgia não se fecha em si própria. Transforma-se em instrumento de combate, de crítica, abrindo para o sentido da esperança no seu intento de desvelamento e antecipação teleológica.»

Santo António de Lisboa nos caminhos da Europa

A formação de Fernando Martins de Bulhões é coetânea de algumas transformações profundas da organização escolar e do sistema de saberes ocorridas sobretudo em Paris. Nesta cidade, como resultado da reunião das escolas de Notre-Dame, S. Vítor e S. Genoveva, principais centros parisienses de saber no século XII, surgiu o Estudo Geral designado “universitas magistrorum et scholarium parisius studentium” a que o rei Filipe Augusto concedeu privilégio, em 1200, subtraindo a universitas, isto é, a corporação de mestres e escolares, à jurisdição ordinária, para a entregar à exclusiva jurisdição do Bispo de Paris e do seu Chanceler.

Fernando Nieto Cadena: la épica de lo cotidiano

Esta investigación se acerca a un corpus de poemarios que se enmarcan dentro de la épica de lo cotidiano, y pretende una aproximación a la poética de su autor, Fernando Nieto Cadena. En cuanto a esta lectura, he seguido categorías de Fredric Jameson y Terry Eagleton, en lo concerniente a ese sesgo ideológico que estos poemas demuestran. Pero me he inclinado por un marco que atienda esta poesía como fenómeno. También deseo despejar la pregunta acerca de las categorías precisas para acometer cierto movimiento en esta poesía, e inquirir sobre su caótico flujo. Quiero desentrañar la manera en que se construye esta lírica, poblada de elementos cercanos a los pobladores de la costa ecuatoriana, con mucho de influencia caribeña: son ellos quienes, al acercarse a esta poesía, podrán leer/se. A esto se añade una lectura que confirme los elementos que caracterizan el decir poético de Nieto Cadena. He hecho un recorrido a través de los títulos de Nieto para descubrir la tensión entre el elemento semántico y el fonético del texto, en pos de revisar los ritmos que este lenguaje ofrece.

La teoría del aprendizaje significativo de David Ausubel en la aplicación de los textos de estudios sociales proporcionados por el Ministerio de Educación a los octavos años del Colegio Técnico Referencial "Luis Fernando Ruiz" de Latacunga, provincia de Cotopaxi, en el año lectivo 2012-2013

En momentos en que la principal preocupación es mejorar la calidad del aprendizaje (enseñanza de calidad), el docente debe encontrar los medios más efectivos para alcanzar los objetivos educativos y de esta manera lograr un aprendizaje significativo. El concepto de aprendizaje significativo fue desarrollado por David Ausubel para tratar de comprender desde el punto de la psicología, como se produce el aprendizaje en el sujeto, así como sus limitaciones para lo cual relacionó las prácticas educativas de entonces con su teoría. El proceso demanda, además de la mediación efectiva del docente, del apoyo de materiales educativos que a decir de Ausubel son parte fundamental en el proceso del aprendizaje significativo, en este caso el material potencialmente significativo. Esta investigación efectúa un análisis de un texto escolar de Estudios sociales para octavo año, con el fin de establecer si este permite o dificulta el aprendizaje significativo en el contexto de la reflexión teórica de Ausubel. Aunque el objeto de estudio es el texto de trabajo de los estudiantes, se utilizó como referente del aprendizaje a docentes y estudiantes del Colegio Técnico Referencial “Luis Fernando Ruiz con el fin de lograr una mejor estimación de la efectividad del texto para apoyar el aprendizaje.

Analyses of cataract surgery performed by the Unified Health System in Brazil, 2006-2007

Objective. Estimate cataract surgical rates (CSR) for Brazil and each federal unit in 2006 and 2007 based on the number of surgeries performed by the Unified Health System to help plan a comprehensive ophthalmology network in order to eliminate cataract blindness in compliance with the target set by the World Health Organization (WHO) of 3 000 cataract surgeries per million inhabitants per year. Methods. This descriptive study calculates CSR by using the number of cataract surgeries carried out by the Brazilian Unified Health System for each federal unit and estimates the need for cataract surgery in Brazil for 2006-2007, with official population data provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The number of cataract surgeries was compared with the WHO target. Results. To reach the WHO goal for eliminating age-related cataract blindness in Brazil, 560 312 cataract surgeries in 2006 and 568 006 surgeries in 2007 needed to be done. In 2006, 179 121 cataract surgeries were done by the Unified Health System, corresponding to a CSR of 959 per million population; in 2007, 223 317 were performed, with a CSR of 1 179. With the Brazilian Council of Ophthalmology estimation of 165 000 surgeries each year by the non-public services, the CSR for Brazil would be 1 842 for 2006 and 2 051 for 2007. The proportions needed to achieve the proposed target were 38.6% in 2006 and 31.6% in 2007. Conclusions. Human resources, technical expertise, and equipment are crucial to reach the WHO goal. Brazil has enough ophthalmologists but needs improved planning and infrastructure in order to eliminate the problem, aspects that require greater financial investment and stronger political commitment.

Effects of physiotherapy on hemodynamic variables in newborns with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a frequent respiratory disturbance in preterm newborns. Preceding investigations evaluated chronic physiotherapy effects on newborns with different lung diseases; however, no study analyzed acute physiotherapy treatment on premature newborns with ARDS. In this study we aimed to evaluate the acute effects of chest and motor physiotherapy treatment on hemodynamic variables in preterm newborns with ARDS. Methods: We evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), temperature and oxygen saturation (SO(2)%) in 44 newborns with ARDS. We compared all variables between six periods in one day: before first physiotherapy treatment vs. after first physiotherapy treatment vs. before second physiotherapy treatment vs. after second physiotherapy treatment vs. before third physiotherapy treatment vs. after third physiotherapy treatment. Variables were measured 2 minutes before and 5 minutes after each physiotherapy session. We applied Anova one way followed by post hoc Bonferroni test. Results: HR (147.5 +/- 9.5 bpm vs. 137.7 +/- 9.3 bpm; p<0.001), RR (45.5 +/- 8.7cpm vs. 41.5 +/- 6.7 cpm; p=0.001), SAP (70.3 +/- 10.4 mmHg vs. 60.1 +/- 7.1 mmHg; p=0.001) and MAP (55.7 +/- 10 mmHg vs. 46 +/- 6.6 mmHg; p=0.001) were significantly reduced after the third physiotherapy treatment compared to before the first session. There were no significant changes regarding temperature, DAP and SO(2) %. Conclusion: Chest and motor physiotherapy acutely improves HR, RR, SAP, MAP and SO(2) % in newborns with ARDS.

Intra-strain variations of baroreflex sensitivity in young Wistar-Kyoto rats

Purpose: To compare baroreflex sensitivity among conscious rats of the same strain. Methods: Male WKY rats (eight weeks old) were studied. Cannulas were inserted into the abdominal aortic artery through the right femoral artery to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). Baroreflex gain was calculated as the ratio between variation of HR in function of the MAP variation (Delta HR/Delta MAP) tested with a depressor dose of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 50 mu g/kg, iv) and with a pressor dose of phenylephrine (PE, 8 mu g/kg, iv). We divided the rats into four groups: 1) Low bradycardic baroreflex (LB), BG between -1 and -2 bpm/mmHg tested with PE; 2) High bradycardic baroreflex (HB), BG < -2 bpm/mmHg tested with PE; 3) Low tachycardic baroreflex (LT), BG between -1 and -2 bpm/mmHg tested with SNP and; 4) High tachycardic baroreflex (HT), BG < -2 bpm/mmHg tested with SNP. Significant differences were considered for p<0.05. Results: Approximately 82% of the rats presented reduced bradycardic reflex while 22 showed attenuated tachycardic reflex. No alterations were noted regarding basal MAP and HR, tachycardic and bradycardic peak and HR range. Conclusions: There was alteration in baroreflex sensitivity among rats of the same strain. Care should be taken when interpreting studies employing WKY as a control for the SHR.

Role of the Mitochondrial Mutations, m. 827A > G and the Novel m. 7462C > T, in the Origin of Hearing Loss

Samples from 30 deaf probands exhibiting features suggestive of syndromic mitochondrial deafness or from families with maternal transmission of deafness were selected for investigation of mutations in the mitochondrial genes MT-RNR1 and MT-TS1. Patients with mutation m. 1555A>G had been previously excluded from this sample. In the MT-RNR1 gene, five probands presented the m. 827A>G sequence variant, of uncertain pathogenicity. This change was also detected in 66 subjects of an unaffected control sample of 306 Brazilian individuals from various ethnic backgrounds. Given its high frequency, we consider it unlikely to have a pathogenic role on hereditary deafness. As to the MT-TS1 gene, one proband presented the previously known pathogenic m. 7472insC mutation and three probands presented a novel variant, m. 7462C>T, which was absent from the same control sample of 306 individuals. Because of its absence in control samples and association with a family history of hearing impairment, we suggest it might be a novel pathogenic mutation.

Reduction of acethylcolinesterase activity in the brain of mdx mice

Lack of dystrophin in brain structures have been involved with impaired cognitive functions. Acethylcolinesterase (AChE) is implicated in many cognitive functions and probably plays important roles in neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, we investigated AChE activity in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cortex of mdx mice. To this aim, brain tissues from male dystrophic mdx and normal control mice were used. We observed that mdx mice display a reduction in AChE activity of 40-60% in all brain structures evaluated. In conclusion, dystrophin deficiency may be affecting AChE activity and contributing negatively, in part, to memory storage and restoring. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Checklist and morphometry of benthic cnidarians from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil

The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Pernambuco State, Brazil), a national marine park, is formed by 21 islands and islets of volcanic origin. An update of the checklist of the benthic cnidarians from some of the archipelago`s reef environments, as well as a study of their corals and calcified hydroids morphometry, was the major goal of this work. Fieldwork was undertaken in February 2005 and in April 2006 and observations were carried out at 13 stations during snorkeling and/or scuba diving up to 30 m deep. Thirty-four species of cnidarians were recorded, of which 17 are new occurrences for the studied area. When added to the species previously listed in the literature, the total number of benthic cnidarians recorded for the Archipelago increases to 57. Stephanocoenia michelini, a new occurrence of zooxanthellate coral, is worthy of mention, as well as the calcified hydroid Millepora braziliensis. Mussismilia hispida tenuisepta showed several variations among its skeletal characters that surpassed the limits of intraspecific morphological variation when compared to those of Mussismilia hispida.