Neuropsychological Profile of Brazilian Older Adults with Heterogeneous Educational Backgrounds

Education significantly impacts cognitive performance of older adults even in the absence of dementia. Some cognitive tests seem less vulnerable to the influence of education and thus may be more suitable for cognitive assessment of older adults with heterogeneous backgrounds. The objective of this study was to investigate which tests in a cognitive battery were less influenced by educational levels in a sample of cognitively unimpaired older Brazilians. In addition, we evaluated the impact of very high educational levels on cognitive performance. The cognitive battery consisted of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Cambridge Cognitive Test (CAMCOG), Clock Drawing Test, Short Cognitive Performance Test (SKT), Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (FOME), Verbal Fluency Test (VF) fruit category, Trail Making Test A and B, WAIS-R Vocabulary, and Block Design. Education did not exert a significant influence on the RBMT, FOME, and VF (p < .05). Subjects with very high educational levels had similar performance on the latter tests when compared with those with intermediate and low levels of education. In conclusion, the RBMT, FOME, and VF fruit category seem to be appropriate tools for the assessment of cognitive function in elderly Brazilians with varying degrees of educational attainment.

USE OF ANTIBIOTIC SPACERS FOR KNEE ENDOPROSTHESIS INFECTIONS TREATMENT

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of cement spacers impregnated with antibiotics for the treatment of infections in the nonconventional endoprostheses of the knee. Methodology: We have treated seven patients since 2004 (of which six were submitted to surgery in our service and one patient had been submitted to a primary tumor surgery in another removal service) with deep infection in knee tumor prosthesis. All patients were submitted to endoprosthesis removal and reconstructed with antibiotic cement spacer All patients were monitored both clinically and by lab tests as for monitoring the evolution, being considered able for reviews after 6 (six) months without infections signs. Results: We have noted a small predominance of infectious processes on the prosthesis inserted on proximal tibia as compared with distal femur (57.1% x 42.9%). The mean follow-up time of patients was 68.2 months. During the follow up, one patient died as a result of the root disease. Six patients out of seven were regarded as cured and one persisted with infection signs and symptoms. Conclusion: The results obtained up to date have motivated us to continue using this method of treatment.

Sistema eletr??nico de arquivamento de declara????es

Este projeto foi concebido pela Secretaria da Receita Federal com o objetivo de facilitar o acesso ??s declara????es de Imposto de Renda. ?? um sistema de arquivamento de declara????es em meio magn??tico, com vistas a disponibilizar, descentralizadamente, sua consulta e impress??o, substituindo a sistem??tica anterior de arquivamento em papel. O Sistema possui mecanismos de seguran??a de acesso e criptografia dos dados armazenados, para proteg??-los da viola????o do sigilo fiscal. A economia de papel, de espa??o f??sico e de tempo na pesquisa de uma declara????o foram os resultados mais significativos

Os direitos invis??veis

A fala tranq??ila da subprocuradorageral da Rep??blica e Procuradora Federal dos Direitos do Cidad??o, Ela Wiecko Volkmer de Castilho, esconde uma grande inquieta????o quando o assunto ?? a defesa dos direitos culturais. ???Quando se pensa em direitos culturais, logo se associa a minorias ??tnicas, popula????es tradicionais ou em obras de arte e tradi????es folcl??ricas. Mas esse patrim??nio cultural, que n??o tem a grandiosidade de um monumento ou o grau de elabora????o de um livro, aquela coisa do dia-dia, das rela????es pessoais que se estabelecem em determinado grupo ou comunidade, que ?? tamb??m um patrim??nio cultural, n??o tem for??a???, afirma. Ela faz um alerta: ???na pr??tica, os direitos culturais s??o invis??veis, o que leva a viola????es sistem??ticas a este se a outros direitos humanos???.

Considera????es sobre o trabalho escravo no Brasil do s??culo XXI

Embora pare??a ultrapassado, o instituto da escravid??o ainda ?? uma realidade no Brasil contempor??neo, sobretudo na zona rural do Pa??s. Tal ocorr??ncia fere o Estado Democr??tico de Direito em sua ess??ncia, al??m de representar uma das mais graves viola????es aos direitos humanos. Este artigo apresenta algumas considera????es sobre o Plano Nacional para a Erradica????o do Trabalho Escravo, defendendo que as a????es de repress??o t??m se mostrado insuficientes para a erradica????o da pr??tica. S??o necess??rias a????es preventivas e pol??ticas p??blicas que garantam alternativas de trabalho e renda ??s v??timas potenciais. Adicionalmente, ser??o identificados na literatura alguns aspectos jur??dicos candentes, apontados como nevr??lgicos para a efetividade do combate a essa pr??tica.

Unipolaridade, governabilidade global e intervenção unilateral anglo-americana no Iraque

As intervenções humanitárias (Bósnia 1995-2003, Somália 1992-1993, Kosovo 1999-2003) e de substituição de regimes ditatoriais (Haiti 1994, Afeganistão 2001-2003, Iraque 2003) na política internacional têm sido objeto de muitas controvérsias acadêmicas durante a última década. O presente artigo, à luz dos teóricos das relações internacionais e da ciência política, analisa a legitimidade dessas atitudes por meio do unilateralismo norte-americano.

Climate governance in an international system under conservative hegemony: the role of major powers

In the last five years, climate change has been established as a central civilizational driver of our time. As a result of this development, the most diversified social processes - as well as the fields of science which study them - have had their dynamics altered. In International Relations, this double challenge could be explained as follows: 1) in empirical terms, climate change imposes a deepening of cooperation levels on the international community, considering the global common character of the atmosphere; and 2) to International Relations as a discipline, climate change demands from the scientific community a conceptual review of the categories designed to approach the development of global climate governance. The goal of this article is to discuss in both conceptual and empirical terms the structure of global climate change governance, through an exploratory research, aiming at identifying the key elements that allow understanding its dynamics. To do so, we rely on the concept of climate powers. This discussion is grounded in the following framework: we now live in an international system under conservative hegemony that is unable to properly respond to the problems of interdependence, among which - and mainly -, the climate issue.

Chinese energy policy progress and challenges in the transition to low carbon development, 2006-2013

If the world is not to jeopardize the chances for human life on Earth, climate change must be mitigated; therefore, achieving low carbon development is crucial. China is the world's greatest GHG emitter, energy producer and energy consumer; investigating its energy-climate policy developments and international positions are of utmost importance to understand and tackle current stumbling blocks of the global energy and climate governance.

Wandering decarbonization: the BRIC countries as conservative climate powers

Abstract This article discusses the role of China, Russia, India and Brazil in the climate regime. It describes the trajectory of their emissions, of their domestic policies and of their international commitments, and argues that, despite their responsibility in causing the problem, they have been conservative forces in the climate regime.

An ecosystem of products and systems for ambient intelligence – the AAL4ALL users perspective

Developed societies are currently facing severe demographic changes: the world is getting older at an unprecedented rate. In 2000, about 420 million people, or approximately 7 percent of the world population, were aged 65 or older. By 2050, that number will be nearly 1.5 billion people, about 16 percent of the world population. This demographic trend will be also followed by an increase of people with physical limitations. New challenges will be raised to the traditional health care systems, not only in Portugal, but also in all other European states. There is an urgent need to find solutions that allow extending the time people can live in their preferred environment by increasing their autonomy, self-confidence and mobility. AAL4ALL presents an idea for an answer through the development of an ecosystem of products and services for Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) associated to a business model and validated through large scale trial. This paper presents the results of the first survey developed within the AAL4ALL project: the users’ survey targeted at the Portuguese seniors and pre-seniors. This paper is, thus, about the lives of the Portuguese population aged 50 and over.

Mediação: Confiança versus Responsabilidade

A mediação aparece inserida num movimento de reformas do sistema judiciário europeu como forma de responder imediatamente á descrença dos cidadãos nas estruturas do poder judicial e na eficiência da justiça. A mediação, per si, coloca a questão do elenco da confiança e da responsabilidade entre duas pessoas, como conceito define-se justamente na relação dialógica confiança/responsabilidade que produz efeitos na esfera jurídica dos interessados, as partes que decidem resolver o litígio recorrendo á intervenção de um terceiro, o mediador. É um meio extrajudicial de resolução de litígios, com carácter privado, informal, confidencial, voluntário e de natureza não conscienciosa, na qual as partes com a sua participação activa e directa, são auxiliadas por um mediador a encontrar por si próprias, uma solução negociada e amigável para o conflito. A sua natureza não conscienciosa impõe o respeito pelos princípios da cooperação e da boa fé, com vista a alcançar, de forma concertada, resultado consensual, que satisfaça ambas as partes. Neste âmbito a confiança e a responsabilidade são os dois pólos de um meridiano denominado de mediação: por meio de- através de-chegar a um acordo. Se por um lado a confiança é um elemento constitutivo da relação fática e simples de consenso porque não se trata nenhum negocio jurídico, contrato em especial, nem mero ato jurídico- por outro lado, o mediador pode ser responsável pela falta de acordo. Mas o apuramento desta responsabilidade pode não ser visível através dos óculos de culpa grosseira vertida no artigo 16º da Portaria 1112/2005 de 28 de Outubro. Efectivamente, as partes que recorrem a este meio alternativo de resolução de litígios têm direito a esperar que o mediador cumpra a lei, mas tal pode não acontecer. Assim, o exercício da mediação é ou pode ser uma fonte de responsabilidade quando o mediador viola os seus deveres, ainda que não de forma dolorosa, intencional. Ora se o Estado quer que os cidadãos acreditem nos meios extra judiciais, confiem na mediação dos Julgados de Paz, então deve promover no sentido de dizer claramente que esta atento ao desempenho do mediador, e que se advier um dano para o cidadão, o Estado deverá assumir a responsabilidade.

Loneliness in Middle and Old Age

Purpose of the research: (a) To identify the degree of much loneliness reported in the Portuguese population over 50 years of age and (b) test whether loneliness can be predicted by socio-demographic, health related or social characteristic of the sample other than age. Materials and methods: 1174 late middle age and older adults were interviewed face to face by different interviewers across the country; after the informed consent was signed, we asked the participants several socio-demographic and health-related questions; finally we asked ‘‘How often do you feel lonely?’’ and participants responded according to a five point Likert scale. Principal results: The results showed that 12% of participants reporting feeling lonely often or always, whereas 40% reporting never feeling lonely. The remaining 48% self-reported they felt lonely seldom or sometimes. Additionally, results show that, when taken together, variables such as marital status, type of housing, residence settings, health conditions, social satisfaction, social isolation, lack of interest, transportation, and age were predictors of loneliness. Major conclusions: (1) The association of loneliness with advanced age has been greatly exaggerated by mass media and common sense; (2) But although our findings did not confirm the most alarmist views, the 12% of older adults reporting that they are feeling lonely always or often should be cause for attention and concern. It is necessary to understand the meaning, reasons and level of suffering implied on those feelings of loneliness. (3) Our findings suggest that it makes no sense to construe age as a singular feature or cause for feelings of loneliness. Instead, age and also a number of other features combine to predict feelings of loneliness. But even with our predictor variables there was a substantial of variance left unexplained. Therefore it is necessary to continue exploring how feelings of loneliness arise from the experience of living and how they can be changed.