As provas metafísicas da existência de deus em René Descartes

Le but de cet article est de présenter les éléments de preuve de l existence de Dieu présentée dans les Méditationes Métaphysiques de René Descartes, en soulignant son importance et son rôle dans le projet philosophique cartésien. La recherche visait á comprendre comment Descartes, étant um homme de science, la recherche de Dieu dans le pilier et d assurer leur philosophie. Par consé quence que Descartes propose de remplacer lui promettant de construire une nouvelle science fondée sur des bases sûres. Ainsi, le texte suit um ordre qu une partie de doute méthodologique comme um élément essentiel pour surmonter une connaissance née de l incertitude et généralisée et d opinions comme étant de droite, pour finalement atteindre la vérité dans les sciencies, Grace à la découverte Du premier cours, le cogito, moi pensant, alors existantes. Trouvé cette certitude, le sujet qui a en elle l idée d um être infini qui contient toutes perfections et, comme Il fera la démonstration de la preuve a posteriori et a priori. Et donc cet être ne peut pas être considéré comme inexistant projet assurant Descartes

Une décennie d'ombres et de lumières: l'Amérique Latine et les Caraibes dans les années 90

Inclut la bibliographie

Os primeiros contornos do Novo Mundo: os relatos sobre a França Antártica e sobre a Flórida Francesa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O mito da virtuosidade da avaliação: trabalho docente e avaliações externas na educação básica

Trata do trabalho docente na Educação Básica e tem como objeto de pesquisa a relação entre a política de avaliação externa e o trabalho docente na educação básica no município de Belém. O objetivo geral é analisar o modelo de avaliação educacional, estabelecida pelos órgãos governamentais e sua relação com trabalho do docente das séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental no município de Belém, com ênfase nas turmas que se submetem à Prova Brasil. A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica e o estudo de caso, por entender que este vem ao encontro do reconhecimento de que o problema de pesquisa ora proposto assume uma especificidade na Rede Municipal de Educação de Belém. Destaca-se também o cotejamento das entrevistas realizadas com os professores, o que permitiu articular as seguintes categorias de análise: avaliações externas, regulação educacional e trabalho docente. A investigação realizada aponta que: a) A Reforma Administrativa do Estado Brasileiro demanda novas regulações e tendo como parâmetro definidor a dinâmica de avaliação, que reduz as políticas sociais à lógica de mercado, e amplia a capilaridade da educação para a produção do fracasso escolar, responsabilizando o professor; b) A partir da implantação do exame Prova Brasil e consequentemente a divulgação do IDEB, há mudanças significativas no contexto do trabalho docente das escolas pesquisadas, uma vez que suas agendas de trabalho foram fortemente afetadas pela dinâmica das avaliações externas e em especial pela necessidade de adequar o seu trabalho à dinâmica dos testes propostos pelo MEC via Prova Brasil bem como pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação (SEMEC); c) Há a preocupação cotidiana de equalizar os números para o fluxo escolar que deve redundar na nota do IDEB; d) A intensificação do trabalho docente é reconhecida pelos professores das escolas pesquisadas, entretanto assumem a sua responsabilidade sem a compreensão da dinâmica de responsabilização imputada pelo Estado; e) a institucionalização das novas regulações revela uma espécie de conluio ideológico para a fabricação do mito da virtuosidade da avaliação, ou seja, há setores da sociedade interessados em manter uma escola de classe.

Castanhal Ubá: violação de direitos humanos na Amazônia paraense

O trabalho analisa o caso conhecido como “chacina da fazenda Ubá”, ocorrido em 1985, em São João do Araguaia, município do sudeste do Estado do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira. Vai além da análise estritamente jurídica do caso, esmiuçando o escorço jurídico e sociológico que se estabelece anteriormente ao massacre, durante o litígio jurídico no plano interno e internacional perante o sistema interamericano de direitos humanos, e em momento posterior ao pleito judicial, o da implantação das medidas reparatórias. Demonstra, em todos esses momentos, a atitude do Estado face à violação de direitos amazônicos. Discorre amplamente sobre os dados fáticos do caso, de forma a situar o leitor na situação que servirá de base para as discussões da obra. Analisa ainda as origens do caso, demonstrando a existência de uma oligarquia forte na região de São João do Araguaia, que atuava de certa forma alicerçada na certeza de contar com a conivência do poder estatal, o que levou a um processo de concentração de terras em alguns segmentos sociais e a demanda por terras daqueles que não dispunham de meios para tanto. Quando da análise pormenorizada dos direitos violados, evidencia que houve violação de direitos não apenas no fato de ter havido um massacre, em si, mas também durante o próprio desenrolar judicial do processo de persecução criminal, que foi tumultuado e tão somente por isso já representou uma nova violação de direitos humanos. Dando seguimento ao acompanhamento do caso, mostra o pleito perante o sistema interamericano de direitos humanos e a postura não tão diligente do Estado brasileiro no sentido de cooperar inicialmente, restando inerte por alguns anos, mas manifestando-se de forma proativa em fins de 2010. A fase internacional do caso culminou no reconhecimento da responsabilidade pela negativa da proteção de direitos humanos por parte do Estado brasileiro, com a assinatura de uma solução amistosa. Aborda-se, por fim, o último momento do caso Ubá, o da implementação das medidas acordadas na solução amistosa, demonstrando a evolução da atitude do Estado em relação às violações de direitos humanos decorrentes de conflitos agrários.

Desempenho de escolares de ensino público com e sem dificuldade de aprendizagem em habilidadefonológica, nomeação rápida, leitura e escrita

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cartas pessoais entre crianças brasileiras, portuguesas e angolanas

This article analyzes the data resultant of the accomplishment, between 2008 and 2009, of an extension and research project on the international exchange of letters between teachers and students from elementary schools in the towns of Garça and Marília, São Paulo State, Brazil, with a school in the city of Azaruja, Portugal and another in the city of Luanda, Angola. It was developed by a team of students and teachers, UNESP, Marília, in order to promote the exchange via personal letters for that students, between 8 and 9 years old, could take possession of the written language, in this case Portuguese, and understand it as an instrument steeped in culture. The choice of this kind in the world of the epistolary genre was made because it promotes the participation of the Other in the configuration of dialogic relations in the elaboration of the statements, taken as a reference in a Bakhtinian conception of language. It aimed to (1) point, in the letters exchanged between teachers and students between the Portuguese, Brazilians and Angolans in the early years, the evidence of authorship linguistic behavior that could signal the beginning of autonomy in the use of the written modality of language, or signs of submissive behavior; (2) reveal the cultural content of language tools used to construct indicators listed on the customs of each people, including those constituting school doings. For the generation of data were used principles of action research, which enabled direct action, along with Brazilian teachers, and indirectly, in the case of the foreign teachers. From the analysis of the corpus of research - letters exchanged between teachers and students - it is clear that the appropriation of language as a speech act realized in human relations makes the old personal correspondence a powerful instrument of development in the area of the written language.

A aposentadoria por idade do trabalhador rural sob o enfoque constitucional: efetivação por meio da atividade judicial

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

Armand Robin: a pulsão politradutória

Em sua obra L'épreuve de l’étranger (1984), Berman propõe uma teoria sobre o sujeito politradutor que vincula a pulsion du traduire do poète breton Armand Robin a uma visada metafísica — definida por este autor como a busca romântica da “pura língua”. No presente ensaio, essas conclusões são reavaliadas a partir de referências inéditas sobre o poeta abordadas antecipadamente. Embora ele tenha renunciado a ser Autor e tenha proclamado a negação de si mesmo (rejeição), subjazem a essa crônica exaltada denominada non-traduction tanto a tentativa de subverter uma tradição francesa etnocêntrica quanto o desejo íntimo de se ver autor (afirmação e aceitação).

Os jogos do texto ou as facetas da escrita?: gênero policial, intertextualidade e literatura francesa em Bufo & Spallanzani (1985) de Rubem Fonseca

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS

Maximal power output during incremental cycling test is dependent on the curvature constant of the power-time relationship

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the maximal power output (Pmax) during an incremental test was dependent on the curvature constant (W') of the power-time relationship. Thirty healthy male subjects (maximal oxygen uptake = 3.58 ± 0.40 L·min(-1)) performed a ramp incremental cycling test to determine the maximal oxygen uptake and Pmax, and 4 constant work rate tests to exhaustion to estimate 2 parameters from the modeling of the power-time relationship (i.e., critical power (CP) and W'). Afterwards, the participants were ranked according to their magnitude of W'. The median third was excluded to form a high W' group (HIGH, n = 10), and a low W' group (LOW, n = 10). Maximal oxygen uptake (3.84 ± 0.50 vs. 3.49 ± 0.37 L·min(-1)) and CP (213 ± 22 vs. 200 ± 29 W) were not significantly different between HIGH and LOW, respectively. However, Pmax was significantly greater for the HIGH (337 ± 23 W) than for the LOW (299 ± 40 W). Thus, in physically active individuals with similar aerobic parameters, W' influences the Pmax during incremental testing.

Reproducibility of heart rate and rating of perceived exertion values obtained from different incremental treadmill tests

Objective The present study aimed to examine the reproducibility of heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values obtained during different incremental treadmill tests. Equipment and methods Twenty male, recreational, endurance-trained runners (10-km running pace: 10–15 km·h−1) performed, in a counterbalanced order, three continuous incremental exercise tests with different speed increments (0.5 km·h−1, 1 km·h−1 and 2 km·h−1). Thereafter, each participant performed the three tests again, maintaining the same order as before. The reproducibility of the HR and RPE values were analyzed for all protocols during submaximal intensities (8, 10, 12, and 14 km·h−1). In addition, it was examined the reproducibility of maximal HR (HRmax) and peak RPE (RPEpeak). Results The variability of both the HR and RPE values showed a tendency to decrease over the stages during the incremental test and was not or slightly influenced by the incremental test design. The HR at 14 km·h−1 and HRmax presented the highest reproducibility (CV < 2%). In contrast, the submaximal RPE values showed higher variability indices (i.e., CV > 5.0%). In conclusion, the HR values were highly reproducible during the stages of the incremental test, in contrast to the RPE values that presented limited reproducibility.

L'imposizione diretta dei redditi del lavoro autonomo: analisi comparata della disciplina italiana, francese, convenzionale e comunitaria

Les théories du post-industrialisation utilisent comme une preuve empirique du changement du processus historique l’entrée dans une nouvelle structure sociale que, par ailleurs, se distingue par le déplacement des biens et des services et par la formation de nouvelles structures professionnelles et de la gestion. Dans ce contexte, en premier lieu, c’est très intéressant à comprendre comme les nouvelles formes de l’organisation économique et sociale ont reussies à influer sur les systèmes de la fiscalité directe de l’État italien et de l’État français à la formation et au perfectionnement de la notion de revenu du travail indépendant et aussi à la formation et au perfectionnement des modèles de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant. Par conséquent, la recherche, dans le principe, se concentre sur le processus de la construction et de l’évolution de la notion de revenu du travail indépendant et aussi de la construction et de l’évolution des formes nationales de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant; un processus dévelopé au cours de l’Époque Moderne et de l’Époque Contemporaine que, du point de vue historique-fiscale, s’encadre comme l’époque des grands changements en ce qui concerne aussi à la fiscalité directe des revenus de la richesse mobilière. En second lieu, c’est très important à préciser si existe la possibilité de reconstruire les notions actuelles des revenus du travail indépendant en vue de l’aproximation des modalitès de la taxation directe de cette catégorie de revenus de la richesse mobilière avec les modalitès de la taxation directe des revenus de l’entreprise adoptées dans les systèmes italien et français de la fiscalitè directe; par conséquent, la recherche s’oriente vers la déscrition et l’analyse des questions en ce qui concerne à la définition fiscale objective et subjective des revenus du travail indépendant, à la direction vers laquelle on doit s’adresser actuellement les modèles nationaux de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant et les raisons que la justifient. En autre, la recherche s’étendre vers une analyse comparative laquelle évidence les éléments de la convergence et de la divergence nécessaires pour tirer avec exactitude des conclusions sur l’approximation au niveau national et européen des notions des revenus du travail indépendant et des principes et modalités de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant à fin de garantir les libertés de l’établissement et de la prestation des services et les principes de non-dicrimination et de la non-différenciation fiscale des travailleurs indépendants transfrontières dans le marché intérieur. En troisième lieu, c’est très intéressant à préciser avec cette recherche si dans le cadre conventionnel et européen existe une notion de revenu du travail indépendant ou non et si existe un modèle européen unifié ou, au contraire, il s’agit d’une approximation des modèles nationales de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant. Par conséquent, un’autre argument de la recherce est l’analyse de la normative conventionnelle et de la législation européenne et aussi de la jurisprudence de la Cour de la Justice de l’Union Européenne relatives à la construction d’une notion conventionnelle et aussi européenne du travail indépendant au matiere de la fiscalité directe et l’incidence de principes conventionnels et aussi de libertés européenne de l’établissement et de la prestation des services à la taxation directe des revenus des travailleurs indépendants par rapport aux principes de non-discrimination et de la non-différenciation fiscale; une analyse laquelle évidence l’absence d’un modèle conventionnel et d’un modèle européen harmonisé relativement à la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant à raison de la prévalence du principe de la souveranité fiscale au domaine de la fiscalitè directe et pour cette raison en peut parler seulement d’une approximation des modèles nationales de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant à fin de garantir les libertés européenne de l’établissement et de la prestation des services des travailleurs indépendants et les principes conventionnels de non-discrimination et de la non-différenciation fiscale. À la fin, c’est très intéressant à préciser si existe une corrélation entre les Traités fiscales et le Droit fiscal européen en ce qui concerne à la notion de revenus du travail indépendant et les principes fiscales. Par conséquent, la recherche se compléte avec l’analyse du régime fiscale des revenus du travail indépendant évidencé dans le Modèle de la Convention de l’OCDE et dans la Convention Italie-France concernant à l’élimination de la double imposition; une analyse laquelle, en analogie avec le droit fiscal européen, précise l’approximation des revenus du travail indépendant avec les revenus de l’entreprise en se référant le Modèle de la Convention de l’OCDE et l’absence d’un modèle conventionel de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant, mais, à différence du droit fiscal européen, évidence la présence des certains critéres adoptés par la normative conventionnelle à fin de garantir l’arrêt de la double imposition et le principe de la non-discrimination que, en substance, sont points de convérgence avec le droit fiscal européen. En autre, l’analyse de la normative conventionnelle de l’OCDE, à différence de la normative conventionnelle relative à la Convention de l’élimination de la double imposition finalisée par l’Italie et la France, évidence une évolution de la fiscalitè directe en ce qui concerne aux travailleurs indépendants laquelle se vérifie à l’adoption des critéres de la fiscalitè directe des revenus des sociétés et de la quelle en se dérive l’approximation de la notion des revenus du travail indépendant avec la notion des revenus de l’entreprise, en substance, revenus provenant par les activités économiques. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, c’est clair la convérgence parmis les législations nationales de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant et la normative conventionnelle du Modèle de la Convention de l’OCDE et la normative europénne; une convérgence que confirme la nouvelle diréction vers la quelle s’adressent les notions et les modèles de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant dans les systèmes nationals de la taxation directe: l’approximation avec les modèles nationales de la taxation directe des revenus des sociétés en vue de l’approximation des notions des revenus dérives par les activités économiques.

Traverse: Energie. Erzeugung, Verbreitung und Nutzung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert

Energie ist eine der wichtigsten Ressourcen der Gegenwart. Wir nutzen sie täglich zum Heizen, Kochen, Beleuchten, Fortbewegen, Arbeiten. Neben der Endlichkeit der fossilen Energieträger rückten in den letzten Jahren auch die mit den Energieregimen verbundenen Risiken (wieder) vermehrt ins Bewusstsein. Gerade deshalb erlebte besonders die Energiegeschichte zum 20. Jahrhundert jüngst einen Aufschwung. Die einzelnen Beiträge zeichnen dabei nicht nur den ungestillten Energiehunger während des Wirtschaftsbooms nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg nach, sondern gehen auch den Wurzeln des heutigen Energieregimes im 19. Jahrhundert nach. Thematisiert werden die wichtigsten Triebkräfte der Innovationen in der Wasserkraft, die Entwicklungslinien der Energieverwendung und des Energieverbrauchs im Verkehr und in der Landwirtschaft sowie die Auswirkungen eines mehrtägigen Stromausfalls auf die Gesellschaft.

Théorie des jeux expérimentale & action motrice

How do sportspeople succeed in a non-collaborative game? An illustration of a perverse side effect of altruism Are team sports specialists predisposed to collaboration? The scientific literature on this topic is divided. The present article attempts to end this debate by applying experimental game theory. We constituted three groups of volunteers (all students aged around 20): 25 team sports specialists; 23 individual sports specialists (gymnasts, track & field athletes and swimmers) and a control group of 24 non-sportspeople. Each subgroup was divided into 3 teams that played against each other in turn (and not against teams from other subgroups). The teams played a game based on the well-known Prisoner's Dilemma (Tucker, 1950) - the paradoxical "Bluegill Sunbass Game" (Binmore, 1999) with three Nash equilibria (two suboptimal equilibria with a pure strategy and an optimal equilibrium with a mixed, egotistical strategy (p= 1/2)). This game also features a Harsanyi equilibrium (based on constant compliance with a moral code and altruism by empathy: "do not unto others that which you would not have them do unto you"). How, then, was the game played? Two teams of 8 competed on a handball court. Each team wore a distinctive jersey. The game lasted 15 minutes and the players were allowed to touch the handball ball with their feet or hands. After each goal, each team had to return to its own half of the court. Players were allowed to score in either goal and thus cooperate with their teammates or not, as they saw fit. A goal against the nominally opposing team (a "guardian" strategy, by analogy with the Bluegill Sunbass Game) earned a point for everyone in the team. For an own goal (a "sneaker" strategy), only the scorer earned a point - hence the paradox. If all the members of a team work together to score a goal, everyone is happy (the Harsanyi solution). However, the situation was not balanced in the Nashian sense: each player had a reason to be disloyal to his/her team at the merest opportunity. But if everyone adopts a "sneaker" strategy, the game becomes a free-for-all and the chances of scoring become much slimmer. In a context in which doubt reigns as to the honesty of team members and "legal betrayals", what type of sportsperson will score the most goals? By analogy with the Bluegill Sunbass Game, we recorded direct motor interactions (passes and shots) based on either a "guardian" tactic (i.e. collaboration within the team) or a "sneaker" tactic (shots and passes against the player's designated team). So, was the group of team sports specialist more collaborative than the other two groups? The answer was no. A statistical analysis (difference from chance in a logistic regression) enabled us to draw three conclusions: ?For the team sports specialists, the Nash equilibrium (1950) was stronger than the Harsanyi equilibrium (1977). ?The sporting principles of equilibrium and exclusivity are not appropriate in the Bluegill Sunbass Game and are quickly abandoned by the team sports specialists. The latter are opportunists who focus solely on winning and do well out of it. ?The most altruistic players are the main losers in the Bluegill Sunbass Game: they keep the game alive but contribute to their own defeat. In our experiment, the most altruistic players tended to be the females and the individual sports specialists