History of the captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena.

Mode of access: Internet.

History of the captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena; from the letters and journals of the late Lieut.-Gen. Sir Hudson Lowe, and official documents not before made public.

Mode of access: Internet.

The secret history of the court and cabinet of St. Cloud: in a series of letters from a gentleman at Paris to a nobleman in London, written during the months of August, September, and October, 1805.

Mode of access: Internet.

The martyrdom of an empress;

Mode of access: Internet.

Isänmaamme keisari : Eliitin kansallisen identiteetin murros ja suomalaisen isänmaan rakentuminen autonomian ajan alussa

The emperor of our fatherland The changing national identity of the elite and the construction of the Finnish fatherland at the beginning of the autonomy This study addresses the question of changing national identity of the elite at the beginning of the autonomy (1808 1814) in Finland. Russia had conquered Finland from Sweden, but Finland was not incorporated into the Russian Empire. Instead, it was governed as separately administered area, and Finland retained its own (laws of the realm of Sweden) laws. The inclusion in the Russian Empire compelled the elite of Finland to deliberate their national identity; they had to determine whether they remained Swedes or became Finns or Russians. The elite chose to become Finns, which may seem obvious from the nowadays perspective, but it cannot be taken for granted that the Swedish speaking and noble elite converted their local Finnish identity into a new national identity. The basis of this study is constructive in a sense that identity is not seen as stable and constant. Theoretical background lies on Stuart Hall s writings on national identity, which offer good practical methods to study national identity. According to Hall identity is based mainly on difference , difference to others . In practice this means how elite began to define themselves in contrast to Swedes and Russians. The Finnish national identity was constructed in contrast to Swedes due to the political reasons. In order to avoid Russians suspicions Finns had to diverge from Sweden. Sweden had also gone trough coup d état, which was disliked by the elite of Finland. However, the attitudes of the elite towards Sweden remained somewhat ambiguous. Even if it was politically and rationally thinking wisest to draw away from Sweden, emotionally it was difficult. Russia, on the other hand, had been for centuries the archenemy of the Finns as well as all the Swedes. The fear of the Russians was mainly imaginary. Russians were seen as cruel barbarians who hated and resented Finns. The Finnish national identity was constructed above all in contrast to the Russians, for the difference to Russia was seen as a precondition for the existence of Finland. Respectively, the new position of Finland also required approaching towards Russia, which was in its nature very pragmatic. The elite contrived to get rid off its prejudice against Russians on intellectual level, but not on emotional level. At the beginning of the autonomy the primary loyalty of the elite was directed into the Finnish fatherland and its habitants. This was a radical ideological change, because traditionally the loyalty of the elite had focused on monarch and monarch s realm. However, the role of Alexander I was crucial. According to the elite the emperor had granted them a new fatherland. The former native country (Finland) was seen as a new fatherland instead of Sweden. The loyalty of the elite to the emperor generated from the reciprocal gratitude; Alexander I had treated their native country so mercifully. The elite felt strong personal responsibility for Finland s existence. The elite believed that the future of Finland rested on their shoulders. Alexander I had given them fatherland, but it was in the hands of the elite to construct the Finnish state and national spirit. The study of the Finnish national identity brings forth also that the national identity was constructed by emphasizing Finns civic rights. The civic rights were essential part of the construction of the Finnish national identity, for the difference between Finns and Russians was based on Finns own laws and privileges, which the emperor of the Russia had ensured.

Graenum Berger papers, undated, (1825)-2002

Contains correspondence, minutes, reports, clippings, manuscripts, research materials, journal articles, photographs and publications; primarily relating to Berger's involvement with Ethiopian Jewry and his efforts to bring about their rescue through the organization he formed, the American Association for Ethiopian Jews. Also contains material from Berger's other interests- his writings, travels through the world and to Israel and Ethiopia, community affiliations, research in Black American Jews, profession as a Jewish social work executive, his commitment to Jewish causes and to Israel. There are also many personal and biographical materials from the numerous long-term friendships and associations he established.

O etos de Akihito: uma análise discursiva de alocuções do Imperador do Japão

Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o Imperador do Japão perdeu sua soberania e passou a ser símbolo da nação e da união do povo japonês, de acordo com a Constituição promulgada em 1947, sendo suas funções basicamente cerimoniais e diplomáticas. Pensando nesse Imperador enquanto símbolo e no futuro da instituição imperial no Japão, a presente dissertação objetivou principalmente analisar que imagem o Imperador Akihito cria de si por meio de suas alocuções. Tais alocuções se encontram disponíveis no sítio eletrônico da Agência da Casa Imperial, tanto no original em japonês quanto em inglês. Dessa forma, considerando que a disponibilidade dos textos em japonês pressupõe coenunciadores nipônicos e a dos textos em inglês pressupõe a comunidade internacional como coenunciadores, analisaram-se as imagens criadas nos dois casos, buscando indícios de possíveis diferenças na criação do etos de Akihito em cada uma das versões de suas alocuções. Além disso, buscou-se também pensar as relações de poder, segundo Foucault (1995, 2010), no córpus de pesquisa. Como arcabouço teórico, utilizaram-se conceitos da Análise do Discurso de base enunciativa, mais precisamente o conceito de etos na leitura de Maingueneau (1997, 2001b). O material de análise coletado abrange conferências de imprensa realizadas por ocasião da comemoração de dez e vinte anos de reinado de Akihito, nos anos de 1999 e 2009, respectivamente. A metodologia de pesquisa, por sua vez, consistiu em se analisar de forma comparativa os textos em japonês com aqueles em inglês, tendo como foco as ocorrências do verbo japonês omou, que expressa sentimento e julgamento, recorrente nas alocuções do Imperador. Analisaram-se também as ocorrências de modalidades deônticas em ambas as versões do texto, acreditando-se que a pouca ocorrência dessas também contribui para se pensar a imagem do Imperador. Como resultado, verificaram-se diferenças significativas entre as duas versões das alocuções. O etos de Akihito nas alocuções em japonês sugere um Imperador amigo e próximo do povo, de tom moderado e amenizado, criando identificação entre ele e o povo. O etos apreendido na versão em inglês, por sua vez, sugere um Imperador mais firme em suas convicções, ora enfatizando mais seus sentimentos e opiniões, ora menos, conferindo-se certa ocidentalização de sua imagem. Pensando-se em termos de relação de poder, que caracteriza controle e divulgação, também se concluiu que, sendo o Japão o maior aliado capitalista no Oriente e seu Imperador, representante simbólico desse país, parece pertinente que suas alocuções estejam disponíveis de forma tal que possibilite um controle constante por parte da comunidade internacional, garantindo a ordem capitalista

Letter written by Napoleon Buonaparte (Bonaparte) to Guillaume Thomas Francois Raynal, June 24, 1790

Translation: Sir, It will probably be difficult for you to remember among the many strangers who annoy you with their admiration of a person to whom you kindly made civilities last year1 during a pleasant conversation about Corsica. I would be grateful if you could take a look at this sketch of his history.2 I present here the first of two letters. If you agree to them, I will send you the end. My brother, whom I recommend not to forget his deputies' commission to escort Paoli to his country,3 and to come and receive a lesson in virtue and humanity, will give them to you. I respectfully your most humble and obedient servant.4 Buonaparte, artillery officer Ajaccio, [Corsica] June 24 the first year of freedom [1790]5 1 Relations between Napoleon and Raynal have begun in 1789, which seems to confirm a confidence to Las Cases ( Memorial of St. Helena , La Pléiade , vol. I, p. 83) . 2 Latest version of history project of Corsica : Letters on Corsica to Abbe Raynal . 3 Joseph is part of a delegation sent by the city of Ajaccio to host Paoli 's return from exile in London . In doing so he has to go through Marseille where Raynal resides. 4 Shipping autograph, National Archives , 400 AP Biography 1. In the first years of Napoleon Bonaparte (1840) , Coston gives a rough version of this letter that it dates from 1786 , which is impossible because Raynal did not return to France that ' in 1787. Published for the first time in the Memories of Lord Holland (1851) , shipping is now kept in the national Archives Napoleons funds . 5 The letter is dated "June 24, the first year of freedom" (the word "freedom" is underlined twice). Given the dates of stay in Corsica Napoleon, it seems that is present in Ajaccio the month of June in 1790.

Letter by Napoleon Buonaparte (Bonaparte) to Guillaume Thomas Francois Raynal, 24 June 1790

A letter written by Napoleon Buonaparte (Bonaparte) to Guillaume Thomas Francois Raynal, dated at Ajaccio [Corsica] June 24 the first year of freedom [1790]. The letter is written in French. A transcription and a translation of the letter are also available.

Continuatio et renovatio : l'idéologie impériale de Septimius Severus

Le règne de Septimius Severus (193-211 apr. J.-C.) se situa entre la période de béatitude des Antonins et la crise de l’Empire romain du IIIe siècle. Cet empereur fut acclamé Auguste par ses légions de la Pannonie Supérieure et il fut contraint de se battre pendant quatre ans afin de demeurer au pouvoir. En y incorporant son origine africaine, ces constats pourraient nous porter à voir dans le règne de Severus les prémices de l’évolution entre le Principat et le Dominat, qui se seraient manifestées entre autres à travers son idéologie impériale. Ce mémoire de maîtrise illustre comment cet empereur adhéra à la tradition iconographique établie depuis le règne d’Auguste, et détermine également l’ampleur de ses innovations sur le plan idéologique. Ainsi, avec l’appui des sources iconographiques, épigraphiques et littéraires, nous nous efforçons à démontrer que l’idéologie de Severus. s’intègre dans une continuité évolutive de la perception du pouvoir impérial.

L'Empereur Claude et l'Égypte entre un prince passif et un dirigeant pro civitate

Claude fut empereur romain entre 41 et 54 apr. J.-C., succédant à son neveu Caligula. Alors que les sources littéraires antiques témoignent de la faiblesse d’esprit d’un empereur dirigé par ses affranchis et par ses femmes, les documents épigraphiques et papyrologiques mettent en lumière un empereur soucieux de rendre la justice et dont les décisions tournées vers un pragmatisme lui ont valu le surnom d’empereur des citoyens. Cependant, si le personnage hors du commun a fait couler beaucoup d’encre, les spécialistes ne se sont attardés que très rarement à la province d’Égypte sous son règne, alors que celle-ci est pourtant aux prises avec un important conflit judéo-alexandrin qu’a mis au jour la fameuse Lettre de Claude aux Alexandrins. En lisant celle-ci, nous en apprenons non seulement sur le conflit en question, mais encore sur la citoyenneté alexandrine, le culte impérial et le témoignage direct d’une politique personnelle engagée de l’empereur Claude envers l’Égypte. Ce présent mémoire est divisé en quatre chapitres. Le premier examinera les traits du multiculturalisme égyptien sous la présence romaine. Le deuxième chapitre expliquera la crise qui opposa les Grecs aux Juifs d’Alexandrie et qui fut l’élément déclencheur d’une politique personnelle de Claude. Le troisième chapitre se penchera sur d’autres témoignages du reste de l’Empire pour mieux déterminer le caractère passif ou actif de Claude et évaluer si la Lettre est bel et bien de son initiative personnelle. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre abordera le sujet du culte impérial en Égypte pour s’intéresser au souci de légitimation et d’acceptation de l’empereur par ses sujets égyptiens.

Algae in industrial effluent treatment

The present research is based on two broader aspects of pollution assessment ,and treatability of petroleum and petrochemical effluents by algae. The objectives of the investigation are to study the algal ecology and trophic status of an oil refinery effluent holding pond , isolate and identify pure cultures of algae, study the role of algae in petroleum and petrochemical effluent treatment, develop strains of algae tolerant to toxic effluents, study the biotreatment potential of the tolerant algal strains developed The thesis comprises of six chapters. The first chapter gives the significance and objectives of the present study. The second chapter describes the methodology, and results of studies on the algal ecology, and trophic status of the effluent holding pond of Cochin Refineries Ltd., Ambalamugal, Kochi. The third chapter deals with the isolation, and development of pure cultures of algae, the algal bioassay of the refinery effluent, and the analyses of Chitrapuzha river water. The analysis, and assessment of the algal growth potential of the petrochemical effluent of Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd., Ambalamugal, Kochi. are summarised in the fourth chapter The fifth chapter deals with the algal growth potential in phenol and phenolic effluent, and subsequent absorption of phenol and total dissolved solids. The summary and conclusion of the present study are given in the sixth chapter.

El abismo lógico (Borges y los filósofos de las ideas)

Este libro explora un fenómeno que se repite en algunos textos del escritor argentino Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986). Está compuesto por nueve capítulos, que corresponden al análisis de la reescritura de nueve distintas propuestas filosóficas. Las propuestas están cobijadas bajo la misma doctrina: el idealismo. Es un libro que se escribe para validar la propuesta de un método de lectura que cuenta a la vez con una dosis de ingenio y con planteamientos rigurosos, permitiendo así un tipo de análisis que, siendo sistemático, es también lúdico, conservando de este modo las funciones fundamentales de la literatura. No pocas conjeturas ha habido acerca de las intenciones de Borges o de sus creencias.El texto propone análisis novedosos de los cuentos de Borges y reevalúa y critica algunos análisis existentes elaborados por diferentes comentaristas. El tipo de análisis propuesto se haría extensivo a otros cuentos de Borges y a otros autores. Es un texto que se esfuerza por tomar distancia de las interpretaciones existentes que hay sobre la obra de Borges y de proponer nuevas lecturas siguiendo un cierto rigor interpretativo. Las conclusiones finales sitúan la propuesta del libro en el centro de debates contemporáneos de la literatura como la muerte del autor, los límites de la interpretación y la intertextualidad. La misma propuesta se encarga de establecer su relación y su distancia con los comentaristas reconocidos y se aparta de propuestas interpretativas pasadas de moda. La aproximación al tema, además, vincula el análisis literario con la historia de la filosofía, haciéndolo interesante para un público más amplio.El texto propone análisis novedosos de los cuentos de Borges y reevalúa y critica algunos análisis existentes elaborados por diferentes comentaristas. El tipo de análisis propuesto se haría extensivo a otros cuentos de Borges y a otros autores. Es un texto que se esfuerza por tomar distancia de las interpretaciones existentes que hay sobre la obra de Borges y de proponer nuevas lecturas siguiendo un cierto rigor interpretativo. Las conclusiones finales sitúan la propuesta del libro en el centro de debates contemporáneos de la literatura como la muerte del autor, los límites de la interpretación y la intertextualidad. La misma propuesta se encarga de establecer su relación y su distancia con los comentaristas reconocidos y se aparta de propuestas interpretativas pasadas de moda. La aproximación al tema, además, vincula el análisis literario con la historia de la filosofía, haciéndolo interesante para un público más amplio.

O patinho feio e O rouxinol e o imperador da China, de Hans Christian Andersen: a literatura infantil em uma 4ª série do ensino fundamental em Presidente Prudente

Pós-graduação em Educação - FCT

A classificação das disciplinas matemáticas e a Mathesis Universalis nos séculos XVI e XVII: um estudo do pensamento de Adriaan van Roomen

Pós-graduação em Educação Matemática - IGCE