920 resultados para Single Health System


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In recent years there has been growing interest in composite indicators as an efficient tool of analysis and a method of prioritizing policies. This paper presents a composite index of intermediary determinants of child health using a multivariate statistical approach. The index shows how specific determinants of child health vary across Colombian departments (administrative subdivisions). We used data collected from the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) for 32 departments and the capital city, Bogotá. Adapting the conceptual framework of Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH), five dimensions related to child health are represented in the index: material circumstances, behavioural factors, psychosocial factors, biological factors and the health system. In order to generate the weight of the variables, and taking into account the discrete nature of the data, principal component analysis (PCA) using polychoric correlations was employed in constructing the index. From this method five principal components were selected. The index was estimated using a weighted average of the retained components. A hierarchical cluster analysis was also carried out. The results show that the biggest differences in intermediary determinants of child health are associated with health care before and during delivery.

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This paper presents a composite index of early childhood health using a multivariate statistical approach. The index shows how child health varies across Colombian departments, -administrative subdivisions-. In recent years there has been growing interest in composite indicators as an efficient analysis tool and a way of prioritizing policies. These indicators not only enable multi-dimensional phenomena to be simplified but also make it easier to measure, visualize, monitor and compare a countryâs performance in particular issues. We used data collected from the Colombian Demographic and Health Survey, DHS, for 32 departments and the capital city, Bogotá, in 2005 and 2010. The variables included in the index provide a measure of three dimensions related to child health: health status, health determinants and the health system. In order to generate the weight of the variables and take into account the discrete nature of the data, we employed a principal component analysis, PCA, using polychoric correlation. From this method, five principal components were selected. The index was estimated using a weighted average of the components retained. A hierarchical cluster analysis was also carried out. We observed that the departments ranking in the lowest positions are located on the Colombian periphery. They are departments with low per capita incomes and they present critical social indicators. The results suggest that the regional disparities in child health may be associated with differences in parental characteristics, household conditions and economic development levels, which makes clear the importance of context in the study of child health in Colombia.

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Hip joint replacement is 1 of the most successful surgical procedures of the last century and the number of replacements implanted is steadily growing. An infected hip arthroplasty is a disaster, it leads to patient suffering, surgeon's frustration and significant costs to the health system. The treatment of an infected hip replacement is challenging, healing rates can be low, functional results poor with decreased patient satisfaction. However, if a patient-adapted treatment of infected hip joints is used a success rate of above 90% can be obtained.Patient-adapted treatment is based on 5 important concepts: teamwork; understanding the biofilm; diagnostic accuracy; correct definition and classification of PJI; and patient-tailored treatment.This review presents a patient-adapted treatment strategy to prosthetic hip infection. It incorporates the best aspects of the single and staged surgical strategies and promotes the short interval philosophy for the 2-stage approach.

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The United Kingdom (UK) for last few decades has been faced with a growing need for health personnel and has therefore attracted professionals, particularly overseas nurses. The country has been characterised by a historical migration policy favourable to the recruitment of foreign health staff. However, in the context of deep shortage and high level of diseases and health system weakness, the international health professional recruitment from Sub Saharan Africa has created unprecedented ethical controversies which have pushed the UK to the centre of discussions because of its liberal policies towards international recruitment that have been considered as aggressive. While the 'brain drain' controversy is well known, less attention has been devoted to the specific international health migration controversy and the pivotal role of the UK in the diffusion of ethical code of practice. Using mainly the perspective of the policy analysis of controversy (Roe 1994) and the analysis of discourses (de Haas 2008), our paper comes back respectively to the nature of the controversy and the pivotal role of the UK. It also analyses how the implementation of UK ethical policies - Code of Practice, banned countries list of recruitment, restrictive immigration policies - have been considered as inefficient and unethical in their contents and their targets.

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The research we present here forms part of a two-phase project - one quantitative and the other qualitative - assessing the use of primary health care services. This paper presents the qualitative phase of said research, which is aimed at ascertaining the needs, beliefs, barriers to access and health practices of the immigrant population in comparison with the native population, as well as the perceptions of healthcare professionals. Moroccan and sub-Saharan were the immigrants to who the qualitative phase was specifically addressed. The aims of this paper are as follows: to analyse any possible implications of family organisation in the health practices of the immigrant population; to ascertain social practices relating to illness; to understand the significances of sexual and reproductive health practices; and to ascertain the ideas and perceptions of immigrants, local people and professionals regarding health and the health system. Methods: qualitative research based on discursive analysis. Data gathering techniques consisted of discussion groups with health system users and semi-structured individual interviews with healthcare professionals. The sample was taken from the Basic Healthcare Areas of Salt and Banyoles (belonging to the Girona Healthcare Region), the discussion groups being comprised of (a) 6 immigrant Moroccan women, (b) 7 immigrant sub-Saharan African women and (c) 6 immigrant and native population men (2 native men, 2 Moroccan men and 2 sub-Saharan men); and the semi-structured interviews being conducted with the following healthcare professionals: (a) 3 gynaecologists, (b) 3 nurses and 1 administrative staff. Results: use of the healthcare system is linked to the perception of not being well, knowledge of the healthcare system, length of time resident in Spain and interiorization of traditional Western medicine as a cure mechanism. The divergences found among the groups of immigrants, local people and healthcare professionals with regard to healthcare education, use of the healthcare service, sexual and reproductive healthcare and reticence with regard to being attended by healthcare personnel of the opposite sex demonstrate a need to work with the immigrant population as a heterogeneous group. Conclusions: the results we have obtained support the idea that feeling unwell is a psycho-social process, as it takes place within a specific socio-cultural situation and spans a range of beliefs, perceptions and ideas regarding symptomology and how to treat it

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In the present study, we compared the performance of a ThinPrep cytological method with the conventional Papanicolaou test for diagnosis of cytopathological changes, with regard to unsatisfactory results achieved at the Central Public Health Laboratory of the State of Pernambuco. A population-based, cross-sectional study was performed with women aged 18 to 65 years, who spontaneously sought gynecological services in Public Health Units in the State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, between April and November 2011. All patients in the study were given a standardized questionnaire on sociodemographics, sexual characteristics, reproductive practices, and habits. A total of 525 patients were assessed by the two methods (11.05% were under the age of 25 years, 30.86% were single, 4.4% had had more than 5 sexual partners, 44% were not using contraception, 38.85% were users of alcohol, 24.38% were smokers, 3.24% had consumed drugs previously, 42.01% had gynecological complaints, and 12.19% had an early history of sexually transmitted diseases). The two methods showed poor correlation (k=0.19; 95%CI=0.11&#8211;0.26; P<0.001). The ThinPrep method reduced the rate of unsatisfactory results from 4.38% to 1.71% (&#967;2=5.28; P=0.02), and the number of cytopathological changes diagnosed increased from 2.47% to 3.04%. This study confirmed that adopting the ThinPrep method for diagnosis of cervical cytological samples was an improvement over the conventional method. Furthermore, this method may reduce possible losses from cytological resampling and reduce obstacles to patient follow-up, improving the quality of the public health system in the State of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil.

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This qualitative research study used grounded theory methodology to explore the settlement experiences and changes in professional identity, self esteem and health status of foreign-trained physicians (FTPs) who resettled in Canada and were not able to practice their profession. Seventeen foreign-trained physicians completed a pre-survey and rated their health status, quality of life, self esteem and stress before and after coming to Canada. They also rated changes in their experiences of violence and trauma, inclusion and belonging, and racism and discrimination. Eight FTPs from the survey sample were interviewed in semi-structured qualitative interviews to explore their experiences with the loss of their professional medical identities and attempts to regain them during resettlement. This study found that without their medical license and identity, this group of FTPs could not fully restore their professional, social, and economic status and this affected their self esteem and health status. The core theme of the loss of professional identity and attempts to regain it while being underemployed were connected with the multifaceted challenges of resettlement which created experiences of lowered selfesteem, and increased stress, anxiety and depression. They identified the re-licensing process (cost, time, energy, few residency positions, and low success rate) as the major barrier to a full and successful settlement and re-establishment of their identities. Grounded research was used to develop General Resettlement Process Model and a Physician Re-licensing Model outlining the tasks and steps for the successfiil general resettlement of all newcomers to Canada with additional process steps to be accomplished by foreign-trained physicians. Maslow's Theory of Needs was expanded to include the re-establishment of professional identity for this group to re-establish levels of safety, security, belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization. Foreign-trained physicians had established prior professional medical identities, self-esteem, recognition, social status, purpose and meaning and bring needed human capital and skills to Canada. However, without identifying and addressing the barriers to their full inclusion in Canadian society, the health of this population may deteriorate and the health system of the host country may miss out on their needed contributions.

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Lâutilisation des services de santé est au centre de lâorganisation des soins. La compréhension des processus qui déterminent cette utilisation est essentielle pour agir sur le système de santé et faire en sorte quâil réponde mieux aux besoins de la population. Lâobjectif de cette thèse est de comprendre le phénomène complexe quâest lâutilisation des services de santé en sâintéressant à la pratique des médecins omnipraticiens. En nous appuyant sur le cadre théorique de Donabedian, nous décomposons les déterminants de lâutilisation des services de santé en trois niveaux : le niveau individuel, le niveau organisationnel, et le niveau environnemental. Pour tenir compte de la complexité des phénomènes de cette étude nous proposons de nous appuyer sur lâapproche configurationnelle. Notre question de recherche est la suivante : dans quelle mesure le mode dâexercice des omnipraticiens influence-t-il la prestation des services et comment lâenvironnement géographique et la patientèle modulent-ils cette relation ? Nous avons utilisé des bases de données jumelées du Collège des médecins du Québec, de la Régie dâassurance maladie du Québec et de la banque de données iCLSC. Notre échantillon est constitué des médecins omnipraticiens de lâannée 2002, ayant satisfait aux critères dâinclusion, ce qui représente près de 70% de la population totale. Des analyses de correspondances multiples et des classifications ascendantes hiérarchiques ont été utilisées pour réaliser la taxonomie des modes dâexercice et des contextes géographiques. Nous avons construit des indicateurs dâutilisation des services de santé pour apprécier la continuité, la globalité, lâaccessibilité et la productivité. Ces indicateurs ont été validés en les comparant à ceux dâune enquête populationnelle. Nous présentons tout dâabord les modes dâexercice des médecins qui sont au nombre de sept. Deux modes dâexercice à lieu unique ont émergé : le mode dâexercice en cabinet privé d'une part, caractérisé par des niveaux de continuité et productivité élevés, le mode dâexercice en CLSC d'autre part présentant un niveau de productivité faible et des niveaux de globalité et d'accessibilité légèrement au-dessus de la moyenne. Dans les cinq autres modes dâexercice, les médecins exercent leur pratique dans une configuration de lieux. Deux modes dâexercice multi-institutionnel réunissent des médecins qui partagent leur temps entre les urgences, les centres hospitaliers et le cabinet privé ou le CLSC. Les médecins de ces deux groupes présentent des niveaux dâaccessibilité et de productivité très élevés. Le mode dâexercice le moins actif réunit des médecins travaillant en cabinet privé et en CHLSD. Leur niveau dâactivité est inférieur à la moyenne. Ils sont caractérisés par un niveau de continuité très élevé. Le mode dâexercice ambulatoire regroupe des médecins qui partagent leur pratique entre le CLSC, le cabinet privé et le CHLSD. Ces médecins présentent des résultats faibles sur tous les indicateurs. Finalement le mode dâexercice hospitaliste réunit des médecins dont la majorité de la pratique sâexerce en milieu hospitalier avec une petite composante en cabinet privé. Dans ce mode dâexercice tous les indicateurs sont faibles. Les analyses ont mis en évidence quatre groupes de territoires de CSSS : les ruraux, les semi-urbains, les urbains et les métropolitains. La prévalence des modes dâexercice varie selon les contextes. En milieu rural, le multi-institutionnel attire près dâun tiers des médecins. En milieu semi-urbain, les médecins se retrouvent de façon plus prédominante dans les modes dâexercice ayant une composante CLSC. En milieu urbain, les modes dâexercice ayant une composante cabinet privé attirent plus de médecins. En milieu métropolitain, les modes dâexercice moins actif et hospitaliste attirent près de 40% des médecins. Les omnipraticiens se répartissent presque également dans les autres modes dâexercice. Les niveaux des indicateurs varient en fonction de lâenvironnement géographique. Ainsi lâaccessibilité augmente avec le niveau de ruralité. De façon inverse, la productivité augmente avec le niveau dâurbanité. La continuité des soins est plus élevée en régions métropolitaines et rurales. La globalité varie peu dâun contexte à lâautre. Pour pallier à la carence de lâanalyse partielle de lâorganisation de la pratique des médecins dans la littérature, nous avons créé le concept de mode dâexercice comme la configuration de lieux professionnels de pratique propre à chaque médecin. A notre connaissance, il nâexiste pas dans la littérature, dâétude qui ait analysé simultanément quatre indicateurs de lâutilisation des services pour évaluer la prestation des services médicaux, comme nous lâavons fait. Les résultats de nos analyses montrent quâil existe une différence dans la prestation des services selon le mode dâexercice. Certains des résultats trouvés sont documentés dans la littérature et plus particulièrement quand il sâagit de mode dâexercice à lieu unique. La continuité et la globalité des soins semblent évoluer dans le même sens. De même, la productivité et lâaccessibilité sont corrélées positivement. Cependant il existe une tension, entre les premiers indicateurs et les seconds. Seuls les modes dâexercice à lieu unique déjouent lâarbitrage entre les indicateurs, énoncé dans lâétat des connaissances. Aucun mode dâexercice ne présente de niveaux élevés pour les quatre indicateurs. Il est donc nécessaire de travailler sur des combinaisons de modes dâexercice, sur des territoires, afin dâoffrir à la population les services nécessaires pour lâatteinte concomitante des quatre objectifs de prestation des services. Les modes dâexercice émergents (qui attirent les jeunes médecins) et les modes dâexercice en voie de disparition (où la prévalence des médecins les plus âgés est la plus grande) sont préoccupants. A noter que les modes dâexercice amenés à disparaître répondent mieux aux besoins de santé de la population que les modes dâexercice émergents, au regard de tous nos indicateurs. En conclusion, cette thèse présente trois contributions théoriques et trois contributions méthodologiques. Les implications pour les recherches futures et la décision indiquent que, si aucune mesure nâest mise en place pour renverser la tendance, le Québec risque de vivre des pénuries dans la prestation des services en termes de continuité, globalité et accessibilité.

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Problématique : Le concept dâ« Hôpital promoteur de santé » (HPS) a émergé dans le sillon de la Charte dâOttawa (1986) qui plaide notamment pour une réorientation des services de santé vers des services plus promoteurs de santé. Il cible la santé des patients, du personnel, de la communauté et de lâorganisation elle-même. Dans le cadre de la réforme du système de santé au Québec qui vise à rapprocher les services de la population et à faciliter le cheminement de toute personne au sein dâun réseau local de services de santé et de services sociaux (RLS), lâadoption du concept HPS semble constituer une fenêtre dâopportunité pour les CHU, désormais inclus dans des réseaux universitaires intégrés de soins de santé et rattachés aux RLS, pour opérer des changements organisationnels majeurs. Face au peu de données scientifiques sur lâimplantation des dimensions des projets HPS, les établissements de santé ont besoin dâêtre accompagnés dans ce processus par le développement de stratégies claires et dâoutils concrets pour soutenir lâimplantation. Notre étude porte sur le premier CHU à Montréal qui a décidé dâadopter le concept et dâimplanter notamment un projet pilote HPS au sein de son centre périnatal. Objectifs : Les objectifs de la thèse sont 1) dâanalyser la théorie dâintervention du projet HPS au sein du centre périnatal; 2) dâanalyser lâimplantation du projet HPS et; 3) dâexplorer lâintérêt de lâévaluation développementale pour appuyer le processus dâimplantation. Méthodologie : Pour mieux comprendre lâimplantation du projet HPS, nous avons opté pour une étude de cas qualitative. Nous avons dâabord analysé la théorie dâintervention, en procédant à une revue de la littérature dans le but dâidentifier les caractéristiques du projet HPS ainsi que les conditions nécessaires à son implantation. En ce qui concerne lâanalyse dâimplantation, notre étude de cas unique a intégré deux démarches méthodologiques : lâune visant à apprécier le niveau dâimplantation et lâautre, à analyser les facteurs facilitants et les contraintes. Enfin, nous avons exploré lâintérêt dâune évaluation développementale pour appuyer le processus dâimplantation. à partir dâun échantillonnage par choix raisonnés, les données de lâétude de cas ont été collectées auprès dâinformateurs clés, des promoteurs du projet HPS, des gestionnaires, des professionnels et de couples de patients directement concernés par lâimplantation du projet HPS au centre périnatal. Une analyse des documents de projet a été effectuée et nous avons procédé à une observation participante dans le milieu. Résultats : Le premier article sur lâanalyse logique présente les forces et les faiblesses de la mise en oeuvre du projet HPS au centre périnatal et offre une meilleure compréhension des facteurs susceptibles dâinfluencer lâimplantation. Le second article apprécie le niveau dâimplantation des quatre dimensions du projet HPS. Grâce à la complémentarité des différentes sources utilisées, nous avons réussi à cerner les réussites globales, les activités partiellement implantées ou en cours dâimplantation et les activités reposant sur une théorie dâintervention inadéquate. Le troisième article met en évidence lâinfluence des caractéristiques de lâintervention, des contextes externe et interne, des caractéristiques individuelles sur le processus dâimplantation à partir du cadre dâanalyse de lâimplantation développé par Damschroder et al. (2009). Enfin, le dernier article présente les défis rencontrés par la chercheure dans sa tentative dâutilisation de lâévaluation développementale et propose des solutions permettant dâanticiper les difficultés liées à lâintégration des exigences de recherche et dâutilisation. Conclusion : Cette thèse contribue à enrichir la compréhension de lâimplantation du projet HPS dans les établissements de santé et, particulièrement, en contexte périnatal. Les résultats obtenus sont intéressants pour les chercheurs et les gestionnaires dâhôpitaux ou dâétablissements de santé qui souhaitent implanter ou évaluer les projets HPS dans leurs milieux.

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In the midst of health care reform, Colombia has succeeded in increasing health insurance coverage and the quality of health care. In spite of this, efficiency continues to be a matter of concern, and small-area variations in health care are one of the plausible causes of such inefficiencies. In order to understand this issue, we use individual data of all births from a Contributory-Regimen insurer in Colombia. We perform two different specifications of a multilevel logistic regression model. Our results reveal that hospitals account for 20% of variation on the probability of performing cesarean sections. Geographic area only explains 1/3 of the variance attributable to the hospital. Furthermore, some variables from both demand and supply sides are found to be also relevant on the probability of undergoing cesarean sections. This paper contributes to previous research by using a hierarchical model and by defining hospitals as cluster. Moreover, we also include clinical and supply induced demand variables.

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La reforma colombiana al sistema de salud (Ley 100 de 1993) estableció, como estrategia para facilitar el acceso, la universalidad de un seguro de salud que se adquiere mediante la cotización en el régimen contributivo o mediante la afiliación gratuita al régimen subsidiado, con la meta de cubrir a toda la población con un plan de beneficios único que comprende servicios de todos los niveles de atención. En el documento se analizan los principales hechos estilizados de la reforma en cuanto a cobertura del seguro y acceso y, mediante modelos logit, se estiman los determinantes de la afiliación y del acceso, con datos de las encuestas de calidad de vida de 1997 y 2003. Se destaca que la cobertura pasó del 20% de la población en 1993 al 60% en 2004, aunque parece imposible alcanzar la universalidad; la estructura y evolución de la cobertura muestran que los dos regímenes son complementarios, de modo que mientras el contributivo tiene mayor presencia en las ciudades y entre la población con empleo formal, el subsidiado tiene mayor peso entre la población rural y con bajos niveles de ingresos; por otra parte, el seguro tiene ventajas para la población subsidiada, con una mayor probabilidad de utilización de servicios, aunque el plan es inferior al del contributivo y existen barreras para el acceso.

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El artículo busca encontrar evidencia empírica de los determinantes de la salud, como una medición de capital salud en un país en desarrollo después de una profunda reforma en el sector salud. Siguiendo el modelo de Grossman (1972) y tomando factores institucionales, además de las variables individuales y socioeconómicas. Se usaron las encuestas de 1997 y 2000 donde se responde subjetivamente sobre el estado de salud y tipo de afiliación al sistema de salud. El proceso de estimación usado es un probit ordenado. Los resultados muestran una importante conexión entre las variables individuales, institucionales y socioeconómicas con el estado de salud. El efecto de tipo de acceso al sistema de salud presiona las inequidades en salud.

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The research we present here forms part of a two-phase project - one quantitative and the other qualitative - assessing the use of primary health care services. This paper presents the qualitative phase of said research, which is aimed at ascertaining the needs, beliefs, barriers to access and health practices of the immigrant population in comparison with the native population, as well as the perceptions of healthcare professionals. Moroccan and sub-Saharan were the immigrants to who the qualitative phase was specifically addressed. The aims of this paper are as follows: to analyse any possible implications of family organisation in the health practices of the immigrant population; to ascertain social practices relating to illness; to understand the significances of sexual and reproductive health practices; and to ascertain the ideas and perceptions of immigrants, local people and professionals regarding health and the health system. Methods: qualitative research based on discursive analysis. Data gathering techniques consisted of discussion groups with health system users and semi-structured individual interviews with healthcare professionals. The sample was taken from the Basic Healthcare Areas of Salt and Banyoles (belonging to the Girona Healthcare Region), the discussion groups being comprised of (a) 6 immigrant Moroccan women, (b) 7 immigrant sub-Saharan African women and (c) 6 immigrant and native population men (2 native men, 2 Moroccan men and 2 sub-Saharan men); and the semi-structured interviews being conducted with the following healthcare professionals: (a) 3 gynaecologists, (b) 3 nurses and 1 administrative staff. Results: use of the healthcare system is linked to the perception of not being well, knowledge of the healthcare system, length of time resident in Spain and interiorization of traditional Western medicine as a cure mechanism. The divergences found among the groups of immigrants, local people and healthcare professionals with regard to healthcare education, use of the healthcare service, sexual and reproductive healthcare and reticence with regard to being attended by healthcare personnel of the opposite sex demonstrate a need to work with the immigrant population as a heterogeneous group. Conclusions: the results we have obtained support the idea that feeling unwell is a psycho-social process, as it takes place within a specific socio-cultural situation and spans a range of beliefs, perceptions and ideas regarding symptomology and how to treat it

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The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, the BIPM, was established by Article 1 of the Convention du Mètre, on 20 May 1875, and is charged with providing the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements to be used throughout the world. The decimal metric system, dating from the time of the French Revolution, was based on the metre and the kilogram. Under the terms of the 1875 Convention, new international prototypes of the metre and kilogram were made and formally adopted by the first Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) in 1889. Over time this system developed, so that it now includes seven base units. In 1960 it was decided at the 11th CGPM that it should be called the Système International dâUnités, the SI (in English: the International System of Units). The SI is not static but evolves to match the worldâs increasingly demanding requirements for measurements at all levels of precision and in all areas of science, technology, and human endeavour. This document is a summary of the SI Brochure, a publication of the BIPM which is a statement of the current status of the SI. The seven base units of the SI, listed in Table 1, provide the reference used to define all the measurement units of the International System. As science advances, and methods of measurement are refined, their definitions have to be revised. The more accurate the measurements, the greater the care required in the realization of the units of measurement.

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Implementations of incremental variational data assimilation require the iterative minimization of a series of linear least-squares cost functions. The accuracy and speed with which these linear minimization problems can be solved is determined by the condition number of the Hessian of the problem. In this study, we examine how different components of the assimilation system influence this condition number. Theoretical bounds on the condition number for a single parameter system are presented and used to predict how the condition number is affected by the observation distribution and accuracy and by the specified lengthscales in the background error covariance matrix. The theoretical results are verified in the Met Office variational data assimilation system, using both pseudo-observations and real data.