Film bulk acoustic resonator pressure sensor with self temperature reference

A novel film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) with two resonant frequencies which have opposite reactions to temperature changes has been designed. The two resonant modes respond differently to changes in temperature and pressure, with the frequency shift being linearly correlated with temperature and pressure changes. By utilizing the FBAR's sealed back trench as a cavity, an on-chip single FBAR sensor suitable for measuring pressure and temperature simultaneously is proposed and demonstrated. The experimental results show that the pressure coefficient of frequency for the lower frequency peak of the FBAR sensors is approximately -17.4 ppm kPa-1, while that for the second peak is approximately -6.1 ppm kPa-1, both of them being much more sensitive than other existing pressure sensors. This dual mode on-chip pressure sensor is simple in structure and operation, can be fabricated at very low cost, and yet requires no specific package, therefore has great potential for applications. © 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd.

The effect of addition of ZrO2 to Fe2O3 for hydrogen production by chemical looping

In this paper, a synthetic mixture of ZrO2 and Fe 2O3 was prepared by coprecipitation for use in chemical looping and hydrogen production. Cycling experiments in a fluidized bed showed that a material composed of 30 mol % ZrO2 and 70 mol % Fe 2O3 was capable of producing hydrogen with a consistent yield of 90 mol % of the stoichiometric amount over 20 cycles of reduction and oxidation at 1123 K. Here, the iron oxide was subjected to cycles consisting of nearly 100% reduction to Fe followed by reoxidation (with steam or CO 2 and then air) to Fe2O3. There was no contamination by CO of the hydrogen produced, at a lower detection limit of 500 ppm, when the conversion of Fe3O4 to Fe was kept below 90 mol %. A preliminary investigation of the reaction kinetics confirmed that the ZrO2 support does not inhibit rates of reaction compared with those observed with iron oxide alone. © 2012 American Chemical Society.

SOI CMOS integrated zinc oxide nanowire for toluene detection

The paper reports on the in-situ growth of zinc oxide nanowires (ZnONWs) on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) substrate, and their performance as a sensing element for ppm (parts per million) levels of toluene vapour in 3000 ppm humid air. Zinc oxide NWs were grown using a low temperature (only 90°C) hydrothermal method. The ZnONWs were first characterised both electrically and through scanning electron microscopy. Then the response of the on-chip ZnONWs to different concentrations of toluene (400-2600ppm) was observed in air at 300°C. Finally, their gas sensitivity was determined and found to lie between 0.1% and 0.3% per ppm. © 2013 IEEE.

PCB-integrated optical waveguide sensors: An ammonia gas sensor

This paper presents a novel platform for the formation of cost-effective PCB-integrated optical waveguide sensors. The sensor design relies on the use of multimode polymer waveguides that can be formed directly on standard PCBs and commercially-available chemical dyes, enabling the integration of all essential sensor components (electronic, photonic, chemical) on low-cost substrates. Moreover, it enables the detection of multiple analytes from a single device by employing waveguide arrays functionalised with different chemical dyes. The devices can be manufactured with conventional methods of the PCB industry, such as solder-reflow processes and pick-and-place assembly techniques. As a proof of principle, a PCB-integrated ammonia gas sensor is fabricated on a FR4 substrate. The sensor operation relies on the change of the optical transmission characteristics of chemically functionalised optical waveguides in the presence of ammonia molecules. The fabrication and assembly of the sensor unit, as well as fundamental simulation and characterisation studies, are presented. The device achieves a sensitivity of approximately 30 ppm and a linear response up to 600 ppm at room temperature. Finally, the potential to detect multiple analytes from a single device is demonstrated using principal-component analysis. © 1983-2012 IEEE.

A single FBAR-based temperature and pressure sensors

A novel temperature and pressure sensor based on a single film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) is designed. This FBAR support two resonant modes, which response opposite to the change of temperature. By sealed the back cavity of a back-trench membrane type FBAR with silicon wafer, an on-chip single FBAR sensor suitable for measuring temperature and pressure simultaneously is proposed. For unsealed device, the experimental results show that the first resonant mode has a temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) of 69.5ppm/K, and the TCF of the second mode is -8.1ppm/K. After sealed the back trench, it can be used as a pressure sensor, the pressure coefficient of frequency (PCF) for the two resonant mode is -17.4ppm/kPa and -6.1 ppm/kPa respectively, both of them being more sensitive than other existing pressure sensors. © 2013 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

鲢、鳙锚头鳋的生物学及其防治的研究

本文对鲢、鳙锚头鳋的生物学、病后获得免疫以及药物治疗进行了探讨。通过试验与观察得出以下几点结论:1)成虫产卵、虫卵孵化的最适水温是20-25℃。2)当水温15-20℃时,幼虫发育约需14-16天;26-31℃时,约需7天。3)在鱼种培育阶段的7月中旬至9月中旬,当水温25-37℃时,成虫的平均寿命为20天。4)成虫可分“童虫”、“壮虫”和“老虫”三种形态。5)感染一定数量锚头鳋的鲢、鳙鱼种,在虫脱、病愈后可以获得明显的免疫力。6)0.3-0.5 ppm的晶体敌百虫全池泼洒,能有效地控制较大水体里的鲢、鳙锚

水中硝酸盐的快速测定法

本文叙述水中微量硝酸盐的快速测定法。主要采用Bray之粉剂,加入硫酸铜作催化剂(Cu~(++)16.3微克/10毫升)和加长振荡时间控制硝酸盐的还原程度,致使灵敏度增加。用光电比色计可测至0.02 ppm硝酸根中之氮,用纳氏管可到0.005 ppm。再现性及稳定性均好。误差不超过5％。

Graphene SOI CMOS sensors for detection of PPB levels of NO2 in air

There is considerable demand for sensors that are capable of detecting ultra-low concentrations (sub-PPM) of toxic gases in air. Of particular interest are NO2 and CO that are exhaust products of internal combustion engines. Electrochemical (EC) sensors are widely used to detect these gases and offer the advantages of low power, good selectivity and temporal stability. However, EC sensors are large (1 cm3), hand-made and thus expensive ($25). Consequently, they are unsuitable for the low-cost automotive market that demands units for less than $10. One alternative technology is SnO2 or WO3 resistive gas sensors that are fabricated in volume today using screen-printed films on alumina substrates and operate at 400°C. Unfortunately, they suffer from several disadvantages: power consumption is high 200 mW; reproducibility of the sensing element is poor; and cross-sensitivity is high. © 2013 IEEE.

Influence of CO2, light and watering on growth of Nostoc flagelliforme mats

The terrestrial blue-green alga (cyanobacterium), Nostoc flagelliforme, was cultured in air at various levels of CO2, light and watering to see their effects on its growth. The alga showed the highest relative growth rate at the conditions of high CO2 (1500 ppm), high light regime (219-414 mu mol m(-2)s(-1)) and twice daily watering, but the lowest rate at the conditions of low light (58-114 mu mol m(-2)s(-1)) and daily twice watering. Increased watering had little effect on growth rate at 350 ppm CO2, but increased by about 70% at 1500ppm CO2 under high light conditions. It was concluded that enriched CO2 could enhance the growth of N. flagelliforme when sufficient light and water was supplied.

A phototaxis inhibition assay using barnacle larvae

The effects of sublethal concentrations of phenol and cadmium on the phototactic responses of the stage II nauplii of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite were investigated. Increased toxicant concentrations caused a reduction in phototactic responses. Balanus amphitrite nauplii exposed to nominal phenol concentrations of 100 ppm and higher for 1-12 h failed to exhibit phototactic responses, while longer exposure times of 24 and 48 h reduced the lowest observable effect concentration (LOECs) to 80 and 60 ppm, respectively. For cadmium, the LOECs, based on nominal concentrations, for B. amphitrite following 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h exposures were 20, 4.5, 4.0, 1, and 0.75 ppm, respectively. The LOECs can be significantly reduced by increasing the duration of exposure to the toxicants. A good relationship exists between the phototactic response and toxicant concentration as well as exposure time. Results of this study indicate that the toxicant-induced reduction in phototactic responses of barnacle larvae can be used in a sensitive, rapid screening test for ecotoxicological assessments. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF LINEAR ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATE, SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE AND DICHROMATE ON TETRAHYMENA-PYRIFORMIS

DNA in macro- and micronuclei of Tetrahymena pyriformis treated with linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) and sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na) were determined by microspectrophotometry. The effects on rate of formation of macronuclear DNA extrusion bodies were also studied. We found DNA content of micronuclei in 0.14 ppm LAS and 0.9 ppb PCP-Na was lower than in that of the control, and LAS was able to increase the formation rate of macronuclear DNA extrusion bodies (the formation rate was 54% in 11.3 ppm LAS and 25.6% in 16.7 ppm dichromate). We concluded that 0.14 ppm LAS (below the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration) was genotoxic, whereas 0.014 ppm LAS was not. Dichromate 0.05 ppm and 0.9 ppb PCP-Na, equal to and below the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration, respectively, were potentially genetoxic.

Hydrogen sensors based on Pt-AlGaN/GaN back-to-back Schottky diode

In this paper, platinum (Pt) with a thickness of 45 nm was sputtered on the surface of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure to form the Schottky contact and the back-to-back Schottky diodes were characterized for H-2 sensing at room temperature. Both the forward and reverse current of the devices increased with exposure to H-2 gas, which was attributed to Schottky barrier height reduction caused by hydrogen absorption in the catalytic metals. A shift of 0.7 V at 297 K was obtained at a fixed forward current of 0.1 mA after switching from N-2 to 40% H-2 in N-2. The sensor's responses under different concentrations from 2500 ppm H-2 to 40% H-2 in N-2 at 297 K were investigated. Time response of the sensor at a fixed bias of 1 V was given. Finally, the decrease of the Schottky barrier height and the sensitivity of the sensor were calculated. (C) 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

聚烯烃官能化及其反应共混的Monte Carlo

针对马来酸酐(MAH)接枝聚丙烯(PP)和聚乙烯(PE)、不相容共混物的反应增容、聚丙烯共混物在剪切流动过程中形态结构演化等聚烯烃反应加工中典型的化学和物理问题开展了计算机模拟和实验研究。 首先，我们建立和完成了适用于Monte Carlo计算机模拟的MAH接枝PP和PE的反应动力学模型及模拟程序的编写与运行。对于MAH接枝PP，模拟结果表明接枝产物所占比例与MAH初始浓度有关。当MAH浓度较低时(小于2.5 wt%)，MAH主要接枝在由β裂解所产生PP链末端上；而在MAH浓度较大时(大于2.5 wt%)，大部分MAH接枝在PP链上的三级碳上。这一结论很好地解决了多年来存在的关于MAH接枝PP位置的争议。为了进一步验证模拟结果，在实验上我们制备了不同MAH(13C标记)初始浓度下接枝PP的系列样品。核磁共振(NMR)研究结果表明MAH的初始浓度明显影响不同接枝产物所占比例，具体表现为MAH接枝到PP三级碳的MAH的NMR共振峰（δ= 32.0 ppm）随MAH的初始浓度的增加而明显增强，而接枝到由β裂解所产生PP链末端的MAH的NMR共振峰（δ=30.3 ppm）随MAH的初始浓度的增加而明显减弱。这与模拟结果一致。对于MAH接枝线性PE，模拟结果表明MAH接在PE主链上形成枝状结构所占比例随MAH初始浓度的增加而增加，而接在两PE主链中间形成桥状结构所占比例随MAH初始浓度的增加而下降。当MAH浓度非常低的时候，两种结构所占比例相当接近。这一结果改变了人们对这一问题的传统认识，即在任何条件下桥状结构所占比例都远远低于枝状结构。以上结果为MAH接枝聚乙烯、聚丙烯分子结构的调控提供了科学依据。 其次，我们开展了伴有化学反应的不相容共混聚合物的增容，即反应增容的Monte Carlo模拟研究。模拟结果表明官能化聚合物A的加入有效改善了聚合物A与极性聚合物B的相容性。当聚合物A为分散相时，A-B和A-B-A嵌段共聚物的增容效果比B-A-B嵌段共聚物好。我们发现原位生成的A-B、A-B-A和B-A-B三种嵌段共聚物在共混体系中微观结构各不相同。所生成的A-B两嵌段共聚物分布在A/B两相界面上，其A、B嵌段分别嵌入A、B相区里；所生成的A-B-A三嵌段共聚物则通过“桥状结构”连接两个被分散的A相区；所生成的B-A-B三嵌段共聚物则以“折叠结构”存在于A/B两相界面。此外，我们还研究了接枝共聚物在A/B/接枝共聚物三元共混体系中的增容效果及其微观结构。模拟结果表明，接枝共聚物的结构和支链长度对其在共混物中的微观结构和分散相粒径影响很大。当添加A-g-B接枝共聚物作为增容剂时，如果其支链较短，部分接枝共聚物将会在连续相中形成胶束；当其支链较长时，它们会通过“桥状结构”连接分散相形成网络结构。当选择B-g-A接枝共聚物作为增容剂，如果其支链长度较短，部分共聚物会在分散相里形成胶束；如果其支链较长，大部分共聚物将存在于A/B两相界面上连接A、B两相。 最后，我们在线跟踪研究了聚丙烯共混物在剪切流动过程中形态结构演化过程，观察到了剪切流动下尼龙6(PA6)液滴在PP连续相中的破裂过程。结果表明PA6液滴同时存在fracture 和tip streaming 两种破裂模式。在该共混体中添加少量的SEBS或SEBS-g-MAH，发现在适当的剪切条件下PA6液滴可通过SEBS粘结形成非常有序的规则结构，即平行排列的线条结构。有趣的是这种平行排列的线条结构垂直于剪切流动方向。进一步研究结果表明该结构是一亚稳态，其最终要聚集成球状结构。有意义的是该亚稳态结构可以保持数十分钟以上，这使得人们有足够的时间降温将该结构“冻结”住。这一结果为通用高分子共混物有序结构的外场调控提供了成功范例。

全同1，2－聚丁二烯的合成及用~(13)C-NMR方法研究1，2－聚丁二烯的序列结构

采用Cr／Al催化体系，成功地合成了全同1，2－聚丁二烯（PBD），并用DSC方法、X－射线衍射、红外光谱及~(13)C－NMR的方法进行结构与物性测定，得如下结果：全同1，2－PBD的熔点为124.3℃；三角晶系中，分子链成了螺旋，晶胞参数为a＝17.3A，c＝ 6.5A；在红外光谱中，其特征谱带出现在694.4 cm~(-1)处；在~(13)C－NMR谱中仅出现四条谱峰，其化学位移分别为142.51、111.56、39.26、37.43 ppm。全同1，2－PBD的~(13)C－NMR谱提供的实验数据表明，在~(13)C－NMR谱中1，2－PBD－CH二碳十个五元组谱峰的归属是有别于Elgert、Kumar已有的归属。它属于一种新的归属，与半经验方法所推演的结果相符。它恰巧同聚丙烯侧甲基五元组谱峰的归属一致。采用半经验方法研究了1，2－PBD的~(13)C－NMR增中CH二碳五元组、CH_2－碳四元组及六元组共振谱峰，同时讨论了模型链的链长、温度以及立构序列的排列对各立构序列键概率的影响，求得了相应的r值。同时采用经验方法对1，2－PBD的~(13)C－NMR谱中CH_2=碳、CH－碳五元组及CH_2－碳四元组谱峰做了归属。两种方法对CH_2－碳谱峰的归属得到了一致的结果。

碱土金属与不对称变色酸多卤代双偶氮氯膦类试剂的新显色反应的研究及反应机理的探讨

本文研究了碱土金属锶、钙与新型显色剂2-(4-氯－2－苯膦酸)－7－(2, 6-二溴－4－氯苯基)－1，8－二羟基－3，6－萘二磺酸(简称DBC－偶氮氯膦)的显色反应及其在分析上的应用。研究结果提出了两种高选择性的测定锶、钙的新方法。本文研究出的新分析方法在实际样品的分析中收到了令人满意的结果。本文还研究了碱土金属元素与五种多卤代偶氮氯膦类试剂的显色反应性能，对反应的机理和配合物的结构方面的问题作了一些研究及探讨。通过对几种多卤代偶氮氯膦类试剂与碱土金属显色反应的研究。筛选出较好的显色剂，并对寻求更好的碱土元素显色剂提出了一些建议。本论文分五个部分，现分述如下：1. 一种新的测定锶的高选择性光度法的研究：本文利用武汉大学化学系最近合成的新显色剂DBC－偶氮氯膦进行了锶显色反应及其在分析上应用的研究。研究结果表明：锶与DBC－偶氮氯膦在酸性条件下可形成一种十分稳定的兰色配合物，该配合物在630nm波长处有最大吸收。摩尔吸光系数为ε＝6.0*10~4l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)配合物中Sr:DBC－偶氮氯膦=1:2。在丙酮、Na_2SO_4、EDTA等存在下，并采用双波等分光光度，有效地消除了钡、钙的干扰及在此条件下其他共存的三十余种离子的干扰。本文还进行了显色酸度，配合物稳定性的试验，利用本方法进行了海水，氧化镁试剂和硅铁锶合金中锶的直接测定，结果较为满意，与其他方法进行对照，结果相符，加入试验的回收率一般为99－102％。方法灵敏，简便，选择性好，快速和不需要任何分离过程。2. DBC－偶氮氯膦与钙显色反应的研究及其在高纯氧化钇中钙的测定的应用：本文利用DBC－偶氮氯膦进行了钙显色反应的研究。并将此显色反应于高纯氧化钇(Y_2O_3>99.99％～99.999％)中的ppm级的钙的测定。本文进行了钙与DBC－偶氮氯膦生成的配合物的吸收光谱，显色反应酸度范围，显色剂的用量，配合物的稳定性，配合物的组成及干扰组分的消除等方面的研究。研究结果表明：钙在弱碱性条件下可与DBC－偶氮氯膦形成一种兰色的配合物，该配合在625nm处有最大吸收。表观摩尔吸光系ε＝2.8*10~4l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)。配合物的组成是Ca:DBC－偶氮氯膦＝1:1。在DTPA－Zn存在下较大量的氧化钇和铁等三十余种离子不干扰测定。方法线性范围较宽。配合使用偶氮氧化BN－TBP(磷酸三丁酯)－环乙烷体系进行一次简单的粗分离后，成功地测定了高纯氧化钇中的微量钙，此方法是目前已见报导的分光光度法中，在测定高纯氧化钇中微量钙方面最简便的方法。用此方法测定的削钢中微量钙，也得到满意的结果，加入试验回收率较好。方法灵敏、简易、选择性较好。3. 新型显色剂DBC－偶氮氯膦的提纯和鉴定：本文提出了一种分离提纯新型稀土显色剂DBC-偶氮氯膦的方法。通过利用国产离心薄层层析仪。在硅胶G和CaSO_4做的薄板上，以甲醇和二氯甲烷作展开剂，分离了杂质。然后用PMBP环乙烷萃取了其中引入的钙，提纯后的试剂经过分析鉴定，纯度在94％以上，其中钙量低于空白值(原子吸收法测定)。方法产率在90％以上，用提纯后的试剂进行了红外光谱，元素分析，热失重分析，得到了试剂组成及结构，与试剂合成单位所提出的一样，并用层析法，光度法检查了纯度，比较了粗品与纯品的吸收曲线和对碱土的灵敏度。4. 碱土金属与多卤代偶氮氯膦类试剂的显色反应的研究：本文研究了钙、锶、钡分别与五种多卤代偶氮氯膦类试剂(2，6－二溴－4－氯偶氮氯膦，2，4，6－三溴偶氮氯膦，2，6－二溴－4－磺酸偶氮氯膦。2，4，6－三氯偶氮氯膦，2，6－二溴－4－硝基偶氮氯膦)显色反应。记录了各显色反应的吸收光谱。试验了各元素与各种试剂显色的酸度范围，测定了各种配合物的组成，进行了各种试剂对碱土元素的选择性的试验。比较了几种试剂对碱土的灵敏度。研究结果表明：TB－偶氮氯膦和DBC－偶氮氯膦是较好的碱土试剂，从灵敏度，选择性和显色酸度来看，这两个试剂都优于其他几种试剂。DBN－偶氮氯膦性能较差。研究还指出，钙只有在碱性条件下才能与这几种试剂较好地显色。酸性条件下碱土元素与几种试剂都形成1:2配合物。钙在碱性条件下与试剂形成的是1:1配合物。本文对试剂结构与其性能方面的关系进行了讨论。对进一步合成新的碱土试剂提出了一些看法。5.碱土金属与DBC－偶氮氯膦显色反应机理及配合物结构的探讨：本文研究了DBC－偶氮氯膦在不同酸度下的存在形式，质子化情况及反应中的质子释放情况。测定了钙、锶、钡与其形成的配合物的稳定常数。利用红外光谱、激光拉曼光谱、核磁共振谱等对所生成配合物的结构进行了研究。根据实验结果和有关的分子轨道理论。配位场理论对配合物的结构进行了讨论。提出配合物的结构式及空间构型。本文还对显色反应机理和配合物成键情况进行了初探。本文的研究工作。为进一步开展水溶液中配合物结构的研究和显色反应机理的研究起了抛砖引玉的作用。