Induction of neutralizing antibodies in mice immunized with an amino-terminal polypeptide of Streptococcus mutans P1 protein produced by a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain

The oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans expresses a surface protein, P1, which interacts with the salivary pellicle on the tooth surface or with fluid-phase saliva, resulting in bacterial adhesion or aggregation, respectively. P1 is a target of protective immunity. Its N-terminal region has been associated with adhesion and aggregation functions and contains epitopes recognized by efficacious antibodies. In this study, we used Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive expression host, to produce a recombinant N-terminal polypeptide of P1 (P1(39-512)) derived from the S. mutans strain UA159. Purified P1(39-512) reacted with an anti-full-length P1 antiserum as well as one raised against intact S. mutans cells, indicating preserved antigenicity. Immunization of mice with soluble and heat-denatured P1(39-512) induced antibodies that reacted specifically with native P1 on the surface of S. mutans cells. The anti-P1(39-512) antiserum was as effective at blocking saliva-mediated aggregation of S. mutans cells and better at blocking bacterial adhesion to saliva-coated plastic surfaces compared with the anti-full-length P1 antiserum. In addition, adsorption of the anti-P1 antiserum with P1(39-512) eliminated its ability to block the adhesion of S. mutans cells to abiotic surfaces. The present results indicate that P1(39-512), expressed and purified from a recombinant B. subtilis strain, maintains important immunological features of the native protein and represents an additional tool for the development of anticaries vaccines.

Immunogenic properties of a recombinant fusion protein containing the C-terminal 19 kDa of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 and the innate immunity agonist FliC flagellin of Salmonella Typhimurium

In a recent study, we demonstrated the immunogenic properties of a new malaria vaccine polypeptide based on a 19 kDa C-terminal fragment of the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1(19)) from Plasmodium vivax and an innate immunity agonist, the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium flagellin (FliC). Herein, we tested whether the same strategy, based on the MSP1(19) component of the deadly malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, could also generate a fusion polypeptide with enhanced immunogenicity. The His(6)FliC-MSP1(19) fusion protein was expressed from a recombinant Escherichia coil and showed preserved in vitro TLR5-binding activity. In contrast to animals injected with His(6)MSP1(19), mice subcutaneously immunised with the recombinant His6FliC-MSP1(19) developed strong MSP1(19)-specific systemic antibody responses with a prevailing IgG1 subclass. Incorporation of other adjuvants, such as CpG ODN 1826, complete and incomplete Freund`s adjuvants or Quil-A, improved the IgG responses after the second, but not the third, immunising dose. It also resulted in a more balanced IgG subclass response, as evaluated by the IgG1/IgG2c ratio, and higher cell-mediated immune response, as determined by the detection of antigen-specific interferon-gamma secretion by immune spleen cells. MSP(19)-specific antibodies recognised not only the recombinant protein, but also the native protein expressed on the surface of P. falciparum parasites. Finally, sera from rabbits immunised with the fusion protein alone inhibited the in vitro growth of three different P. falciparum strains. In summary, these results extend our previous observations and further demonstrate that fusion of the innate immunity agonist FliC to Plasmodium antigens is a promising alternative to improve their immunogenicity. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Involvement of proteinase-activated receptors 1 and 2 in spreading and phagocytosis by murine adherent peritoneal cells: Modulation by the C-terminal of S100A9 protein

Proteinase-activated receptors (PAR) are widely recognized for their modulatory properties in inflammatory and immune responses; however, their direct role on phagocyte effector functions remains unknown. S100A9, a protein secreted during inflammatory responses, deactivates activated peritoneal macrophages, and its C-terminal portion inhibits spreading and phagocytosis of adherent peritoneal cells. Herein, the effect of PAR1 and PAR2 agonists was investigated on spreading and phagocytosis by adherent peritoneal cells, as well as the ability of murine C-terminal of S100A9 peptide (mS100A9p) to modulate this effect. Adherent peritoneal cells obtained from mouse abdominal cavity were incubated with PAR1 and PAR2 agonists and spreading and phagocytosis of Candida albicans particles were evaluated. PAR1 agonists increased both the spreading and the phagocytic activity, but PAR2 agonists only increased the spreading index. mS100A9p reverted both the increased spreading and phagocytosis induced by PAR1 agonists, but no interference in the increased spreading induced by PAR2 agonists was noticed. The shorter homologue peptide to the C-terminal of mS100A9p, corresponding to the H(92)-E(97) region, also reverted the increased spreading and phagocytosis induced by PAR1 agonists. These findings show that proteinase-activated receptors have an important role for spreading and phagocytosis of adherent peritoneal cells, and that the pepticle corresponding to the C-terminal of S100A9 protein is a remarkable candidate for use as a novel compound to modulate PAR1 function. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interaction of a C-terminal peptide of Bos taurus diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 with model membranes

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) catalyzes the final and dedicated step in the synthesis of triacylglycerol, which is believed to involve the lipids oleoyl coenzyme A (OCoA) and dioleoyl-sn-glycerol (DOG) as substrates. In this work we investigated the interaction of a specific peptide, referred to as SIT2, on the C-terminal of DGAT1 (HKWCIRHFYKP) with model membranes made with OCoA and DOG in Langmuir monolayers and liposomes. According to the circular dichroism and fluorescence data, conformational changes on SIT2 were seen only on liposomes containing OCoA and DOG. In Langmuir monolayers, SIT2 causes the isotherms of neat OCoA and DOG monolayers to be expanded, but has negligible effect on mixed monolayers of OCoA and DOG. This synergistic interaction between SIT2 and DOG + OCoA may be rationalized in terms of a molecular model in which SIT2 may serve as a linkage between the two lipids. Our results therefore provide molecular-level evidence for the interaction between this domain and the substrates OCoA and DOG for the synthesis of triacylglycerol. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mg(2+) Ions Bind at the C-Terminal Region of Skeletal Muscle alpha-Tropomyosin

Tropomyosin (Tm) is a dimeric coiled-coil protein that polymerizes through head-to-tail interactions. These polymers bind along actin filaments and play an important role in the regulation of muscle contraction. Analysis of its primary structure shows that Tm is rich in acidic residues, which are clustered along the molecule and may from sites for divalent cation binding. In a previous study, we showed that the Mg(2+)-induced increase in stability of the C-terminal half of Tin is sensitive to imitations near the C-terminus. In the present report, we study the interaction between Mg(2+) and full-length Tin and smaller fragments corresponding to the last 65 and 26 Tin residues. Although the smaller Tin peptide (Tm(259-284(W269))) is flexible and to large extent unstructured, the larger Tm(220-284(W269)) fragments forms a coiled coil in solution whose stability increases significantly in the presence of Mg(2+). NMR analysis shows thin Mg(2+) induces chemical shift perturbations in both Tm(220-284(W269)) and Tm(259-284(W269)) in the vicinity of His276, in which are located several negatively charged residues. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 583-590, 2009.

A short proregion of trialysin, a pore-forming protein of Triatoma infestans salivary glands, controls activity by folding the N-terminal lytic motif

Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is a hematophagous insect that transmits the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas` disease. Its saliva contains trialysin, a protein that forms pores in membranes. Peptides based on the N-terminus of trialysin lyse cells and fold into alpha-helical amphipathic segments resembling antimicrobial peptides. Using a specific antiserum against trialysin, we show here that trialysin is synthesized as a precursor that is less active than the protein released after saliva secretion. A synthetic peptide flanked by a fluorophore and a quencher including the acidic proregion and the lytic N-terminus of the protein is also less active against cells and liposomes, increasing activity upon proteolysis. Activation changes the peptide conformation as observed by fluorescence increase and CD spectroscopy. This mechanism of activation could provide a way to impair the toxic effects of trialysin inside the salivary glands, thus restricting damaging lytic activity to the bite site.

Coopetição entre empresas atuantes na rede de negócio de terminal líquido na cidade de Santos

Dissertação de mestrado apresentada como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Administração no Programa de Pós-graduação em Administração da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul.

Ensaio sobre o agente racional: esparadrapos para um paciente terminal?

The Rational Agent model have been a foundational basis for theoretical models such as Economics, Management Science, Artificial Intelligence and Game Theory, mainly by the ¿maximization under constraints¿ principle, e.g. the ¿Expected Utility Models¿, among them, the Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) Theory, from Savage, placed as most influence player over theoretical models we¿ve seen nowadays, even though many other developments have been done, indeed also in non-expected utility theories field. Having the ¿full rationality¿ assumption, going for a less idealistic sight ¿bounded rationality¿ of Simon, or for classical anomalies studies, such as the ¿heuristics and bias¿ analysis by Kahneman e Tversky, ¿Prospect Theory¿ also by Kahneman & Tversky, or Thaler¿s Anomalies, and many others, what we can see now is that Rational Agent Model is a ¿Management by Exceptions¿ example, as for each new anomalies¿s presentation, in sequence, a ¿problem solving¿ development is needed. This work is a theoretical essay, which tries to understand: 1) The rational model as a ¿set of exceptions¿; 2) The actual situation unfeasibility, since once an anomalie is identified, we need it¿s specific solution developed, and since the number of anomalies increases every year, making strongly difficult to manage rational model; 3) That behaviors judged as ¿irrationals¿ or deviated, by the Rational Model, are truly not; 4) That¿s the right moment to emerge a Theory including mental processes used in decision making; and 5) The presentation of an alternative model, based on some cognitive and experimental psychology analysis, such as conscious and uncounscious processes, cognition, intuition, analogy-making, abstract roles, and others. Finally, we present conclusions and future research, that claims for deeper studies in this work¿s themes, for mathematical modelling, and studies about a rational analysis and cognitive models possible integration. .

Hiperparatireoidismo secundário e hipertrofia ventrticular em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica terminal mantidos em hemodiálise

Justificativa: Embora pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica terminal (IRCT) desenvolvam, freqüentemente, anormalidades estruturais cardíacas, em particular a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), nem todos os mecanismos envolvidos neste processo estão adequadamente estudados. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o paratormônio (PTH) e a massa ventricular esquerda (MVE) em indivíduos urêmicos terminais. Métodos: Pacientes estáveis em hemodiálise crônica foram avaliados por ecocardiografia bidimensional e tiveram seus níveis de PTH medidos por radioimunoensaio (iPTH - molécula intacta). Foram excluídos pacientes hipertensos não controlados, diabéticos e os com mais de 65 anos. Os pacientes foram estratificados de acordo com os níveis de iPTH em níveis baixos ( 100 pg/ml), níveis intermediários (101 à 280 pg/ml) e níveis elevados (281 pg/ml). Resultados: Quarenta e um pacientes em hemodiálise, com tempo de tratamento hemodialítico de 3-186 meses foram avaliados. A média de idade foi de 45 anos (18 a 61) e houve predomínio de homens (63%). Foi identificada uma associação estatisticamente significativa e positiva entre o índice de MVE (IMVE) e o iPTH (r=0,34; P=0,03) em toda a amostra. Na análise de subgrupos não se constatou associação estatisticamente significativa nos grupos com iPTH baixo e intermediário, no entanto, no grupo com iPTH elevado observou-se maior correlação com o aumento do índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo (IMVE) (r=0,62; p=0,003). O IMVE esteve inversamente associado a hemoglobina (r=-0,34; p=0,031). Não foi observada associação estatisticamente significativa entre o IMVE e idade, índice de massa corporal, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, colesterol, triglicerídeos, produto cálcio-fósforo, albumina, tempo ou adequação da diálise. Na análise multivariada, após o ajuste para idade, níveis de hemoglobina, índice de massa corporal e pressão arterial o único preditor independente do aumento do IMVE foi o nível de iPTH. Conclusões: Em pacientes em hemodiálise crônica o iPTH é um preditor do aumento da MVE. O hiperparatireoidismo secundário pode contribuir para a elevada morbidade cardiovascular observada em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica terminal.

Programa de relacionamento em telefonia celular : o incentivo via troca de terminal

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os resultados provenientes da utilização de um Programa de Relacionamento em uma empresa de telefonia celular. A pertinência do tema é decorrente do acirramento da competição nesse segmento e do aumento da importância de ferramentas capazes de ampliar o grau de fidelidade dos clientes em empresas prestadoras de serviços. Para que fosse possível alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi estudada a base de clientes de determinada operadora celular brasileira atingida por uma ação de incentivo à troca de seus aparelhos através de um desconto adicional. Foram considerados os resultados alcançados em três públicos distintos: clientes que aceitaram a oferta, clientes que não aceitaram a oferta e clientes de um grupo de controle. Em cada um deles, considerou-se o impacto nos gastos em telefonia celular nos cinco meses subseqüentes à ação, e o índice de churn (percentual de cancelamento das linhas) dezoito meses após a ação. O prazo de dezoito meses foi considerado, pois esse é o período durante o qual o cliente que aceita a oferta se compromete, através da assinatura de um contrato, a permanecer com sua linha de celular ativa. Os resultados do estudo indicam que, tanto para o consumo quanto para o índice de churn, existe significância estatística nos números encontrados. No entanto, eles também mostram que os ganhos, do ponto de vista financeiro, são baixos. Portanto, embora o resultado seja superior para os clientes que aceitam a oferta, como investimentos desse tipo só se justificam se o retorno financeiro for positivo, a empresa que optar por programas nesse formato precisará minimizar e otimizar seus custos ao máximo a fim de obter um retorno razoável e aceitável.