Territorialidade e ecologia reprodutiva de Formicivora littoralis (Thamnophilidae) na Restinga da Massambaba, RJ

A distribuição espacial dos indivíduos é decorrente da presença e ausência de microhábitats adequados, sendo aqueles que se estabelecem nas melhores manchas favorecidos pela seleção natural. A aquisição de um território permite a manutenção do indivíduo e o sucesso reprodutivo. A reprodução é considerada de alto custo energético, pois há deslocamento dos recursos para a manutenção de uma prole em vez de serem incorporados no crescimento individual. Investir em uma prole não significa alcançar o sucesso reprodutivo. O sucesso reprodutivo pode ser afetado, por exemplo, por eventos de predação, disponibilidade de alimento e cuidado parental. Este último pode ser realizado por ambos os membros do par reprodutor ou por apenas um deles. A deserção do cuidado parental por um dos sexos pode ser uma resposta à cópulas extra-par. Formicivora littoralis tem distribuição muito restrita. É a única espécie de ave considerada endêmica de restinga e se encontra ameaçada de extinção, embora seja localmente abundante. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: 1) estimar os tamanhos de territórios e compara-los entre estação reprodutiva e não reprodutiva; 2) testar a influência do tamanho dos indivíduos e quantidade de vizinhos no tamanho do território; 3) descrever ninhos, ovos, filhotes e determinar o sucesso reprodutivo; 4) quantificar o cuidado parental; 5) desenvolver marcadores moleculares de microssatélites para determinar paternidade. Para os indivíduos capturados e marcados individualmente, foram obtidas amostras de sangue e medidas morfométricas (tarso, asa, cauda, comprimento total), além do peso. Os tamanhos dos territórios foram estimados pelo método do mínimo polígono convexo (unindo pontos onde machos foram registrados vocalizando). A densidade foi estimada com base no tamanho dos territórios. Aspectos da reprodução foram acessados por meio de busca mensal por ninhos e acompanhamento destes por dois dias consecutivos. Foram obtidas as taxas de predação e a quantificação do cuidado parental. Para a paternidade foram utilizados sete marcadores de microssatélites, desenvolvidos para este fim. Formicivora littoralis possui território pequeno (0,008 a 0,32ha), que varia de acordo com a estação (menor na estação reprodutiva). O tamanho do território não foi relacionado com o tamanho do indivíduo, mas apresentou resultado significativo quando comparado com a quantidade de territórios vizinhos, mostrando ser menor quanto maior o número de vizinhos. A espécie apresentou elevada densidade (0,53 a 1,15 indivíduos/km2). Com relação à reprodução, ninhos tem o formato de cesto aberto onde foram postos no máximo dois ovos. Os filhotes nasceram sem penas. A razão sexual no ninho foi igual em ambos os sexos. A taxa de predação foi elevada na fase de incubação quando comparada à fase no ninho após a eclosão. O cuidado parental (durante a incubação e com os filhotes) foi realizado pelos dois sexos, sem diferenças na proporção do investimento realizado. Dos nove ninhos analisados, todos contiveram pelo menos um ninhego proveniente de fertilização extra-par. Um total de 81,2% dos ninhegos (13 em 16) não foram prole biológica do macho do par reprodutor que realizava o cuidado parental e que se encontrava pareado socialmente com a fêmea. Essa taxa foi a mais elevada entre os estudos já realizados nos neotrópicos

Submersible Observations on Lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus, Nesting Below 30 m off Sitka, Alaska

A research submersible was used to delineate the depth distribution of lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus, nests (egg masses) below 30 m. Although nests were not seen deeper than 97 m, behavior and dark coloration distinctive of nest-guarding lingcod were seen as deep as 126 m. Males guarding nests were distinctly colored, i.e., dark with little or no mottling, and most were obviously scarred. Two types of guarding behaviors were observed: 1) Males lying directly on or beside the nest and remaining nearly motionless unless touched and 2) males lying on a sentry post and defending the nest when other fish swam close.

The riverine fisheries of large sized siluroids with special reference to Aorichthys seenghala (Sykes)

The significance of large siluroids in dynamics of riverine fish catch composition pinpointed the need to appraise that i) fisheries; ii) status in riverine fisheries; and iii) factors influencing their fisheries with special reference to Aorichthys seenghala (Sykes). The investigations were carried out in the middle stretch of Ganga river system around Allahabad. The study concluded that although, catch of large siluroids had declined but their share in riverine catch increased. The same was true for A. seenghala. The increase in fishing intensity in A. seenghala breeding grounds was one of the evident indicators of fishing stress on the fish. Strong seasonality was observed in its catch over the year. The wanton killing of breeding population during premonsoon and juveniles during postmonsoon may be attributed for this seasonality and decline in its catch. The fishing stress needs to be diverted through some more lucrative option to save its fisheries. Collection of young ones from the nest, during breeding months and their subsequent culture may be one of the conservation measures. It would also generate additional employment for fishers and defer wanton killing of brood stock.

Captive breeding and embryonic development of honey gourami, Colisa sota (Ham.-Buch.)

Honey Gourami, Colisa sota, has high ornamental as well as food value. The natural resources of this species are gradually declining, due to destruction of its habitat, over fishing for aquarium trade and human consumption. The fish was bred in captivity under controlled environment. It laid about 200-400 eggs in bubble nest built by the male. Hatching started within 28-30hrs. after egg laying. The hatchlings became free swimming by 3rd to 4th day of hatching. The male showed territoriality and parental care by guarding the eggs and hatchlings. The larval survival was 30-35%. The breeding behavior, embryonic and post embryonic development of the fish were studied.

Investigation on reproduction process in two species of crab, Eriphia sebana and Ocypode saratan in the intertidal zone of Chabahar area

The present study with headline investigation on reproduction in two species of crab Eriphia sebana and Ocypode saratan was carried out in the intertidal zone of Chabahar in thirteen month from December 2004 to December 2005. Checked samplings have been taken, 45 number Crab monthly from any four stations by manual or use trap. During this study the following subjects were measured: temperature range and salinity, measurable coast granule, determination of sex ratio, relations carapace width with carapace length, Carapace width with total body weight, Gonad weight, gonadosomatic index, condition factor, gastrosomatic index, investigation content in stomach, LM50, growth parameters, plenty distribution length and width and gonad weight and total body weight. Studied on measurable coast granule were expressed that Ocypode saratan in Desalination station, were nest in soils equable sand and this quantity were confirmed in Pozm station. Sex ratio were assign in desalination area and Pozm M: F 0/44:0/56 and in Tiss and Chabahar M:F 0/45:0/55. Carapace length and carapace width (cm) and body weight (g) Furthest were designated in Ocypode saratan within carapace width sequential: In female: 5/42-6/15-105/13 and in male: 5/53-6/25-108/91 and in Eriphia sebana within Tiss area sequential: in female: 5/12-5/94-110/21 and in male 5/14-60/01-114/37. Have been linear relationship between carapace length and carapace width and equaled CW=aCL+b. Weight growth in two species were be modal and equaled BW=aCLb And increased crab weight by built up carapace width. Maximum gonad weight in Ocypode saratan within Desalination area in female have been outcome 3/39 and in male 0/84g and in Eriphia sebana extreme within Tiss during may in female were be 4/18 and in male 1/1g. Stomach content in Eriphia sebana were involved a black until half-purplish liquid and yellowish in Ocypode saratan. Stomach contents identifiable were being in four groups: Molluscoid, Crustacean, Plankton and Fish. Carapace width during the first year of maturation have been LM50:3/77 in Desalination area and LM50:3/92 in Pozm for Ocypode saratan and LM50:4/26 in Tiss and LM50:4/62 in Chabahar. Ability spawning in Eriphia sebana within Tiss has been CW=4/17cm and in Ocypode saratan within Desalination area CW=4/23cm. Maximun value of Loo for Eriphia sebana was equal 59/67 and growth factor K=0/68 within Tiss and Loo =61/64, K=0/65 for Ocypode saratan within Desalination area. Maximun GSI and GI have been within Desalination area and Tiss and minimum within Pozm and Chabahar. The maturity stages of two species were classifed into six stages. Review on GSI, CF have been showed that relation with temperature and salinity and definer in two species have been spawned in two period that Maximun in spring premier than autumn.

平唇原胡蜂(Prevespa barthelemyi)剖巢观察

对平唇原胡蜂营巢地和蜂巢的结构进行了观察,结果表明:(1)蜂巢中部较大的巢脾为主要繁殖区;(2)幼虫和工蜂所占比例最高,占全巢各虫态总数的70%左右;(3)巢中成熟个体中,除蜂后外其余全部为雌性工蜂;(4)由于当地气候适宜,越冬期的低温虽使其活动能力下降,但不会引起大量死亡,可以在原巢址内越冬.

金藻吞噬微囊藻产生的无毒变异株与产毒原始株的比较

分别从喂食三株原始产毒铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa(AC、DS和PCC 7820)的金藻Poterioochromonassp.培养物中获得三株藻,以Nest PCR方法(引物对CC/CG和CH/CI)确定此三株藻均为微囊藻属藻株。HPLC测试结果显示这三株藻均不产生微囊藻毒素。显示Poterioochromonassp.具有将产毒微囊藻转化为无毒微囊藻的能力。比较产毒原始株与无毒变异株的生理特性发现,变异株的类胡萝卜素/叶绿素比值高于原始株;而光反应曲线结果表明,变异株的PSⅡ

Generalized vector control for brushless doubly fed machines with nested-loop rotor

This paper presents a generalized vector control system for a generic brushless doubly fed (induction) machine (BDFM) with nested-loop type rotor. The generic BDFM consists of p1/p2 pole-pair stator windings and a nested-loop rotor with N number of loops per nest. The vector control system is derived based on the basic BDFM equation in the synchronous mode accompanied with an appropriate synchronization approach to the grid. An analysis is performed for the vector control system using the generic BDFM vector model. The analysis proves the efficacy of the proposed approach in BDFM electromagnetic torque and rotor flux control. In fact, in the proposed vector control system, the BDFM torque can be controlled very effectively promising a high-performance BDFM shaft speed control system. A closed-loop shaft speed control system is composed based on the presented vector control system whose performance is examined both in simulations and experiments. The results confirm the high performance of the proposed approach in BDFM shaft speed control as well as a very close agreement between the simulations and experiments. Tests are performed on a 180-frame prototype BDFM. © 2012 IEEE.

镇海棘螈繁殖群体生态和遗传结构研究

genetics, such as: population size, reproduction, mating system, growth, development,genetic structure and systematics status; The main results are presented below: The seasonal variation of the operational sexual ratio of this animal was found in the field and the ration always bias the female in the breeding season. Aiming at this character and considering the distance of time and space of both sexual habitat in breeding season, we census female population first by toe-clipping mark-recapture method, then estimated the population size with the definitive sexual ratio. Up to now, this species was found only at the Beilun district of the Ningbo City. The population size of the Ruiyan Temple Forest Park approximates to 369. The status of this population is extremely endangered, so besides protecting this population at the original locality, we also suggested to breed the salamander in fenced locality and to hatch embryos artificially, and send metamorphosed juveniles back to nature. We can transfer some individuals to other similar habitats or breed them under artificial conditions for saving this species from extinction. The early developmental stage of the Chinhai salamander is the same as its relative species, E. andersoni. Their balanceres are poorly developed and disappear very early. Temperature and moisture significantly influence the embryonic development of the Chinhai salamander. The embryonic stage is approx. 29 days under room temperature. The hatchling grows in a logarithmic curve. The larvae stage in water is approx. 58- 88 days. Many factors influence the nomal development, including two aspects of internal and external. Due to these factors, the effective protected measures were presented in detail. The breeding migration of E. chinhaiensis takes place at late March～late April every year. This salamander's hatching rate is high, but the rate of hatchling migrating into water is low. The average effectiveness of all the nest sites is 36.7%. The maternal self-conservation was contrary to the reproductive success of the egg-laying strategy. In the strategy of egg-laying behavior, the first factor selected by the female was its self-conservation, the second is embryonic survival rate, and the last is rate of hatchling survival rate. The oviposition selection is significant for the survival of the larvae. Based on the analysis of the evolutionary process of reproductive behaviors nad egg-laying site selections of all genera of the family Salamandridae, we deduced that perhaps Echinotriton is a transitional type in the evolutionary process from water to land. Due to its location in the adaptive stage in the terrestrial evolution, Echinotriton chinhaiensis's terrestrial nest may be one of important reason that causes this species to be endangered. The genetic deversity analysis shows that although the population size of the Chinhai salamander is quite small compared to other Chinese salamandrid species, the genetic diversity of this population is not reduce remarkably. We explain this phenomena with the polygamy mating system of this species. The result of 4 families' parenthood determinations shows that the parenhood determination can be taken without any paternal information. The "children" of every female include rich genetic information from at least two "fathers". It implies that female Chinhai salamander mates more than once with different males in a breeding season. The molecular evidence, the behavioral observation evidences and the sperm evidence in the female cloaca proved that this species has a polygamy mating system. The kin recognition in the mating of adult salamander was first discussed. The taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of 12 species representing 6 genera in the family Salamandridae were studied using DNA fingerprinting. The results showed that the DNA fingerprinting. The results showed that the DNA fingerprinting patterns demonstrated rich genetic diversity and species diversity, and also revealed the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationshipes of higher taxa to a certain extent. The results are highly consistent with those obtained from the studies based on the morphology, ecology, cytology and molecular biology. The compreshensive analysis indicate that Tylototrition hainanensis and T. wenxianensis should be valid species; Echinotriton should be a valid genus;Tylotortriton is a natural cluster; Tylotortriton asperrimus should be put in Tylototrition rather than in Echinotriton, Hypselotriton and Allomestriton are synonyms of Cynops and Paramesotriton, respectively. There are three main groups in Chinese salamandride: Cynops, Paramesotriton and Pachytrition from the first group, the species of the Tylototriton from the second, and E. chinhaiensis composes the third.

昆虫假死性及建巢行为系列研究

本研究是围绕昆虫的假死行为及建巢相关行为两个方面进行的。首先通过对昆虫假死行为的研究历史和现状的综述，作者提出了假死行为是一种特殊拟态的观点。对长壮蝎蝽Laccotrephes robustus Stål成虫在不同的活动空间下(水体内外)的假死行为以及控制假死行为的关键部位的研究结果表明：(1)水体外假死时长明显高于水体中；(2)蝎蝽在水体内外假死行为的差别是对不同捕食压力的适应，能够提高自身的适合度；(3) 头部不是蝎蝽假死发生所必需的，控制胸部各对足完成假死动作的神经节可能是不同的。胡蜂类昆虫的建巢行为直接关系到其蜂群的发展和存活。平唇原胡蜂Prevespa barthelemy (Buysson)隶属于胡蜂科，是一种社会性昆虫。为研究已建造蜂巢的相关生物学特征，对其越冬后蜂巢进行了解剖观察。结果表明：(1)蜂巢中部较大的巢脾为主要的繁殖区；(2)幼虫和工蜂所占比率最高，占全巢各虫态总数的70%左右；(3)巢中成熟个体,除蜂后外其余全部为雌性工蜂；(4)由于当地气候适宜，越冬期的低温虽使其活动能力下降，但不会引起大量死亡，该胡蜂可以在原巢址内越冬。胡蜂类昆虫雌蜂单母建群的过程可以视为是昆虫社群生活起源的短暂重现，对单母建群行为的研究有助于理解昆虫群居生活的发生和发展。通过对焰马蜂Polistis adustus Birgham单母建群过程的观察，结果表明：(1)第一批工蜂羽化前，雌蜂同时担任蜂王和工蜂的职责；(2)各虫态发育历期卵为5-7 d；幼虫13-15 d；蛹为24-28 d；(3) 单母建群时期是决定未来蜂群发展的重要阶段，也是对马蜂类天敌昆虫进行保护和利用的关键时期。

Consequências do trabalho por turnos e nocturno em profissionais de enfermagem (estudo realizado em dois hospitais do norte de Portugal)

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia.

A experiência de vida e as expectativas futuras de famílias beneficiárias de RSI

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia, especialização em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde.

The ecology of the song thrush, Turdus philomelos Br., in Ireland

Over the last 30 years, western European Song Thrush populations have declined with the steepest decline recorded on British farmland. Changes in agricultural practices have been implicated in these population declines. Ireland is an agriculturally dominated landscape but changes in agriculture here have occurred on a relatively slower rate and scale. Little is known about the ecology of the Song Thrush in Ireland, even though it is not classified as a species of conservation concern here. Some decline is thought to have occurred but the current breeding population appears to be stable and widespread. In light of these facts, this study investigated various aspects of Song Thrush ecology in relation to the Irish landscape from 2001-2003. The breeding season extended from mid March to late June, where mean clutch size was 4.1 and number of fledglings was 3.7. There were very few third broods. Daily nest survival rates were calculated for egg stage 0.9362, incubation stage 0.9505 and nestling stage 0.6909. Most nest failures were due to avian predation at both egg and chick stages. Most nests were located 1.3 -2.4m from the ground at trees, bushes or hedgerow. Clutch size was significantly higher on farmland than garden & parkland and woodland, and the number of fledglings was significantly lower in nests in trees than hedgerow and bush sites. Daily nest fail rates were significantly higher at tree sites and partly concealed nests. Nesting areas had significantly denser vertical vegetation than non-nesting areas. Mercury and the organochlorine HEOD were the most common contaminants in Song Thrush eggs and livers. However concentrations and occurrence were low and of no apparent biological or ecological concern. The presence of breeding Song Thrushes was influenced by mixed surrounding farmland, the absence of grass surrounding farmland, ditches especially wet ones, tall dense vegetation and trimmed boundaries. Song Thrush winter densities were predicted by ditches, with wet or dry, low thin vegetation and untrimmed boundaries. Winter densities were almost double that of the breeding season, probably due to the arrival and passage of migrating Song Thrushes through the country, especially in November. Changes in Irish agriculture did not differ significantly in areas of Song Thrush breeding population stability and apparent decline during 1970 1990. Even though the current breeding population heavily uses farmland, woodland, human and scrub habitats are more preferred. Nevertheless no farmland habitat was avoided, highlighting a positive relationship between breeding Song Thrushes and Irish agriculture. This appears to be in contrast with findings between breeding Song Thrushes and British agriculture. Theses findings are compared with other studies and possible influences by agricultural intensification, climate, latitude and insular syndrome are discussed. Implications for conservation measures are considered, especially for areas of decline. Even though Song Thrushes are currently widespread and stable here, future environmental consequences of longer-term changes in Irish agriculture and perhaps climate change remain to be seen.

Studies on Formica lugubris Zetterstedt in Ireland (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

This thesis is based on studies of Formica lugubris from 1972-1975. While this species' range is diminishing in Ireland, the nests are quite common in the State plantations of South Tipperary. It is not certain that the species is indigenous. Above-ground activity occurs from late-February to the end of October; foraging begins in April. Two territorial "spring-battles" between neighbouring nests are described. Most active nests produced alatae of both sexes and flights were observed on successive June mornings above l7.5°C air temperature. Both polygyny and polycaly seem to be rare. Where the nests occur commonly, the recorded densities are similar to those reported from the continent. Most nests persisted at the same site since 1973. The nest-sites are described by recording an array of nest, soil, tree, vegetation and location variables at each site. Pinus sylvestris is the most important overhead tree. Nests seem to be the same age as their surrounding plantation and reach a maximum of c. 30 years. Nearest-neighbour analysis suggests the sites are overdispersed. Forager route-fidelity was studied and long-term absence from the route, anaesthetization and "removal" of an aphid tree had little effect on this fidelity. There were no identifiable groups of workers specifically honeydew or prey-carriers. Size-duty relationships of workers participating in adult transport are described. Foraging rhythms were studied on representative days: the numbers foraging were linearly related to temperature. Route-traffic passed randomly and an average foraging trip lasted c. four hours. Annual food intake to a nest with 25 000 foragers was estimated at approximately 75 kg honeydew and 2 million prey-items. Forager-numbers and colony-size were estimated using the capture-mark - recapture method: paint marking was used for the forager estimate and an interval radiophosphorus mark, detected by autoradiography, was used for the colony-size estimate. The aphids attended by lugubris and the nest myrmecophiles are recorded.

Plastic and marine turtles: a review and call for research

Plastic debris is now ubiquitous in the marine environment affecting a wide range of taxa, from microscopic zooplankton to large vertebrates. Its persistence and dispersal throughout marine ecosystems has meant that sensitivity toward the scale of threat is growing, particularly for species of conservation concern, such as marine turtles. Their use of a variety of habitats, migratory behaviour, and complex life histories leave them subject to a host of anthropogenic stressors, including exposure to marine plastic pollution. Here, we review the evidence for the effects of plastic debris on turtles and their habitats, highlight knowledge gaps, and make recommendations for future research. We found that, of the seven species, all are known to ingest or become entangled in marine debris. Ingestion can cause intestinal blockage and internal injury, dietary dilution, malnutrition, and increased buoyancy which in turn can result in poor health, reduced growth rates and reproductive output, or death. Entanglement in plastic debris (including ghost fishing gear) is known to cause lacerations, increased drag—which reduces the ability to forage effectively or escape threats—and may lead to drowning or death by starvation. In addition, plastic pollution may impact key turtle habitats. In particular, its presence on nesting beaches may alter nest properties by affecting temperature and sediment permeability. This could influence hatchling sex ratios and reproductive success, resulting in population level implications. Additionally, beach litter may entangle nesting females or emerging hatchlings. Lastly, as an omnipresent and widespread pollutant, plastic debris may cause wider ecosystem effects which result in loss of productivity and implications for trophic interactions. By compiling and presenting this evidence, we demonstrate that urgent action is required to better understand this issue and its effects on marine turtles, so that appropriate and effective mitigation policies can be developed.