936 resultados para shortest paths


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In Spenser's footsteps.--The home of Sir Philip Sidney.--Memorials of William Penn.--The birthplace of Gray's Elegy.--Gilbert White's Selborne.--Goldsmith's "Deserted Village."--Burns in Ayrshire.--Keats and his circle.--In Carlyle's country.--Thomas Hood's homes and friends.--Royal Winchester.

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I. The deteriorative power of conventional art over nations -- II. The unity of art -- III. Modern manufacture and design -- IV. Influence of imagination in architecture -- V. The work of iron in nature, art and policy.

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Bound with his Lectures on art.

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Includes index.

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Two studies investigated how both degree of identification and the individual's position within the group influence aspects of group loyalty. The authors considered ingroup position in terms of both the individual's current position within a group and expectations concerning the likelihood that one's position might change., in the future. Peripheral group members learned that their acceptance by other group members would improve in the future or that they could expect rejection by other group members. Various indices of group loyalty (ingroup homogeneity, motivation to work for the group, and evaluation of a motivated group member) showed that when group members anticipated future rejection, the lower the identification the less loyal they were. In contrast, those who expected future acceptance were more loyal (more motivated to work for the group) the lower their identification. Current group behavior depends on both intragroup future expectations and level of identification.

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Over the last decade, the international business literature has placed ever-greater emphasis on the role that learning and innovation play in determining multinational and multinational subsidiary performance. The present research seeks to understand the organizational paths leading to such desirable outcomes as greater learning, increased innovation and improved performance. Using a model tested with data collected through a survey of managers in subsidiaries of multinational firms, we find dual, independent paths to improved performance - one through networking and inter-unit learning and the other through subsidiary autonomy and innovation. A particular feature of these findings is that they can be shown to be robust after controlling for a wide range of environmental pressures and firm and industry factors. However, in the absence of environmental controls the dual path finding is rejected. These conflicting findings support the imperative to test models that include a diverse range of environmental pressures so that the true effects of organizational factors on learning, innovation and performance can be identified.