Óptica paraxial de la lente gruesa.

Una lente está formada por dos dioptrios esféricos separados entre sí por una distancia, e, contada entre sus polos. Supondremos que a su izquierda tenemos un medio transmisor de la luz cuyo índice de refracción es, n, a su derecha otro de índice nï y el material que lo forma tiene como índice nõ. Los radios de curvatura de ambos dispositivos son: r1 y r2. cada uno de los dioptrios tiene un foco imagen paraxial donde se concentran los rayos que proceden del infinito siendo paralelos al eje. Para su cálculo utilizaremos el invariable de Abbe. Es un sistema de difícil cálculo al operar con fracciones.

Nuevos retos para la radio formadora en América Latina.

Resumen tomado de la publicación. Monográfico : la labor formadora de la radio no docente

La lengua internacional de los medios de comunicación : una convergencia de modelos lingüísticos.

Título del congreso: 'El español, lengua del mestizaje y la interculturalidad'

Proyecto de radio educativa infantil para la Región Metropolitana, Chile.

Conseguir que un conjunto de educandos se sientan con la capacidad de crear y elaborar sus propios razonamientos, en relación a los diferentes temas que se tratarán en los programas aumentando su capacidad crítica respecto a las cosas. Conseguir que el niño aprenda parte de la historia de su país, sobre su país, que interactúe con el medio (radio), que conozca de sus derechos y obligaciones, que comprenda y ponga en práctica los valores transversales, que participe en las actividades elaboradas en conjunto por el programa y profesionales de la educación, y que trabaje, junto a la familia y escuela, los contenidos del programa. Se ha realizado un proyecto de programa educativo, en conjunto con cuatro colegios de la región metropolitana y el Ministerio de Educación, para niños chilenos que comprenda entre 10 y 13 años de edad. La primera parte del trabajo es teórica, y trata de introducir al lector en el tema de los medios de comunicación y más concretamente la radio. La segunda parte desarrolla el proyecto antes mencionado sobre la radio educativa que ponga énfasis en la historia del país y en la geografía de éste. Al mismo tiempo que se habla de los valores trascendentales que se deben incorporar en los educandos para poder tener un país con mayor calidad de futuro. Se utilizaran espacios en las radios comunitarias de las comunas aludidas, además se cuenta con suplementos escritos que son entregados por el Ministerio de Educación a los colegios seleccionados. Se hace porque es necesario conocer el pasado para hacer frente al presente. Porque los educandos tienen un rechazo respecto a la historia de Chile. El proyecto, se centra en cuatro comunas de Santiago, región Metropolitana, capital de Chile, dos de las cuales cuentan con el programa y el material de apoyo y dos que sirven de referencia para la comparación y posterior evaluación. El programa se comienza a partir del año 2008 y se realiza durante el desarrollo de la época escolar. Los destinatarios son niños que cursan la segunda etapa de la educación básica en Chile, con un rango de edad entre los 10 y 13 años. Se elige este rango de edad, ya que los niños se encuentran en condiciones claras de diferenciar la realidad de la ficción, comienzan a interesarse por trabajar en grupo e interactúan de mejor forma con otros medios que no sean la escuela y familia. Chile es un país importante en la región, en muchos aspectos podría decirse que está evolucionando y que avanza rápidamente hacia el desarrollo. Las nuevas tecnologías están siendo incorporadas y los procesos sociales, económicos y de enseñanza sin duda que han prosperado. Sin embargo, es un país que aún vive bajo la sombra de los países del primer mundo, sobre todo de Estados Unidos. Es así, como la copia de los sistemas políticos, económicos, sociales, y educativos se han implementado y cimentados con la fuerza en el país. La necesidad de avanzar, consiste también, en la necesidad de crear y de apostar por cosas, proyectos e ideas propias que ayuden a estimular el progreso. Se espera entregar un programa que ayude a los niños a aprender, entreteniéndose y participando individual y colectivamente, además de situar nuevamente la radio como un medio alternativo para la educación infantil. Se considera indispensable rescatar la potencialidad de los medios de comunicación en la labor educativa, esta vez, la radio será la herramienta que ayude a colaborar con el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los niños.

Rádios comunitárias em prol da comunicação para o desenvolvimento

Instrumentos puros de “empowerment”, as Rádios Comunitárias da Guiné-Bissau são hoje reconhecidas pelas instituições internacionais de auxílio de emergência e de auxílio ao desenvolvimento como meios de comunicação privilegiados, em resultado não apenas da sua proximidade das audiências como também pela influência exercida a nível local pelos seus radialistas, distribuídos pelas nove regiões administrativas do país, e cuja função varia desde a extensão do sistema educativo à difusão das campanhas de saúde pública, da aprendizagem contínua técnica ou social à própria coesão étnicosocial, ao desenvolvimento da participação democrática e ao reforço da cidadania.

Ciudad oculta: Lisboa 1870-1930 - la vivienda obrera

O presente texto apresenta a Vila Operária, enquanto argumento narrativo do facto arquitectónico, procurando aprofundar os meios e modos da sua génese, o entendimento das suas relações tipo-morfológicas e a sistematização das suas características tipológicas. O reconhecimento de uma estrutura compositiva específica induz uma reflexão mais ampla, baseada no intercâmbio entre as práticas vernaculares e eruditas da arquitectura e o modo como estes dois campos se interpenetram no universo específico da arquitectura portuguesa. Apreendida na dimensão de tipo arquitectónico é ainda possível observar a sua adequação a contextos posteriores, relativamente ao âmbito cronológico admitido (Lisboa 1870 -1930). A reflexão efectuada em torno da vila Operária procura estabelecer dois níveis de leitura: O estudo da sua arquitectura entendida como reflexo de uma consciência cultural, num apelo aos valores nacionais (motivado pelas próprias mudanças ocorridas nas políticas europeias apelando à identidade). O estudo crítico da arquitectura, efectuado no intervalo cronológico a que se refere a dissertação (1870-1930) apresenta-se como fundamental para entender o momento contemporâneo da arquitectura portuguesa. Da leitura tipo- morfológica sobre o objecto em questão, ressalta a singularidade do seu enquadramento, relativamente à estrutura urbana em que se insere; sendo no seu carácter marginal e oculto que reside em parte a sua especificidade. Dissimulando a existência das Vilas Operárias, a cidade oitocentista cresce sobre si própria sem alterar o seu fácies exterior. No universo específico da arquitectura portuguesa é ainda sugerido mercê da utilização de um sistema compositivo preciso, o debate entre os campos vernacular e erudito que em território nacional se foram interpenetrando ao longo de vários séculos. Numa perspectiva universal, reconhecida enquanto tipo, a Vila Operária reforça a leitura da arquitectura enquanto organismo vivo.

Técnicas construtivas avieiras : tradição e inovação no sistema palafítico

As barracas construídas pelos pescadores migrados de Vieira de Leiria para as margens do Tejo durante o século passado são representativas de uma cultura arquitetónica vernacular única. As edificações elevadas do solo com estacas ou pilares conferem às povoações Avieiras uma forte identidade arquitetónica, enfatizada pela inovação das técnicas construtivas adotadas. As três soluções para o embasamento de edificações palafíticas Avieiras documentadas neste artigo permitem identificar aspectos de continuidade e inovação face ao sistema construtivo dos palheiros da costa ocidental portuguesa, nos quais têm as suas raízes.

Resilience or resistance? The value of subject knowledge for drama teachers

This paper reports on research undertaken by the author into what secondary school drama teachers think they need to possess in terms of subject knowledge in order to operate effectively as subject specialists. ‘Subject knowledge’ is regarded as being multi faceted and the paper reports on how drama teachers prioritise its different aspects. A discussion of what ‘subject knowledge’ may be seen to encompass reveals interesting tensions between aspects of professional knowledge that are prescribed by statutory dictate and local context, and those that are valued by individual teachers and are manifest in their construction of a professional identity. The paper proposes that making judgements that associate propositional and substantive knowledge with traditionally held academic values as ‘bad’ or ‘irrelevant’ to drama education, and what Foucault has coined as ‘subjugated knowledge’ (i.e. local, vernacular, enactive knowledge that eludes inscription) as ‘good’ and more apposite to the work of all those involved in drama education, fails to reflect the complex matrices of values that specialists appear to hold. While the reported research focused on secondary school drama teachers in England, Bourdieu’s conception of field and habitus is invoked to suggest a model which recognises how drama educators more generally may construct a professional identity that necessarily balances personal interests and beliefs with externally imposed demands.

The occurrence and economic impact of plasmodiophora brassicae and clubroot disease

The significance of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin and clubroot disease which it incites in members of the family Brassicaceae is reviewed as the focus for this special edition of the Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. This is a monographic treatment of recent research into the pathogen and disease; previous similar treatments are now well over half a century old. Vernacular nomenclature of the disease indicates that it had a well-established importance in agriculture and horticulture from at least the Middle Ages onward in Europe and probably earlier. Subsequently, the pathogen probably spread worldwide as a result of transfer on and in fodder taken by colonists as livestock feed. It is a moot point, however, whether there was much earlier spread by P. brassicae into China and subsequently Japan as Brassica rapa (Chinese cabbage and many variants) colonized those lands in archaeological time. Symptoms, worldwide distribution, and economic impact are briefly described here to provide a basis for understanding subsequent papers. Clubroot disease devastates both infected field and protected vegetable and agricultural Brassica crops. Particular importance is placed on recent reports of crop losses in tropical countries, albeit where the crops are grown in cooler altitudes, and in the Canadian prairie land canola crops. The latter is of enormous importance because this crop is the single most important and essential source of vegetable oils used in human foodstuffs and in industrial lubricants where mineral oils are inappropriate.

La Grande Bretagne, patrie des sciences? La representation des technologies scientifiques dans Geoffroy de Monmouth et Layamon

The work of Geoffrey of Monmouth shows a great interest in scientific knowledge. His Vita Merlini in particular echoes Aristotelian theory, but the entirety of his work betrays an awareness of recent developments following the first translations of scientific texts from the Arabic into Latin. The treatment of scientific motifs in Geoffrey's earliest vernacular translations is examined. Wace and Layamon both espouse the clerical, learned filter through which the British past is viewed in their source. The later Brut tradition, however, this aspect is replaced by a political focus.

Passive and active hybrid approach to buildings design in Saudi Arabia

The building sector is one of the highest consumers of energy in the world. This has led to high dependency on using fossil fuel to supply energy without due consideration to its environmental impact. Saudi Arabia has been through rapid development accompanied by population growth, which in turn has increased the demand for construction. However, this fast development has been met without considering sustainable building design. General design practices rely on using international design approaches and features without considering the local climate and aspects of traditional passive design. This is by constructing buildings with a large amount of glass fully exposed to solar radiation. The aim of this paper is to investigate the development of sustainability in passive design and vernacular architecture. Furthermore, it compares them with current building in Saudi Arabia in terms of making the most of the climate. Moreover, it will explore the most sustainable renewable energy that can be used to reduce the environmental impact on modern building in Saudi Arabia. This will be carried out using case studies demonstrating the performance of vernacular design in Saudi Arabia and thus its benefits in terms of environmental, economic and social sustainability. It argues that the adoption of a hybrid approach can improve the energy efficiency as well as reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. This is by combining passive design, learning from the vernacular architecture and implementing innovative sustainable technologies.

The 'child of Babylon' and the problem of paternity in Medieval French Alexander romances

A study of the use of hybrid physical appearance both to signal and to explore the disputed paternity of Alexander the Great throughout its vernacular French tradition. The article compares the 'child of Babylon' portent and Alexander's son Alior in the twelfth-century French "Roman d'Alexandre" poem cycle, and a fifteenth-century prose adaptation of it.

Transaction costs, information technologies and the choice of marketplace among farmers in Northern Ghana

Using a transactions costs framework, we examine the impact of information and communication technologies (mobile phones and radios) use on market participation in developing country agricultural markets using a novel transaction-level data set of Ghanaian farmers. Our analysis of the choice of markets by farmers suggests that market information from a broader range of markets may not always induce farmers to sell in more distant markets; instead farmers may use broader market information to enhance their bargaining power in closer markets. Finally, we find weak evidence on the impact of using mobile phones in attracting farm gate buyers.

The Devil’s Daughters and a question of translation between Occitan and Anglo-Norman French: ‘De las .vii. filhas del diable’ (British Library Add. MS 17920).

The evidence for vernacular-to-vernacular translation is hard to demonstrate in medieval Romance languages. This article analyses a hypothesis published a century ago that there is an identifiable Anglo-Norman source for an Occitan prose text. Both texts spring from a Latin exemplum in which the seven capital vices are personified as the Devil's daughters, married off to seven social categories (the clergy, knights, peasants, etc.). Although the hypothesis is disproved, it remains that the dialogue between Anglo-Norman French and Occitan has been overlooked, and deserves further exploration.

L’illustration marginale d’un ouvrage profane : étude du manuscrit Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, français 95, xiiie siècle (1290)

BnF fr. 95 is a late 13th century manuscript containing Arthurian romances and other fictional and didactic texts. The Estoire del saint Graal and Merlin section is the most highly illuminated, with a rich marginal iconography, an unusual feature in the illustration of lay works and in these texts’ manuscript tradition. This article shows how in Merlin and its Vulgate Sequel marginal scenes overlap with widespread subjects in courtly and chivalric vernacular romances, in contrast with Latin and religious works. The reuse of similar patterns in principal and marginal miniatures, examined in the episode of the Battle of Danablaise, where King Arthur fights the Saxon King Rion, highlights the need for a comprehensive reading of text and images, taking into account the mise en page and the different levels of illustration in the manuscript.