Tradução e corpo

The present paper brings about a possible articulation between translation and body from a non-sublimated, pragmatic perspective on meaning, as suggested by Wittgenstein in his Philosophical Investigations. By considering theoretical elaborations within embodied realism and elsewhere on the role of the body in cognitive processes, together with a critique of the concept of translation somatics, as proposed by Douglas Robinson (1991), the paper highlights the situated and social character of the translator's body.

Thermolysed and active yeast to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin

Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on a number of agricultural commodities. This research was carried out to evaluate the ability of thermolysed and active Saccharomyces cerevisiae to attenuate liver damage caused by aflatoxin. Diets were prepared containing 0 aflatoxin; 400 mug kg-1 aflatoxin; 400 mug kg-1 aflatoxin plus 1% of dehydrated active yeast, and 400 mug kg-1 aflatoxin plus 1% of thermolysed yeast. A bioassay with Wistar rats was conducted for 28 days, and body organs were weighted and analyses of the liver tissue of the animals were performed. The relative weight of heart, kidneys and liver from animals submitted to the different treatments did not show any difference, and liver tissue of animals feeding on the aflatoxin-free diet was adopted as a toxicity-free pattern. Hepatic tissue of animals feeding on diets containing 400 mug kg-1 aflatoxin or the diet supplemented with 1% thermolysed yeast showed clear signs of toxicity and damage. Hepatic tissue of animals feeding on the diet containing 1% of dehydrated active yeast showed less toxicity signs and damage than those receiving the diet containing 400 mug kg-1 aflatoxin. Active, dehydrated yeast had the ability to reduce toxic effects caused by aflatoxin, but thermolysed yeast was not able to alleviate the effects of aflatoxin toxicity.

Microencapsulação de óleo essencial de laranja

It was done microencapsulation of natural essencial orange oil through spray-drying. The purpose was to use the best proportion of wall materials among maltodextrin, acacia gum, and modified starch (capsul) in order to retain greater amount of orange oil. The orange oil (10%) and maltodextrin (36%) remained constant. Three spray drying temperatures were employed: 180°C, 200°C and 220°C, therefore, nine final products were obtained. The superficial and inner oil concentrations were measured. The microcapsules were also examined through optical and scanning electron microscopy. The three temperatures employed did not affect the microencapsulation. The microstructure of the capsules were almost similar regardless the proportion employed among the carbohydrates to wall composition. At light microscopy it was observed a great heterogeneity of capsules diameters, and probably not smooth surfaces; at scanning electron microscopy it was clear that the walls displayed porosity over round surfaces. The best retention was given by the formula containing 10% of capsul, 10% of orange oil and 36% of maltodextrin, when total oil retention was 94%, regardless the drying temperature here employed.

Assessment of ocular surface toxicity after topical instillation of nitric oxide donors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ocular surface toxicity of two nitric oxide donors in ex vivo and in vivo animal models: S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC) in a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) matrix at final concentrations 1.0 and 10.0 mM. METHODS: Ex vivo GSNO and SNAC toxicities were clinically and histologically analyzed using freshly excised pig eyeballs. In vivo experiments were performed with 20 albino rabbits which were randomized into 4 groups (5 animals each): Groups 1 and 2 received instillations of 150 µL of aqueous HPMC solution containing GSNO 1.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively, in one of the eyes; Groups 3 and 4 received instillations of 150 µL of aqueous HPMC solution-containing SNAC 1.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively, in one of the eyes. The contralateral eyes in each group received aqueous HPMC as a control. All animals underwent clinical evaluation on a slit lamp and the eyes were scored according to a modified Draize eye test and were histologically analyzed. RESULTS: Pig eyeballs showed no signs of perforation, erosion, corneal opacity or other gross damage. These findings were confirmed by histological analysis. There was no difference between control and treated rabbit eyes according to the Draize eye test score in all groups (p>0.05). All formulations showed a mean score under 1 and were classified as non-irritating. There was no evidence of tissue toxicity in the histological analysis in all animals. CONCLUSION: Aqueous HPMC solutions containing GSNO and SNAC at concentrations up to 10.0 mM do not induce ocular irritation.

Educação fisica e hegemonia

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Weekend/weekday differences in concentrations of ozone, nox, and non-methane hydrocarbon in the metropolitan area of São Paulo

Ozone and inhalable particulate matter are the major air pollutants in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil, a region that has more than 19 million inhabitants and approximately 7 million registered vehicles. Proximity of roadways, adjacent land use, and local circulation are just some of the factors that can affect the results of monitoring of pollutant concentrations. The so-called weekend effect (higher ozone concentrations on weekends than on weekdays) might be related to the fact that concentrations of ozone precursors, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Non Methane-Hydrocarbon (NMHC), are relatively lower on weekends. This phenomenon has been reported in some areas of the United States since the 1970s. The differences between the concentrations of ozone in period of weekend and weekday, were obtained from analysis of data hourly average of CETESB for 2004, studied the precursors to the formation of troposphere ozone, the meteorological variables and traffic profile for RMSP. Because of the proximity to sources of emissions from the station Pinheiros showed higher concentrations of NO and NO² and greater variations to the periods weekend and weekday. With fewer vehicles circulating during the weekend, and consequently less emission of pollutants, it has cleaner air and less concentration of NO and NO², there is the ideal setting to the formation of troposphere ozone, despite the lower concentration of NO². The proximity with the source emissions, aided by the increased availability of solar radiation and the presence of ozone precursors, were factors conditions for the occurrence of weekend effect.

Impact on human health of particulate matter emitted from burnings in the Brazilian Amazon region

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact on human health of exposure to particulate matter emitted from burnings in the Brazilian Amazon region. METHODS: This was an ecological study using an environmental exposure indicator presented as the percentage of annual hours (AH%) of PM2.5 above 80 μg/m3. The outcome variables were the rates of hospitalization due to respiratory disease among children, the elderly and the intermediate age group, and due to childbirth. Data were obtained from the National Space Research Institute and the Ministry of Health for all of the microregions of the Brazilian Amazon region, for the years 2004 and 2005. Multiple regression models for the outcome variables in relation to the predictive variable AH% of PM2.5 above 80 μg/m3 were analyzed. The Human Development Index (HDI) and mean number of complete blood counts per 100 inhabitants in the Brazilian Amazon region were the control variables in the regression analyses. RESULTS: The association of the exposure indicator (AH%) was higher for the elderly than for other age groups (β = 0.10). For each 1% increase in the exposure indicator there was an increase of 8% in child hospitalization, 10% in hospitalization of the elderly, and 5% for the intermediate age group, even after controlling for HDI and mean number of complete blood counts. No association was found between the AH% and hospitalization due to childbirth. CONCLUSIONS: The indicator of atmospheric pollution showed an association with occurrences of respiratory diseases in the Brazilian Amazon region, especially in the more vulnerable age groups. This indicator may be used to assess the effects of forest burning on human health.

Sibilância em crianças e adolescentes vizinhos a uma indústria petroquímica no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre relato de sibilância em crianças e adolescentes e o local de residência em relação à dispersão dos poluentes atmosféricos emitidos pelo Pólo Petroquímico (PPQ) de Guamaré (RN). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de relato de sibilância em crianças e adolescentes de 0 a 14 anos de idade, residentes no entorno do PPQ de Guamaré, em 2006. Foi utilizado o questionário padronizado do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, acrescido de questões relativas ao tabagismo, renda, moradia e escolaridade. Concentrações diárias de PM10, PM2,5, carbono grafítico, SO2, NO2, O3, benzeno, tolueno e xilenos foram medidas em uma estação de monitoramento fixa. As comunidades residentes na área de influência das emissões do PPQ foram classificadas, segundo a direção preferencial dos ventos, em expostas e de referência. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 209 crianças e adolescentes. As concentrações médias diárias dos poluentes monitorados mantiveram-se abaixo dos limites estabelecidos nos padrões de qualidade do ar. A prevalência de sibilos nos últimos 12 meses foi de 27,3%. Associações estatisticamente significantes com sibilos nos últimos 12 meses foram verificadas mesmo após ajustamentos para comunidades expostas [razão de chances (odds ratio, ORajust) = 2,01; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 1,01-4,01], gênero masculino (ORajust = 2,50; IC95% 1,21-5,18) e idade de 0 a 6 anos (ORajust = 5,00; IC95% 2,41-10,39). CONCLUSÃO: Mesmo em baixas concentrações de poluentes atmosféricos, a ocorrência de sintomas respiratórios em crianças e adolescentes nas comunidades no entorno de um PPQ esteve associada a residência na direção preferencial dos ventos, mostrando-se mais vulnerável o grupo de pré-escolares do gênero masculino.

Hans W. Loewald: a importância da realidade na constituição do sujeito e na clínica psicanalítica

Enfatiza-se a importância da realidade e da experiência atual na constituição do sujeito, por meio da apresentação das ideias de Hans W. Loewald e do exame de sua concepção original de realidade. A natureza relacional das pulsões, a ideia do novo objeto na relação analítica, a noção de invenção da realidade, o conceito de sublimação e a forma de compreender o simbolismo estão entre as formulações mais importantes de Loewald acerca do papel do ambiente na constituição do sujeito. Suas formulações também permitem a compreensão da inserção do sujeito na realidade social contemporânea.

A expressão da modularidade

Desde Fodor (1983) a modularidade comportamental tem gerado fortes controvérsias, especialmente em torno do quanto são especializados os módulos eventuais e do quanto são encapsulados, isto é, independentes de controles externos. No presente ensaio, depois de rever formulações precursoras a respeito de instinto e de aprendizagens especializadas e de expor as características básicas da modularidade, tomo, como estudo de caso, pesquisas sobre a percepção da expressão facial da emoção, mostrando tanto o lado especializado desse processo como a sua abertura para controles externos. Termino defendendo a necessidade de, junto à estratégia de delimitar processos comportamentais especializados, colocar a questão de como eles se integram e se controlam uns aos outros e são eventualmente gerenciados por processos gerais.

Determination of paracetamol at a graphite-polyurethane composite electrode as an amperometric flow detector

A bare graphite-polyurethane composite was evaluated as an amperometric flow injection detector in the determination of paracetamol (APAP) in pharmaceutical formulations. A linear analytical curve was observed in the 5.00 x 10-5 to 5.00 x 10-3 mol L-1 range with a minimum detectable net concentration of 18.9 µmol L-1 and 180 determinations h-1, after optimization of parameters such as the detection potential, sample loop volume, and carrier solution flow rate. Interference of ascorbic acid was observed, however, it was possible overcome the interference, reaching results that agreed with HPLC within 95% confidence level. These results showed that the graphite-polyurethane composite can be used as an amperometric detector for flow analysis in the determination of APAP.

Potentiometric determination of Minoxidil in topical use pharmaceutical samples

A potentiometric titration method for the determination of minoxidil based on its redox reaction with K2Cr2O7 is described. The best results were observed using 1.00 x 10-3 mol L-1 K2Cr2O7 and 1.00 x 10-2 mol L-1 minoxidil solutions, and the minoxidil as titrant in 2.00 mol L-1 H2SO4 medium. The method was applied to commercial samples and compared with the results from a chromatographic procedure. Recoveries from 97.4 to 98.7 % were observed depending on the sample. Comparison with the chromatographic procedure reveled agreement within 90% confidence level.

Electrochemical and photocatalytic reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons investigated by raman spectroscopy

This paper presents the study of photochemical behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), potential pollutants in secondary reactions in aerosols, through Raman spectroscopy compared with its electrochemical behavior. The PAHs studied include pyrene, anthracene, phenanthrene and fluorene. These were adsorbed onto TiO2 and irradiated with ultraviolet light (254 nm). Their electrochemical oxidation was studied by in situ Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) and led to the formation of carbonyl-containing products. Oxidized intermediates bearing the C=O group were also formed during photodegradation. The joint analysis of the photodegradation data with those produced by electrochemical means - using spectroscopic techniques for the identification and characterization of the products - revealed the formation of identical products for anthracene, but not for pyrene. A reasonable explanation for this difference in results is that photochemical and electrochemical oxidation reactions proceed via different mechanisms. While photocatalytic degradation over TiO2 is initiated by hydroxyl radicals, electrochemical oxidation is initiated by the direct electron transfer from adsorbed PAH to the electrode, generating PAH cation radicals that undergo subsequent reactions.

A novel disposable electrochemical microcell: construction and characterization

An alternative technique for the fabrication of disposable electrochemical microcells containing working, reference and auxiliary electrodes on a single device is reported. The procedure is based on thermal-transfer of toner masks onto CD-R (recordable compact discs) gold surfaces to define the layout of the electrodes (contour). In a subsequent step, the layout is manually painted with a permanent marker pen. The unprotected gold surface is conveniently etched (chemical corrosion) and the ink is then easily removed with ethanol, generating gold surfaces without contamination. The final and reproducible area of the electrodes is defined by heat transference of a second toner mask. Silver epoxy is deposited on one of the gold bands which is the satisfactorily used as reference electrode. These microcells were electrochemically characterized by cyclic, linear, and square wave voltammetry, and several electroactive species were used as model systems. The area reproducibility of the electrodes for different microcells was studied and a relative standard deviation better than 1,0% (n = 10) was obtained. Disposable electrochemical microcells were successfully used in analysis of liquid samples with volumes lower than 200 µL and good stability and reproducibility (RSD less than 2.0%) were achieved. These microcells were also evaluated for quantification of paracetamol and dipyrone in pharmaceutical formulations.

Hematological analysis of Micropogonias Furnieri, Desmarest, 1823, Scianidae, from two estuaries of Baixada Santista, São paulo Brazil

Hematological alterations in fish are considered a useful tool to evaluate pathological processes resulting from the exposure to environmental pollutants. The whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri is a common species in estuarine areas and potentially exposed to many contaminants. In the present study, the hematological characteristics of fish collected at two sites in Baixada Santista (Santos Estuarine System - SES, a polluted site; and the Estuary of Itanhaém River - EIR, unpolluted site) del was analysed. The following blood descriptors were analyzed: number of Erythrocytes (Er), Hematocrit (Ht), Hemoglobin (Hb), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Fish from SES exhibited significant lower levels of Ht and increase on MCHC and Hb. Such differences are likely related to the different contamination levels found in these estuaries.