Locating frames of reference for information systems : a position paper

Frame analysis has been applied in Information Systems (IS) research to generate understanding of such issues as organisational change and IS implementation. Frames are the unconscious interpretive schemas that people, or groups of people, use to interpret their surroundings, determine what is important, and guide their actions. While framing has been used as a theoretical lens in IS research into organisations, there has been no analysis to date of how frames may play a role in the IS field itself. This paper argues that is relevant and insightful to examine the IS discourse from a framing perspective. In order to demonstrate the potential value of such an approach, a subset of a collection of articles from six journals in the senior scholars’ basket of journals was analysed in an exploratory attempt to locate the frames of reference that predominate in the IS discourse. Three levels of framing were identified and a provisional schema is proposed. We suggest that further investigation of the schema, the frames and their application will provide opportunity for critical reflection on the nature of Information Systems as an academic discipline. Such critical self-examination may even foster purposive frame breaking, in support of recent calls for transformation in the IS field.

The structure of academic prose : intercultural and interdisciplinry dimensions

In the contemporary world of increasing internationalisation of scholarship the ability to communicate in the “lingua franca” of global research communities and familiarity with relevant academic genres is crucial to attaining research visibility in the academy. Native English language competency does not guarantee the possession of knowledge and skills about how to manipulate the language structure of academic genres to produce the kind of scholarly prose acceptable in the community of readers. This task is even more challenging to Non-NESB academic writers, mainly because the purpose of academic writing is both informative and rhetorical, and the information packaging strategies are likely to be discipline and culture bound.
Communication in professional academic culture is carried out and codified by selected genre categories which function as the media for scholarly discussions. This presentation focuses on the structure of a research paper, the most widely established form of presenting academic research. With an increasing internationalisation of scholarship, the schema of a research paper faces two potentially conflicting sets of forces. At one end are the forces of established conventions of the rhetorical pattern of research papers which are modelled on the structure of an “Anglo” research paper. On the other are the forces of norms for text construction of the author’s culture of socialization.

I discuss analytical approaches to the examination of the relational organisation of this genre exploring both intercultural and interdisciplinary dimensions. I examine paratactic and hypotactic configurations of the structure of research paper, providing examples of relational strategies utilised by native and no-native English speaker writers representing Anglo and non-Anglo discourse communities.

Will it be me? Identity, concern, and perspective

Self-reflexive or egocentric concern has been taken to present a serious problem for reductionist and eliminativist metaphysical accounts of personal identity. Philosophers have tended to respond in one of three ways: by continuing the search for a metaphysical account of identity that (prudentially if not morally) justifies egocentric concern; by accepting that egocentric concern can hold between persons who are not numerically identical; or by advocating the abandonment of egocentric concern altogether. All these approaches, however, distinguish between metaphysical ‘facts’ and affective responses to them. Exploring a well-known example from Bernard Williams, I argue that egocentric concern presents itself as irreducibly first-personal and as making its own set of numerical personal identity claims on the phenomenal level. Williams' example also points to the need to complicate the first/third person schema by factoring in a further distinction between present-tense and implicitly atemporal perspectives on the self. Once this move is made, we can see that the identity claims figured in first-person present-tense experience and those arrived at through metaphysical deliberation need to be distinguished. We should resist the temptation to privilege one perspective over the other in all instances, or to collapse them into a unitary account of selfhood.

Merleau-Ponty and Embodied Cognitive Science

What would the Merleau-Ponty of Phenomenology of Perception have thought of the use of his phenomenology in the cognitive sciences? This question raises the issue of Merleau-Ponty’s conception of the relationship between the sciences and philosophy, and of what he took the philosophical significance of his phenomenology to be. In this article I suggest an answer to this question through a discussion of certain claims made in connection to the “post-cognitivist” approach to cognitive science by Hubert Dreyfus, Shaun Gallagher and Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson and Eleanor Rosch. I suggest that these claims are indicative of an appropriation of Merleau-Ponty’s thought that he would have welcomed as innovative science. Despite this, I argue that he would have viewed this use of his work as potentially occluding the full philosophical significance that he believed his phenomenological investigations to contain.

Challenges to consumers travelling with multiple medicines

Objectives: The need to maintain medicine adherence when travelling is irrefutable, yet how people achieve this goal and the challenges they encounter in doing so have seldom been explored in previous research. This study examined how consumers residing in Australia experience and manage their multiple medicines while travelling. Methods: Face-to-face, narrative interviews were conducted in participants' homes or workplaces and were audio and video-recorded. The coding schema was devised with the input of an Advisory Panel with expertise in multiple medicines. Data were analysed using the constant comparative method. Key findings: Participants who had experienced medicines mishaps when travelling had learnt to take greater care when planning and preparing for future trips. Prior to travelling, they rarely sought advice regarding their regular medicines from health professionals. Organising and packing their medicines could be extremely time-consuming and confusing; younger participants especially lamented the reduced spontaneity this imposed on their lives. Replicating their usual routines was a successful strategy for many; however, this was challenged by unforeseen events and the lack of privacy. Conclusions: Travel comprised inherent risks to the users of multiple medicines and often required intensive and complicated preparation. Community pharmacists and other health professionals are well placed to advise and assist consumers with complex regimens who are planning to travel, as well as raise general awareness concerning the need for utmost care with multiple medicines.

Formulating policy activities to promote healthy and sustainable diets

OBJECTIVE: To develop a policy formulation tool for strategically informing food and nutrition policy activities to promote healthy and sustainable diets (HSD). DESIGN: A policy formulation tool consisting of two complementary components was developed. First, a conceptual framework of the environment-public health nutrition relationship was constructed to characterise and conceptualise the food system problem. Second, an 'Orders of Food Systems Change' schema drawing on systems dynamics thinking was developed to identify, assess and propose policy options to redesign food systems. SETTING: Food and nutrition policy activities to promote HSD have been politicised, fragmented and lacking a coherent conceptual and strategic focus to tackle complex food system challenges. RESULTS: The tool's conceptual framework component comprises three integrated dimensions: (i) a structure built around the environment and public health nutrition relationship that is mediated via the food system; (ii) internal mechanisms that operate through system dynamics; and (iii) external interactions that frame its nature and a scope within ecological parameters. The accompanying schema is structured around three orders of change distinguished by contrasting ideological perspectives on the type and extent of change needed to 'solve' the HSD problem. CONCLUSIONS: The conceptual framework's systems analysis of the environment-public health nutrition relationship sets out the food system challenges for HSD. The schema helps account for political realities in policy making and is a key link to operationalise the framework's concepts to actions aimed at redesigning food systems. In combination they provide a policy formulation tool to strategically inform policy activities to redesign food systems and promote HSD.

Duet: Improvising spatial dialogues with an artificially intelligent agent

This paper presents an experimental framework for a virtual reality artwork, Duet, that employs a combination of live, full body motion capture and Oculus Rift HMD to construct an experience through which a human User can spatially interact with an artificially intelligent Agent. The project explores conceptual notions of embodied knowledge transfer, shared poetics of movement and distortions of the body schema. Within this context, both the User and the Agent become performers, constructing an intimate and spontaneously generated proximal space. The project generates a visualization of the relationship between the User and the Agent without the context of a fixed VR landscape or architecture. The Agent's ability to retain and accumulate movement knowledge in a way that mimics human learning transforms an interactive experience into a collaborative one. The virtual representation of both performers is distorted and amplified in a dynamic manner, enhancing the potential for creative dialogue between the Agent and the User.

Model Configuration And Data Management In The Short-Term Water Information Forecasting Tools

The Short-term Water Information and Forecasting Tools (SWIFT) is a suite of tools for flood and short-term streamflow forecasting, consisting of a collection of hydrologic model components and utilities. Catchments are modeled using conceptual subareas and a node-link structure for channel routing. The tools comprise modules for calibration, model state updating, output error correction, ensemble runs and data assimilation. Given the combinatorial nature of the modelling experiments and the sub-daily time steps typically used for simulations, the volume of model configurations and time series data is substantial and its management is not trivial. SWIFT is currently used mostly for research purposes but has also been used operationally, with intersecting but significantly different requirements. Early versions of SWIFT used mostly ad-hoc text files handled via Fortran code, with limited use of netCDF for time series data. The configuration and data handling modules have since been redesigned. The model configuration now follows a design where the data model is decoupled from the on-disk persistence mechanism. For research purposes the preferred on-disk format is JSON, to leverage numerous software libraries in a variety of languages, while retaining the legacy option of custom tab-separated text formats when it is a preferred access arrangement for the researcher. By decoupling data model and data persistence, it is much easier to interchangeably use for instance relational databases to provide stricter provenance and audit trail capabilities in an operational flood forecasting context. For the time series data, given the volume and required throughput, text based formats are usually inadequate. A schema derived from CF conventions has been designed to efficiently handle time series for SWIFT.

O brinquedo simbólico como uma narrativa

A fim de examinar se o brinquedo simbólico organiza-se numa forma narrativa capaz de desvelar a subjetividade da criança, no presente trabalho é estudado o brincar produzido por três crianças, respectivamente a partir de três estudos de caso. Em cada caso é feita, primeiramente, uma comparação entre as situações d brincar e o esquema narrativo de Todorov. Em seguida, o sentido das narrativas é analisado e comparado com o contexto de vida da criança, segundo a metodologia proposta por jung. Ao final, os resultados dos estudos de caso são comparados. Nosso estudo demonstra que o brinquedo simbólico organiza-se como uma narrativa, mas discute o emprego do conceito de narrativa exclusivamente a partir da narratologia. Isto porque o brinquedo simbólico pode, também, se organizar como uma imagem. Neste estudo, também é mostrado e discutido o modo como a subjetividade da criança aparece no brinquedo simbólico.

Uma Avaliação de abordagens alternativas para armazenar RDF em banco de dados relacional

O Resource Description Framework (RDF) é uma infra-estrutura, que possibilita a codificação, troca e reuso de metadata estruturado. Metadata é dados sobre dados. O termo refere a qualquer dado usado para ajudar a identificação, descrição e localização de recursos eletrônicos na rede. O RDF permite adicionar declarações, sinônimos e palavras que não estão presentes nos recursos, mas que são pertinentes a eles. Uma declaração RDF pode ser desenhada usando diagramas de arcos e nodos, onde os nodos representam os recursos e os arcos representam as propriedades nomeadas. O modelo básico consiste em recursos, propriedades e objetos. Todas as coisas sendo descritas pelas declarações RDF são chamadas de recursos. Um recurso pode ser uma página da Web inteira ou um elemento específico HTML ou XML dentro de um documento fonte. Uma propriedade é um aspecto específico, característica, atributo, ou relação usada para descrever um recurso. O objeto pode ser um outro recurso ou um literal. Estas três partes, juntas, formam uma declaração RDF. O resultado do parser para recursos com metadata RDF, é um conjunto de declarações referentes aquele recurso. A declaração destas propriedades e a semântica correspondente delas estão definidas no contexto do RDF como um RDF schema. Um esquema não só define as propriedades do recurso (por exemplo, título, autor, assunto, tamanho, cor, etc.), mas também pode definir os tipos de recursos sendo descritos (livros, páginas Web, pessoas, companhias, etc.). O RDF schema, provê um sistema básico de tipos necessários para descrever tais elementos e definir as classes de recursos. Assim, os recursos constituindo este sistema de tipos se tornam parte do modelo RDF de qualquer descrição que os usa. A geração de modelos RDF pode ser conseguida através de algoritmos implementados com linguagens de programação tradicionais e podem ser embutidos em páginas HTML, documentos XML e até mesmo em imagens. Com relação a modelos em imagens, servidores Web específicos são usados para simular dois recursos sobre o mesmo URI, servindo ora a imagem ora a descrição RDF. Uma alternativa para armazenar e manipular grande quantidade de declarações RDF é usar a tecnologia de banco de dados relacional. Abordagens para armazenar declarações RDF em banco de dados relacional foram propostas, mas todas elas mantêm modelos diversos de diferentes fontes. Critérios de avaliação como tempo de carga, proliferação de tabelas, espaço, dados mantidos e custo de instruções SQL foram definidos. Duas abordagens apresentaram resultados satisfatórios. Com uma nova abordagem proposta por este trabalho se obteve melhores resultados principalmente no aspecto de consultas. A nova proposta provê mecanismos para que o usuário faça seu próprio modelo relacional e crie suas consultas. O conhecimento necessário pelo usuário se limita em parte aos modelos mantidos e ao esquema RDF.

Modelo temporal de versionamento com suporte à evolução de esquemas

A utilização de versões tem sido essencial em diversas aplicações de banco dados, por permitir o armazenamento e a manipulação de diferentes estados da base de dados. Durante a evolução de um esquema, o versionamento preserva todas as versões de esquemas e de seus dados associados. Por outro lado, os conceitos de bancos de dados bitemporais, que incorporam tanto tempo de transação quanto tempo de validade, provêm flexibilidade ao mecanismo de evolução de esquemas, não somente por permitir acesso a informações presentes, passadas e futuras, mas também por permitir atualizações e consultas entre as diversas versões de esquemas existentes. O objetivo principal desta tese é definir um modelo que utilize os conceitos de tempo e de versão para permitir o gerenciamento da evolução dinâmica de esquemas em bancos de dados orientados a objetos. O resultado, o Modelo Temporal de Versionamento com suporte à Evolução de Esquemas (TVSE - Temporal and Versioning Model to Schema Evolution), é capaz de gerenciar o processo de evolução de esquemas em todos os seus aspectos: versionamento e modificação de esquemas, propagação de mudanças e manipulação de dados. Esse modelo difere de outros modelos de evolução de esquemas por permitir o gerenciamento homogêneo e simultâneo do histórico da evolução do banco de dados intencional e extensional. Com o objetivo de complementar a definição deste modelo é apresentado um ambiente para gerenciar o versionamento temporal da evolução de esquemas. Desse ambiente foi implementado um protótipo da ferramenta de apoio ao gerenciamento de evolução de esquemas. Por fim, enriquecendo o universo da tese e com o intuito de prover uma maior fundamentação teórica e matemática para descrever as políticas de evolução de esquemas, é especificada uma semântica operacional para um subconjunto do modelo proposto.

Ontology-based metadata for e-learning content

Nowadays, the popularity of the Web encourages the development of Hypermedia Systems dedicated to e-learning. Nevertheless, most of the available Web teaching systems apply the traditional paper-based learning resources presented as HTML pages making no use of the new capabilities provided by the Web. There is a challenge to develop educative systems that adapt the educative content to the style of learning, context and background of each student. Another research issue is the capacity to interoperate on the Web reusing learning objects. This work presents an approach to address these two issues by using the technologies of the Semantic Web. The approach presented here models the knowledge of the educative content and the learner’s profile with ontologies whose vocabularies are a refinement of those defined on standards situated on the Web as reference points to provide semantics. Ontologies enable the representation of metadata concerning simple learning objects and the rules that define the way that they can feasibly be assembled to configure more complex ones. These complex learning objects could be created dynamically according to the learners’ profile by intelligent agents that use the ontologies as the source of their beliefs. Interoperability issues were addressed by using an application profile of the IEEE LOM- Learning Object Metadata standard.