The Methods of Possible Joint Treatment of Manure and Sewage Sludge in the Leningrad Region

The nutrient load to the Gulf of Finland has started to increase as a result of the strong economic recovery in agriculture and livestock farming in the Leningrad region. Also sludge produced from municipal wastewater treatment plant of the Leningrad region causes the great impact on the environment, but still the main options for its treatment is disposal on the sludge beds or Landfills. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of possible joint treatment methods of manure form livestock and poultry enterprises and sewage sludge produced from municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Leningrad region. The study is based on published data. The most attention was put on the anaerobic digestion and incineration methods. The manure and sewage sludge generation for the whole Leningrad region and energy potential produced from their treatment were estimated. The calculations showed that total amount of sewage sludge generation is 1 348 000 t/a calculated on wet matter and manure generation is 3 445 000 t/a calculated on wet matter. The potential heat release from anaerobic digestion process and incineration process is 4 880 000 GJ/a and 5 950 000 GJ/a, respectively. Furthermore, the work gives the overview of the general Russian and Finnish legislation concerning manure and sewage sludge treatment. In the Gatchina district it was chosen the WWTP and livestock and poultry enterprises for evaluation of the centralized treatment plant implementation based on anaerobic digestion and incineration methods. The electricity and heat power of plant based on biogas combustion process is 4.3 MW and 7.8 MW, respectively. The electricity and heat power of plant based on manure and sewage sludge incineration process is 3.0 MW and 6.1 MW, respectively.

Kehittyneiden ydinpolttoainekiertojen ympäristövaikutusten ja taloudellisuuden arviointia

Kaikkein yleisin käytössä oleva ydinpolttoainekierto on nykyisin avoin, jossa käytetty ydinpolttoaine loppusijoitetaan suoraan ilman jälleenkäsittelyä. Nykyisin kehitteillä olevat uuden sukupolven ydinreaktorit ovat kuitenkin pääosin suunniteltu osittain tai kokonaan suljetuille ydinpolttoainekierroille, jossa käytetty polttoaine jälleenkäsitellään ja osa materiaaleista kierrätetään. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli arvioida näitä kehittyneitä ydinpolttoainekiertoja ympäristövaikutusten ja taloudellisuuden suhteen. Työn yleisluonteista vertailua varten valittiin neljä erilaista kehittynyttä polttoainekiertoskenaariota, joita verrattiin avoimeen polttoainekiertoon erilaisten parametrien avulla. Parametreinä käytettiin muun muassa uraanin kulutusta, loppusijoitettavan jätteen määrää, aktiivisuutta ja lämmöntuottoa sekä käytönaikaisten radioaktiivisten päästöjen määrää. Yleislounteisen arvioinnin lisäksi työssä tarkasteltiin polttoainekiertoa myös Suomen näkökulmasta. Nykyistä polttoainekiertoa verrattiin kahteen erilaiseen tulevaisuuden versioon. Kestävän kehityksen osalta kehittyneet polttoainekierrot vähensivät ympäristövaikutusten määrää avoimeen polttoainekiertoon verrattuna. Kehittyneiden polttoainekiertojen kustannukset olivat avoimen polttoainekierron kustannuksia suuremmat. Kokonaiskustannuksissa ero oli kaikilla vertailuskenaarioilla alle 20 %, mutta polttoainekiertokustannuksissa kustannusten kasvu oli välillä 27-45 % riippuen skenaariosta. Suomen tapauksessa tulokset olivat hyvin samankaltaisia. Uraanin kulutus ja loppusijoitettavan jätteen määrä väheni kehittyneempien polttoainekiertojen johdosta. Polttoainekiertokustannukset nousivat noin puolitoistakertaisiksi, mutta vaikutus kokonaiskustannuksiin oli vain noin 10 %. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, ettäydinpolttoainekierron ympäristövaikutuksia on mahdollista vähentää osittain tai kokonaan suljettujen polttoainekiertojen avulla. Vaikka polttoainekierron kustannukset kasvavat, niiden vaikutus ydinsähkön kokonaiskustannuksiin ei ole niin merkittävä.

Säteilysuojelu käytetyn ydinpolttoaineen kapselointi- ja loppusijoituslaitoksella

Suomen ydinenergialaki vaatii ydinenergian käytössä syntyvän ydinjätteen käsittelyn ja varastoinnin sekä loppusijoittamisen Suomeen. Fortumin ja TVO:n ydinvoimalaitoksissa syntyvä käytetty ydinpolttoaine tullaan kapseloimaan ja loppusijoittamaan Olkiluotoon rakennettavassa kapselointi- ja loppusijoituslaitoksessa. Tämän työn tavoitteena on muodostaa kokonaiskuva kapselointi- ja loppusijoituslaitoksen säteilysuojelusta aikaisemmin tehtyjen selvitysten ja suunnitelmien perusteella. Kapselointilaitoksella käytetty ydinpolttoaine suljetaan kuparikapseleihin, jotka loppusijoitetaan maan alle loppusijoituslaitoksella. Työn aluksi kuvataan loppusijoitusmenetelmä ja kapselointi- ja loppusijoituslaitoksen käyttötoiminta. Tämän jälkeen käsitellään lainsäädäntöä ja viranomaisohjeita, jotka ohjaavat ydinlaitosten säteilysuojelua. Seuraavaksi käsitellään kapselointi- ja loppusijoituslaitoksella olevia säteilylähteitä. Lisäksi työssä käsitellään kapselointi- ja loppusijoituslaitokselle suunniteltua valvonta-aluetta ja sen säteilyolosuhteiden mukaista vyöhykejakoa. Työssä saatiin tulokseksi kokonaiskuva kapselointi- ja loppusijoituslaitoksen säteilysuojelusta. Kokonaiskuvan muodostamisen lisäksi laadittiin alustavia suunnitelmia käyttötoiminnan säteilysuojelun järjestämisestä. Lisäksi laadittiin ehdotuksia valvonta-alueen tarkemmista rajoista loppusijoituslaitoksella sekä havaittiin laitosten säteilysuojeluun liittyviä ongelmia ja esitettiin ratkaisuja niihin. Ongelmaksi osoittautui muun muassa, että kapselointi- ja loppusijoituslaitoksen valvonta-alueiden luonteiden eroa ei ollut huomioitu suunnitelmissa. Lisäksi todettiin, että nykyisin ydinlaitoksilla käytössä oleva valvonta-alueen vyöhykejako ei vastaa kapselointi- ja loppusijoituslaitosten tarpeita. Näihin esitettiin ratkaisuiksi laitosten välille perustettavaa kenkärajaa ja uuden korkeamman säteilyvyöhykkeen käyttöönottoa.

Application and development of numerical methods for the modelling of innovative gas cooled fission reactors

Innovative gas cooled reactors, such as the pebble bed reactor (PBR) and the gas cooled fast reactor (GFR) offer higher efficiency and new application areas for nuclear energy. Numerical methods were applied and developed to analyse the specific features of these reactor types with fully three dimensional calculation models. In the first part of this thesis, discrete element method (DEM) was used for a physically realistic modelling of the packing of fuel pebbles in PBR geometries and methods were developed for utilising the DEM results in subsequent reactor physics and thermal-hydraulics calculations. In the second part, the flow and heat transfer for a single gas cooled fuel rod of a GFR were investigated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. An in-house DEM implementation was validated and used for packing simulations, in which the effect of several parameters on the resulting average packing density was investigated. The restitution coefficient was found out to have the most significant effect. The results can be utilised in further work to obtain a pebble bed with a specific packing density. The packing structures of selected pebble beds were also analysed in detail and local variations in the packing density were observed, which should be taken into account especially in the reactor core thermal-hydraulic analyses. Two open source DEM codes were used to produce stochastic pebble bed configurations to add realism and improve the accuracy of criticality calculations performed with the Monte Carlo reactor physics code Serpent. Russian ASTRA criticality experiments were calculated. Pebble beds corresponding to the experimental specifications within measurement uncertainties were produced in DEM simulations and successfully exported into the subsequent reactor physics analysis. With the developed approach, two typical issues in Monte Carlo reactor physics calculations of pebble bed geometries were avoided. A novel method was developed and implemented as a MATLAB code to calculate porosities in the cells of a CFD calculation mesh constructed over a pebble bed obtained from DEM simulations. The code was further developed to distribute power and temperature data accurately between discrete based reactor physics and continuum based thermal-hydraulics models to enable coupled reactor core calculations. The developed method was also found useful for analysing sphere packings in general. CFD calculations were performed to investigate the pressure losses and heat transfer in three dimensional air cooled smooth and rib roughened rod geometries, housed inside a hexagonal flow channel representing a sub-channel of a single fuel rod of a GFR. The CFD geometry represented the test section of the L-STAR experimental facility at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and the calculation results were compared to the corresponding experimental results. Knowledge was gained of the adequacy of various turbulence models and of the modelling requirements and issues related to the specific application. The obtained pressure loss results were in a relatively good agreement with the experimental data. Heat transfer in the smooth rod geometry was somewhat under predicted, which can partly be explained by unaccounted heat losses and uncertainties. In the rib roughened geometry heat transfer was severely under predicted by the used realisable k − epsilon turbulence model. An additional calculation with a v2 − f turbulence model showed significant improvement in the heat transfer results, which is most likely due to the better performance of the model in separated flow problems. Further investigations are suggested before using CFD to make conclusions of the heat transfer performance of rib roughened GFR fuel rod geometries. It is suggested that the viewpoints of numerical modelling are included in the planning of experiments to ease the challenging model construction and simulations and to avoid introducing additional sources of uncertainties. To facilitate the use of advanced calculation approaches, multi-physical aspects in experiments should also be considered and documented in a reasonable detail.

Natural radiation levels in powdered milk samples

The control and monitoring of radioactive elements in foodstuffs is fundamental for human health maintenance. This work presents procedures to measure radioactivity levels in powdered milk samples and also a brief discussion of radionuclide transference from the environment to mankind. The measurements were performed utilizing a high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometer using an HPGe detector. The results allowed the quantification of 40K, 137Cs and 208Tl radionuclides. For 40K the average activity was 482 ± 37 Bq/kg and for 137Cs and 208Tl the lower level of detection was, respectively, 3.7 ± 1.1 and 0.5 ± 0.2 (Bq/kg). The results obtained for the milk samples were compared to data found in the literature and to the limits established by the Brazilian National Commission of Nuclear Energy (CNEN) to assure its safety to human consuption.

Coolability of porous core debris beds : Effects of bed geometry and multi-dimensional flooding

This thesis addresses the coolability of porous debris beds in the context of severe accident management of nuclear power reactors. In a hypothetical severe accident at a Nordic-type boiling water reactor, the lower drywell of the containment is flooded, for the purpose of cooling the core melt discharged from the reactor pressure vessel in a water pool. The melt is fragmented and solidified in the pool, ultimately forming a porous debris bed that generates decay heat. The properties of the bed determine the limiting value for the heat flux that can be removed from the debris to the surrounding water without the risk of re-melting. The coolability of porous debris beds has been investigated experimentally by measuring the dryout power in electrically heated test beds that have different geometries. The geometries represent the debris bed shapes that may form in an accident scenario. The focus is especially on heap-like, realistic geometries which facilitate the multi-dimensional infiltration (flooding) of coolant into the bed. Spherical and irregular particles have been used to simulate the debris. The experiments have been modeled using 2D and 3D simulation codes applicable to fluid flow and heat transfer in porous media. Based on the experimental and simulation results, an interpretation of the dryout behavior in complex debris bed geometries is presented, and the validity of the codes and models for dryout predictions is evaluated. According to the experimental and simulation results, the coolability of the debris bed depends on both the flooding mode and the height of the bed. In the experiments, it was found that multi-dimensional flooding increases the dryout heat flux and coolability in a heap-shaped debris bed by 47–58% compared to the dryout heat flux of a classical, top-flooded bed of the same height. However, heap-like beds are higher than flat, top-flooded beds, which results in the formation of larger steam flux at the top of the bed. This counteracts the effect of the multi-dimensional flooding. Based on the measured dryout heat fluxes, the maximum height of a heap-like bed can only be about 1.5 times the height of a top-flooded, cylindrical bed in order to preserve the direct benefit from the multi-dimensional flooding. In addition, studies were conducted to evaluate the hydrodynamically representative effective particle diameter, which is applied in simulation models to describe debris beds that consist of irregular particles with considerable size variation. The results suggest that the effective diameter is small, closest to the mean diameter based on the number or length of particles.

Analysis of PWR-PACTEL Small Break LOCA experiment using TRACE

Currently, the power generation is one of the most significant life aspects for the whole man-kind. Barely one can imagine our life without electricity and thermal energy. Thus, different technologies for producing those types of energy need to be used. Each of those technologies will always have their own advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, every technology must satisfy such requirements as efficiency, ecology safety and reliability. In the matter of the power generation with nuclear energy utilization these requirements needs to be highly main-tained, especially since accidents on nuclear power plants may cause very long term deadly consequences. In order to prevent possible disasters related to the accident on a nuclear power plant strong and powerful algorithms were invented in last decades. Such algorithms are able to manage calculations of different physical processes and phenomena of real facilities. How-ever, the results acquired by the computing must be verified with experimental data.

The developmental state in Brazil: comparative and historical perspectives

The record of successful developmental states in East Asia and the partial successes of developmental states in Latin America suggest several common preconditions for effective state intervention including a Weberian bureaucracy, monitoring of implementation, reciprocity (subsidies in exchange for performance), and collaborative relations between government and business. Although Brazil failed to develop the high technology manufacturing industry and exports that have fueled sustained growth in East Asia, its developmental state had a number of important, and often neglected, successes, especially in steel, automobiles, mining, ethanol, and aircraft manufacturing. Where Brazil's developmental state was less successful was in promoting sectors like information technology and nuclear energy, as well as overall social and regional equality. In addition, some isolated initiatives by state governments were also effective in promoting particular local segments of industry and agriculture. Comparisons with East Asia, highlight the central role of state enterprises in Brazil that in effect internalized monitoring and reciprocity and bypassed collaboration between business and government (that was overall rarer in Brazil).

Pienet modulaariset ydinreaktorit

Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli selvittää millaisia pieniä modulaarisia ydinvoimaloita (SMR engl. small modular reactor) on suunnitteilla ja miten pienet modulaariset kevytvesireaktorit eroavat toisen ja kolmannen sukupolven kevytvesilaitoksista. Työ tehtiin perehtymällä kirjallisuuslähteisiin ja erityisesti IAEA:n julkaisuihin ja raportteihin. SMR-laitosten suurin eroavaisuus verrattuna perinteisiin kevytvesilaitoksiin on lisääntynyt passiivinen turvallisuus. Ne voidaan suunnitella siten, ettei sähköä tai operaattoria tarvita reaktorin turvallisuuden varmistamiseksi. Lisäksi useissa SMR-reaktoreissa primääripiiri on integroitu painesäiliön sisään, mikä aiheuttaa uudenlaisia vaatimuksia reaktorisydämelle ja höyrystimille. Pienten modulaaristen voimaloiden etuina on niiden soveltuvuus pieniin sähköverkkoihin ja vaikeasti tavoitettavien alueiden energiantuotantoon. Sähköntuotannon lisäksi niitä voidaan käyttää myös lämmöntuotantoon, mikä parantaa laitosten kokonaishyötysuhdetta merkittävästi. Lisäksi SMR-laitosten erilainen kustannusrakenne tekee niistä houkuttelevan vaihtoehdon suurille ydinvoimalaitoksille, sillä pienemmät investointikustannukset alentavat sijoittajien riskejä. Lyhyemmän rakennusajan johdosta SMR-voimalat alkavat myös tuottaa voittoa suuria laitoksia nopeammalla aikataululla.

Fluorescence spectra and ab initio theoretical studies of HCOOH /

A fluorescence excitation spectrum of formic acid monomer (HCOOH) , has been recorded in the 278-246 nm region and has been attributed to an n >7r* electron promotion in the anti conformer. The S^< S^ electronic origins of the HCOOH/HCOOD/DCOOH/DCOOD isotopomers were assigned to weak bands observed at 37431.5/37461.5/37445.5/37479.3 cm'''. From a band contour analysis of the 0°^ band of HCOOH, the rotational constants for the excited state were estimated: A'=1.8619, B'=0.4073, and C'=0.3730 cm'\ Four vibrational modes, 1/3(0=0), j/^(0-C=0) , J/g(C-H^^^) and i/,(0-H^yJ were observed in the spectrum. The activity of the antisymmetric aldehyde wagging and hydroxyl torsional modes in forming progressions is central to the analysis, leading to the conclusion that the two hydrogens are distorted from the molecular plane, 0-C=0, in the upper S. state. Ab initio calculations were performed at the 6-3 IG* SCF level using the Gaussian 86 system of programs to aid in the vibrational assignments. The computations show that the potential surface which describes the low frequency OH torsion (twisting motion) and the CH wagging (molecular inversion) motions is complex in the S^ excited electronic state. The OH and CH bonds were calculated to be twisted with respect to the 0-C=0 molecular frame by 63.66 and 4 5.76 degrees, respectively. The calculations predicted the existence of the second (syn) rotamer which is 338 cm'^ above the equilibrium configuration with OH and CH angles displaced from the plane by 47.91 and 41.32 degrees.

Anaerobic Digestibility of Microalgae : Fate and Limitations of Long Chain Fatty Acids in the Biodegradation of Lipids

La digestion anaérobie est un processus biologique dans lequel un consortium microbien complexe fonctionnant en absence d’oxygène transforme la matière organique en biogaz, principalement en méthane et en dioxyde de carbone. Parmi les substrats organiques, les lipides sont les plus productifs de méthane par rapport aux glucides et aux protéines; mais leur dégradation est très difficile, en raison de leur hydrolyse qui peut être l’étape limitante. Les algues peuvent être une source importante pour la production de méthane à cause de leur contenu en lipides potentiellement élevé. L’objectif de cette étude était, par conséquent, d’évaluer la production en méthane des microalgues en utilisant la technique du BMP (Biochemical méthane Potential) et d’identifier les limites de biodégradion des lipides dans la digestion anaérobie. Le plan expérimental a été divisé en plusieurs étapes: 1) Comparer le potentiel énergétique en méthane des macroalgues par rapport aux microalgues. 2) Faire le criblage de différentes espèces de microalgues d’eau douce et marines afin de comparer leur potentiel en méthane. 3) Déterminer l'impact des prétraitements sur la production de méthane de quelques microalgues ciblées. 4) Identifier les limites de biodégradation des lipides algaux dans la digestion anaérobie, en étudiant les étapes limitantes de la cinétique des lipides et de chacun des acides gras à longues chaines. Les résultats ont montré que les microalgues produisent plus de méthane que les macroalgues. Les BMP des microalgues d'eau douce et marines n'ont montré aucune différence en termes de rendement en méthane. Les résultats des prétraitements ont montré que le prétraitement thermique (microonde) semblait être plus efficace que le prétraitement chimique (alcalin). Les tests de contrôle du BMP faits sur l'huile de palme, l’huile de macadamia et l'huile de poisson ont montré que l'hydrolyse des huiles en glycérol et en acides gras à longues chaines n'était pas l'étape limitante dans la production de méthane. L'ajout de gras dans les échantillons de Phaeodactylum dégraissée a augmenté le rendement de méthane et cette augmentation a été corrélée à la quantité de matières grasses ajoutées.

Évaluation de la modélisation et des prévisions de la vitesse du vent menant à l'estimation de la production d'énergie annuelle d'une turbine éolienne

Suite à un stage avec la compagnie Hatch, nous possédons des jeux de données composés de séries chronologiques de vitesses de vent mesurées à divers sites dans le monde, sur plusieurs années. Les ingénieurs éoliens de la compagnie Hatch utilisent ces jeux de données conjointement aux banques de données d’Environnement Canada pour évaluer le potentiel éolien afin de savoir s’il vaut la peine d’installer des éoliennes à ces endroits. Depuis quelques années, des compagnies offrent des simulations méso-échelle de vitesses de vent, basées sur divers indices environnementaux de l’endroit à évaluer. Les ingénieurs éoliens veulent savoir s’il vaut la peine de payer pour ces données simulées, donc si celles-ci peuvent être utiles lors de l’estimation de la production d’énergie éolienne et si elles pourraient être utilisées lors de la prévision de la vitesse du vent long terme. De plus, comme l’on possède des données mesurées de vitesses de vent, l’on en profitera pour tester à partir de diverses méthodes statistiques différentes étapes de l’estimation de la production d’énergie. L’on verra les méthodes d’extrapolation de la vitesse du vent à la hauteur d’une turbine éolienne et l’on évaluera ces méthodes à l’aide de l’erreur quadratique moyenne. Aussi, on étudiera la modélisation de la vitesse du vent par la distributionWeibull et la variation de la distribution de la vitesse dans le temps. Finalement, l’on verra à partir de la validation croisée et du bootstrap si l’utilisation de données méso-échelle est préférable à celle de données des stations de référence, en plus de tester un modèle où les deux types de données sont utilisées pour prédire la vitesse du vent. Nous testerons la méthodologie globale présentement utilisée par les ingénieurs éoliens pour l’estimation de la production d’énergie d’un point de vue statistique, puis tenterons de proposer des changements à cette méthodologie, qui pourraient améliorer l’estimation de la production d’énergie annuelle.

Photovoltaic hybrid systems for rural electrification in the Mekong countries

In rural areas of the Mekong Countries, the problem of electricity supplying rural communities is particularly alarming. Supplying power to these areas requires facilities that are not economically viable. However, government programs are under way to provide this product that is vital to community well being. A nation priority of Mekong Countries is to provide electrical power to people in rural areas, within normal budgetary constraints. Electricity must be introduced into rural areas in such a way that maximize the technical, economic and social benefit. Another consideration is the source of electrical generation and the effects on the natural environment. The main research purpose is to implement field tests, monitoring and evaluation of the PV-Diesel Hybrid System (PVHS) at the Energy Park of School of Renewable Energy Technology (SERT) in order to test the PVSH working under the meteorological conditions of the Mekong Countries and to develop a software simulation called RES, which studies the technical and economic performance of rural electrification options. This software must be easy to use and understand for the energy planner on rural electrification projects, to evaluate the technical and economic performance of the PVHS based on the renewable energy potential for rural electrification of the Mekong Country by using RES. Finally, this project aims to give guidance for the possible use of PVHS application in this region, particularly in regard to its technical and economic sustainability. PVHS should be promoted according to the principles of proper design and adequate follow up with maintenance, so that the number of satisfied users will be achieved. PVHS is not the only possible technology for rural electrification, but for the Mekong Countries it is one of the most proper choices. Other renewable energy options such as wind, biomass and hydro power need to be studied in future.

Dipodal Ferrocene Derivatives for Nanostructured Redox-Functionalised Surfaces

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on solid surfaces are of great current interest in science and nanotechnology. This thesis describes the preparation of several symmetrically 1,1’-substituted ferrocene derivatives that contain anchoring groups suitable for chemisorption on gold and may give rise to SAMs with electrochemically switchable properties. The binding groups are isocyano (-NC), isothiocyanato (-NCS), phosphanyl (-PPh2), thioether (-SR) and thienyl. In the context of SAM fabrication, isothiocyanates and phosphanes are adsorbate systems which, surprisingly, have remained essentially unexplored. SAMs on gold have been fabricated with the adsorbates from solution and investigated primarily by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The results of these analytical investigations are presented and discussed in matters of the film quality and possible binding modes. The quality of self-assembled monolayers fabricated from 1,1’-diisocyanoferrocene and 1,1’-diisothiocyanatoferrocene turned out to be superior to that of films based on the other adsorbate species investigated. Films of those absorbates as well as of dppf afforded well-defined SAMs of good quality. All other films of this study based on sulfur containing anchoring groups exhibit chemical inhomogeneity and low orientational order of the film constituents and therefore failed to give rise to well-defined SAMs. Surface coordination chemistry is naturally related to molecular coordination chemistry. Since all SAMs described in this thesis were prepared on gold (111) surfaces, the ferrocene-based ligands of this study have been investigated in their ability for complexation towards gold(I). The sulfur-based ferrocene ligands [fc(SR)2] failed to give stable gold(I) complexes. In contrast, 1,1’-diisocyanoferrocene (1) proved to be an excellent ligand for the complexation of gold(I). Several complexes were prepared and characterised utilising a series of gold(I) acetylides. These complexes show interesting structural motifs in the solid state, since intramolecular aurophilic interactions lead to a parallel orientation of the isocyano moieties, combined with an antiparallel alignment of neighbouring units. The reaction of 1 with the gold(I) acetylide [Au(C≡C–Fc)]n turned out to be very unusual, since the two chemically equivalent isocyano groups undergo a different reaction. One group shows an ordinary coordination and the other one undergoes an extraordinary 1,1-insertion into the Au-C bond. As a sideline of the research of this thesis several ferrocene derivatives have been tested for their suitability for potential surface reactions. Copper(I) mediated 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azidoferrocene derivatives with terminal alkynes appeared very promising in this context, but failed to a certain extent in terms of ‘click’ chemistry, since the formation of the triazoles depended on the strict exclusion of oxygen and moisture and yields were only moderate. Staudinger reactions between dppf and azidoferrocene derivatives were also tested. The nucleophilic additions of secondary amines to 1,1’-diisothiocyanatoferrocene led to the respective thiourea derivatives in quantitative yields.

El Acuerdo de Cooperación Regional para la Promoción de la Ciencia y la Tecnología Nucleares en América Latina y el Caribe "ARCAL" como estrategia de integración regional en América Latina, 2002 - 2007

Partiendo de la idea de que no todos los usos de la Energía Nuclear son bélicos, el análisis de un Acuerdo de vital trascendencia para Latinoamérica tal como lo es el El Acuerdo de Cooperación Regional Para la Promoción de la Ciencia y la Tecnología Nucleares en América Latina y el Caribe (ARCAL) , nos da una visión mas amplia no solo de cuáles son los usos pacíficos de la energía nuclear mas significativos a nivel mundial, sino a demás, de cómo son trascendentales para lograr un desarrollo social y sostenible que resulte en cierto grado de integración regional en América Latina, gracias a los lineamientos propios con los cuales fue creado el Acuerdo.