Aplicação da análise multivariada na caracterização das empresas de caprinos da raça Serpentina

O trabalho pretende analisar as características das empresas e produtores de caprinos da raça Serpentina e as razões para a continuidade desta atividade, com base num inquérito realizado em 2014. Recorreu-se ao Escalonamento Ótimo (Optimal Scaling em inglês) englobado no SPSS e à seleção de variáveis observadas (package subselect do programa estatístico R) para caracterizar as explorações.

caprinos da raça Serpentina: características das explorações agrícolas e dos produtores e resultados produtivos

O presente trabalho toma como referência central a raça Serpentina. Numa primeira parte foi elaborado um questionário destinado à caracterização das explorações agrícolas e produtores associados na Associação Portuguesa de Caprinicultores da Raça Serpentina (APCRS), com a realização dos inquéritos coordenada pelos técnicos daquela associação durante o ano de 2014. Os principais elementos de caracterização da exploração agrícola foram a localização, área, forma de exploração da SAU, actividades vegetais e animais, modos de produção, mecanização e mão-de-obra. Ao nível do produtor as principais informações recolhidas foram a idade, o nível de escolaridade e de formação agrícola e o tempo de actividade dedicado à exploração agrícola, assim como a representatividade das medidas de apoio financeiro no rendimento da exploração agrícola e as origens do rendimento do agregado familiar do produtor. Para além da realização dos inquéritos também foram utilizados registos de parâmetros produtivos efectuados pela APCRS no período de 5 anos (2009-2013): Taxa de Fertilidade, Taxa de Prolificidade, Peso dos cabritos (70 dias) e Quantidade de leite (210 dias). Dos inquéritos realizados obtiveram-se 28 válidos, que perfazem um efectivo global de 3929 fêmeas reprodutoras da raça Serpentina e 11575 hectares de área total das 28 explorações agrícolas. Quanto aos parâmetros produtivos foram considerados os 15 produtores que apresentavam valores para a generalidade dos anos e dos parâmetros considerados. O tratamento de dados envolveu análise estatística univariada e bivariada.

AVALIAÇÃO REPRODUTIVA E PRODUTIVA DA RAÇA CAPRINA SERPENTINA, 1991 - 2014

As capacidades produtivas dos animais dependem de diversos fatores: genéticos e ambientais. O conhecimento da forma como os referidos fatores afetam a produtividade dos animais, carne e leite, permite ao produtor tomar as decisões técnicas necessárias para atingir um melhor índice de produtividade e rentabilidade da sua exploração. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal evidenciar alguns dos fatores que afetam as características creatopoiéticas e lactopoiéticas da Serpentina e a forma como atuam sobre as mesmas, usando dados recolhidos pela APCRS, desde 1991 a 2014, em efetivos dos seus associados, explorados em sistemas de produção tradicionais. Foram estudados os pesos ao nascimento (PN) (3,17 kg), ajustado aos 30 dias (P30) (6,47 kg) e aos 70 dias (P70) (10,51 kg), bem como os diferentes modos de cria dos cabritos. Considerando as diversas modalidades de cria, o potencial de crescimento observado foi: (i) aleitamento natural os machos cresceram 0,108 kg e as fêmeas 0,095 kg; (ii) aleitamento em boxes os machos cresceram 0,109 kg e as fêmeas 0,099 kg; (iii) aleitamento em grupo os machos cresceram 0,141 kg e as fêmeas 0,119 kg; (iv) aleitamento em cornadi os machos cresceram 0,106 kg e as fêmeas 0,100 kg; (v) aleitamento artificial os machos cresceram 0,095 kg e as fêmeas 0,085 kg. A análise das diferentes características lactopoiéticas basearam-se na duração da lactação (DL), duração da ordenha (DO), produção total de leite (PTL), produção de leite comercializável (PLC), teor de matéria gorda (TMG) e teor de matéria proteica (TMP). Analisando os resultados de produção verificou-se: (i) duração da lactação de 207,18 dias; (ii) produção total de leite 167,81 L; (iii) produção de leite ajustado aos 210 dias de 118,46 L; (iv) teor butiroso ajustado aos 210 dias de 4,91 %; teor proteico ajustado aos 210 dias de 3,78 %. Verificou-se que os caracteres de crescimento e de produção de leite estudados apresentaram diferenças altamente significativas (P < 0,01) de forma generalizada, como consequência das diferenças técnicas e condições ambientais existentes nas diferentes explorações. Os valores médios obtidos, bem como a sua variabilidade, para as características creatopoiéticas e lactopoiéticas, revelam que a aptidão da raça para a produção de carne e leite tem um peso considerável na sua viabilidade produtiva. A existência de animais com valores produtivos elevados incute a esperança que através de um maneio mais cuidado e de um melhoramento genético mais criterioso, será possível obterem-se valores médios mais elevados aos obtidos neste estudo.

CONTRIBUTO PARA O DISCERNIMENTO ATUAL DAS ORIGENS DA RAÇA CAPRINA SERPENTINA

Em Portugal, apesar da sua reduzida diferenciação genética, existem 6 raças de caprinos: Algarvia, Bravia, Charnequeira, Preta de Montesinho, Serpentina e Serrana. É plausível que estas raças tenham origem em animais provenientes de diversas regiões da Península Ibérica (considerando a ocorrência histórica de transumância) e do Norte de África, com possível influência de populações/raças de outras regiões (e.g. populações/raças comerciais transfronteiriças). Este trabalho teve como objetivo uma reflexão sobre dados históricos, bem como resultados de estudos de diversidade genética realizados recentemente por diversos autores (ADN mitocondrial, microssatélites e cromossoma Y), no sentido de discutir as possíveis origens da raça Serpentina. Com solar na região do Alentejo, a raça Serpentina, de aptidão mista carne/leite, tem características fenotípicas distintas das outras raças autóctones Portuguesas. De pelagem branca com listão e cabos pretos, foi conhecida no passado por Espanhola, Castelhana e Raiana, apresentando semelhanças morfológicas evidentes com a raça Blanca Celtibérica do Centro-Sul de Espanha, nomeadamente com o ecótipo onde surgem animais com pelagem idêntica, chamados “Rayados”. No seu conjunto os dados atuais refletem as introduções de animais efetuadas ao longo do tempo nos efetivos. Os estudos de diversidade genética dos caprinos Ibéricos baseados em marcadores moleculares neutros (i.e., microssatélites) ilustram a proximidade entre estas duas raças, mas não refletem a totalidade das diferenças genéticas associadas à seleção de animais com base em caracteres produtivos. Revela-se importante considerar análises genómicas de forma a incorporar informação de caracteres morfológicos como, por exemplo, a coloração da pelagem na avaliação das relações genéticas entre raças caprinas.

CONTRIBUTO PARA UM MELHOR ENTENDIMENTO DAS ORIGENS DA RAÇA CAPRINA SERPENTINA

Em Portugal, apesar da sua reduzida diferenciação genética, existem 6 raças de caprinos: Algarvia, Bravia, Charnequeira, Preta de Montesinho, Serpentina e Serrana. É plausível que estas raças tenham origem em animais provenientes de diversas regiões da Península Ibérica (considerando a ocorrência histórica de transumância) e do Norte de África, com possível influência de raças de outras regiões (e.g. raças comerciais transfronteiriças). Este trabalho teve como objectivo uma reflexão sobre dados históricos, bem como resultados de estudos de diversidade genética realizados recentemente por diversos autores (ADN mitocondrial, microssatélites e cromossoma Y), no sentido de discutir as possíveis origens da raça Serpentina. Com solar na região do Alentejo, a raça Serpentina, de aptidão mista carne/leite, tem características fenotípicas distintas das outras raças autóctones Portuguesas. De pelagem branca com listão e cabos pretos, foi conhecida no passado por Espanhola, Castelhana e Raiana, apresentando semelhanças morfológicas evidentes com a raça Blanca Celtibérica do Centro-Sul de Espanha, nomeadamente com o ecótipo onde surgem animais com pelagem idêntica, chamados “Rayados”. No seu conjunto os dados actuais refletem as introduções de animais efectuadas ao longo do tempo nos efectivos. Os estudos de diversidade genética dos caprinos Ibéricos baseados em marcadores moleculares neutros (i.e. microssatélites) ilustram a proximidade entre estas duas raças, mas não refletem a totalidade das diferenças genéticas associadas à selecção de animais com base em caracteres produtivos. Revela-se importante considerar análises genómicas de forma a incorporar informação de caracteres morfológicos como, por exemplo, a coloração da pelagem na avaliação das relações genéticas entre raças caprinas.

Death by Drowning : Gary Bryson's Turtle [A Review]

Accused of being autobiographical, as many debut novels often are, Turtle, upon first reading and further prying, does read as a story wrenched out of Gary Bryson’s own life. In a recent interview with Mandy Sayer, however, he was quick to deny all sorts of archetypal allegations. “Any resemblance to turtles living or dead”, Bryson explained, “is entirely coincidental”. Regardless of the many parallels that align author with protagonist—both were born and raised in a grey-skied Glasgow, both grew up in self-described dysfunctional families, and both returned to the colourless city to attend their mothers’ funerals—the narrative combines bruising black comedy with moments of magic realism. The result is an unlikely but often surprising concoction of twists and turns, each of which mixes the fallibility of memory with the slippery nature of truth. This playfulness between the material world and its metaphorical counterpart raises questions, not only about the curse that poisons its characters, but about the ethical implications of blurring fact and fiction...

Bargara Pasturage Reserve : Future Visions

Bargara Pasturage Reserve: Future Visions This exhibition showcases the work of Postgraduate Landscape Architecture and final year Undergraduate Civil and Environmental Engineering students in response to issues of sustainability in a coastal wetland known as the Bargara Pasturage Reserve; an exemplar of the many issues facing sensitive coastal places in Queensland today. The 312ha Pasturage Reserve at Bargara is the only biofilter between the pressures of Bargara’s urban and tourism expansion, surrounding sugarcane farming, and the Great Sandy Marine Park, including the largest concentration of nesting marine turtles on the eastern Australian mainland. This ephemeral wetland, while struggling to fulfil its coastal biofiltration function, is also in high demand for passive recreation, and the project partners’ priorities were to meet both of these challenges. The students were required to plan and design for the best balance possible amongst, but not limited to: wetland and coastal ecological health, enhancement of cultural heritage and values, sustainable urban development, and local economic health. To understand these challenges, QUT staff and students met with partners, visited and analysed the Pasturage Reserve, spent time in and around Bargara talking to locals and inviting dialogue with Indigenous representatives and the South Sea Islander community. We then went home to Brisbane to undertake theoretical and technical research, and then worked to produce 11 Strategic Plans, 2 Environmental Management Plans and 33 Detailed Designs. One group of students analysed the Bargara coastal landscape as an historical and ongoing series of conversations between ecological systems, cultural heritage, community and stakeholders. Another group identified the landscape as neither ‘urban,’ ‘rural,’ nor ‘natural,’ instead identifying it metaphorically as a series of layered thematic ‘fields’ such as water, conservation, reconciliation, and educational fields. These landscape analyses became the organising mechanisms for strategic planning. An outstanding Strategic Plan was produced by Zhang, Lemberg and Jensen, entitled Metanoia, which means to ‘make a change as the result of reflection on values’. Three implementation phases of “flow”, “flux”, and “flex” span twenty-five years, and present a vision a coastal and marine research and conservation hub, with a focus on coastal wetland function, turtle habitat and coral reef conservation. An Environmental Management Plan by Brand and Stickland focuses on protecting and improving wetland biodiversity and habitat quality, and increasing hydrological and water quality function; vital in a coastal area of such high conservation value. After the planning phase, students individually developed detailed design proposals responsive to their plans. From Metanoia, Zhang concentrated on wetland access and interpretation, proposing four focal places to form the nucleus of a wider pattern of connectivity, and to encourage community engagement with coastal environmental management and education. Jensen tackled the thorny issue of coastal urban development, proposing a sensitive staged eco-village model which maintains both ecological and recreational connectivity between the wetland and the marine environment. This project offered QUT’s partners many innovative options to inform their future planning. BSC, BMRG and Oceanwatch Australia are currently engaged in the investigation of on-ground opportunities drawing on these options.

An outbreak of salmonellosis linked to a marine turtle

In September 1998, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in a coastal Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory over a seven day period. An investigation was conducted by the Center for Disease Control, Territory Health Services. Thirty-six cases were detected and 17% (n=6) were hospitalized. Salmonella chester was isolated from eight of nine stool specimens. Sixty-two percent of cases interviewed (n=28) reported consumption of a green turtle (Chelonia mydas) within a median of 24 hours prior to onset of illness. Of the remainder, all but two were contacts of other cases. Salmonella chester was isolated from a section of partially cooked turtle meat. There are no previous published reports of salmonellosis associated with consumption of sea turtles despite them being a popular food source in coastal communities in the Pacific.

Turtle ghrelin

In a recent paper, Wang and colleagues described the genomes of two turtles, the Chinese soft-shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) and the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)1. A salient finding was an apparent absence of GHRL, the gene encoding the only known circulating orexigen, the peptide hormone ghrelin. The highly conserved GHRL encodes at least two bioactive peptide hormones, ghrelin2 and obestatin3, which are recognized to have a diverse range of functions in a number of cell types and physiological systems4, 5. Wang and colleagues hypothesized that the absence of ghrelin was associated with the low metabolic rate observed in these turtle species1.

Extinction risk analysis of exploited green turtle stocks in the Indo-Pacific

In parts of the Indo-Pacific, large-scale exploitation of the green turtle Chelonia mydas continues to pose a serious threat to the persistence of this species; yet very few studies have assessed the pattern and extent of the impact of such harvests. We used demographic and genetic data in an age-based model to investigate the viability of an exploited green turtle stock from Aru, south-east Indonesia. We found that populations are decreasing under current exploitation pressures. The effects of increasingly severe exploitation activities at foraging and nesting habitat varied depending on the migratory patterns of the stock. Our model predicted a rapid decline of the Aru stock in Indonesia under local exploitation pressure and a shift in the genetic composition of the stock. We used the model to investigate the influence of different types of conservation actions on the persistence of the Aru stock. The results show that local management actions such as nest protection and reducing harvests of adult nesting and foraging turtles can have considerable conservation outcomes and result in the long-term persistence of genetically distinct management units. © 2010 The Authors. Animal Conservation © 2010 The Zoological Society of London.

Implicating animals: The symbolic power of scapegoating animals in marine pollution debates

Animals are often used as symbols in policy debates and media accounts of marine pollution. Images of miserable oil-soaked marine birds and mammals are prominent following high profile oil spills such as the Exxon Valdez, Prestige and Pacific Adventurer incidents. Portrayed as hapless victims, these animal actors are not only cast as powerful symbols of the effects of anthropogenic pollution but also represent an environment in crisis. Animals, like the broader environment, are seen as something which is acted upon. Less attention has been given to the ways in which animals have been cast as either the cause of marine pollution or as having the potential to actively mitigate the potential impacts of anthropogenic marine pollution. This article explores how animals are constructed with respect to vessel-sourced sewage pollution. Through a process of interpretive policy analysis, drawing on media reports and responses to an Australian regulatory review process this study found that, when defending the perceived right to pollute recreational boaters implicated animals such as dogs, fish, turtles, dolphins and seabirds in their pollution discourses. Scapegoating was an important rhetorical feature of claims-making strategies designed to avoid responsibility for changing sewage disposal practices.

Coastal development, coral reefs and marine life in Asia: Tourism's double-edged sword

A large proportion of the world's population, including those of Asian countries, live in close proximity to the coastline. Coastlines are being developed at a £aster rate than ever before and there is now a growing body of literature to show that such activities are affecting the quality of coastal ecosystems and its wildlife (see, for example, Jennings, 2004; Siler et al., 2014; Duke eta!., 2007). This in turn is impacting negatively on the fishing and the tourism industries, amongst others. Millions of people depend on these sectors for their livelihoods and, unsustainable development can only make the plight of those who rely on these resources worse. The tourism industry in the coastal regions is particularly at risk since the industry relies heavily on coastal ecosystems to attract visitors. This chapter discusses the strong links that exist between coastal development, tourism, marine ecosystems and its wildlife, drawing attention to two well-known species widely used in tourism, namely whales and sea turtles, and discussing their conservation in relation to tourism. The chapter is divided into six sections. The second section examines why it is important to strike a balance between coastal development and protecting ecosystems. In this section, we discuss the ma.ior identified causes of coastal ecosystem degradation from the published literature, and the third section focuses attention on tourism development in the Asian region, which is one of the major reasons for coastal degradation. A diagrammatic approach is used to illustrate that planning of coastal tourism development which takes into account environmental impacts could result in economic benefits to the areas and regions concerned. The negative impacts on tourism when coastal ecosystems are damaged are discussed in section four. Section five shows the economic benefits resulting from sea turtle and whale watching-based tourism in Australia, and section six examines tourism as a conservation tool. In this section, the differing experiences of sea turtle tourism in Sri Lanka and Australia are discussed based on our published work. The final section concludes.

Practical guidelines for planning and implementing fauna translocations

A successful translocation involves many complex factors, including a genetically appropriate source population that can sustain harvest, social and governmental support, assessment of disease transmission risk and a release site with appropriately secure habitat that can support population establishment and persistance. This information is typically discussed during staturory approval processes and can take considerable time. However, following approval, for translocations of most fauna, the initial critical step involves the inherently stressful process of capture, holding, transportation and release. This process is unpredictable and novel, and is especially challenging for wild animals when they are confined in close proximity to conspecifics and humans. In contrast, captive-reared animals have to cope with the unfamiliar challenges of finding food and shelter, along with coping with competition and predation. Little has been written in the scientific literature about the translocation process. This is unsurprising because this process has usually been the realm of skilled practioners, often with animal husbandry backgrounds, rather than research scientists. Highly skilled intuition, observation and the translocation practioner's equivalent of a 'green thumb' often guides the way. However, theory and experimentation, particularly on the effects of stress, is available and this work is invaluable for a successful translocation. Here, we provide a brief description of the translocation process, and discussion of what stress is and how it can be managed. We then provide practical guidelines for the successful translocation of invertebrates, lizards, turtles, passerine birds, marsupials and bats, using examples from Australia and New Zealand.

Mitigating undesirable impacts in the marine environment: A review of market-based management measures

Internationally, marine biodiversity conservation objectives are having an increasing influence on the management of commercial fisheries. While this is largely being implemented through Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) other management measures, such as market based instruments (MBIs), have proved to be effective at managing target species catch in fisheries and reducing environmental impacts in industries such as mining and tourism. Market-based management measures aim to mitigate the impacts of activities by better aligning the incentives their participants face with the objectives of management, changing their behavior as a consequence. In this paper, we review the potential of MBIs as management tools to mitigate undesirable environmental impacts associated with commercial fishing. Where they exist, examples of previous applications are described and the factors that influence their applicability and effectiveness are discussed. Several fishing methods and impacts are considered and suggest that whilst no single approach is most appropriate in all circumstances either replacing or complementing existing management arrangements with MBIs has the potential to improve environmental performance. This has a number of implications. From the environmental perspective they should enable levels of undesirable impacts such as damage to sensitive habitat or the bycatch of protected species of turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds to be reduced. The increased flexibility MBIs allow industry when developing solutions also has the potential to reduce costs to both the industry and managers, improving the cost-effectiveness of regulation as a result. Further, in the increasingly relevant case of MPAs the need for publicly funded compensation, often paid to industry when vessels are excluded from grounds, may also be significantly reduced if improved environmental performance makes it possible for some industry members to continue operating.