THE IMPACT OF GUANXI TO MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES BUSINESS PERFORMACE, CORPORATE REPUTATION, NEGOTIATIONS AND MANAGEMENT IN CHINA

The modern business development of China began during 1978 and during the last decades Chinese have created one of the most dynamic and strongest economies in the world. China is now second largest trading power calculated in dollars. The special characteristic of this economic development is that it is not copy of any existing economy, instead the developments have been strongly influenced by the Chinese cultural characteristics. One cultural characteristic, guanxi, which is a “network of services and counter- services” is argued to be major component of successful business in China where these changes of services happen between people but also between companies. Obtaining introductions and the guanxi when doing business in China will give attentive audience and security for companies business. Despite the evidenced importance of guanxi, China´s business environment is rapidly changing towards Western economies, which might then reduce the importance of guanxi. Therefore the current impact of guanxi is a important topic to study. The main purpose of this study is to explore the impact of guanxi for Western big and small sized multinational companies´ business processes when doing business in China. This study looks What is the impact of guanxi in contemporary Chinese business environment for foreign companies doing business in China. Sub-questions in this research focus on what is the impact of guanxi on corporate reputation, management and negotiations. Findings present a mixed view where the importance of guanxi is not anymore critical, especially among younger people in the cities, however guanxi was clearly important outside the cities and when dealing with government officials. Efficient use of guanxi can be extremely profitable especially during early stages of business operations and guanxi plays role when bargaining prices and ensuring product quality from the factories. Therefore guanxi should be considered as essential element for successful business in China.

Work for your happiness - Theoretical and empirical study defining and measuring happiness at work

There are vast changes in the work environment, and the traditional rules and management methods might not be suitable for today’s employees anymore. The meaning of work is also changing due to the younger and higher educated generations entering the markets. Old customs need to be re-validated and new approaches should be taken into use. This paper strongly emphasizes the importance of happiness research and happiness at work. The values towards the meaning of work are changing; people demand happiness and quality from all aspects of their lives. The aim of this study is to define happiness - especially at work - and to explain how it can be measured and what kind of results achieved. I also want to find out how the contents of work and the working environment might enhance happiness. The correlation between education and happiness is discussed and examined. I am aware that the findings and theories are concentrating mainly on Western Countries and highlighting the values and work-environments of those societies. The main aim of the empirical study is to find out if there are connections between happiness and work in data collected by World Value Survey in 2005, and if the profession has effects on happiness. Other factors such as the correlation of age, sex, education and income are examined too. I also want to find out what kind of values people have towards work and how these affect the happiness levels. The focus is on two nations: Finland (N=1014) and Italy (N=1012). I have also taken the global comparison within, that is all 54 countries (N=66,566) included in the 5th wave (during the years 2005 -2008) of the World Value Survey. The results suggest that people are generally happy around the world; happiness decreasing with the age, the educated being happier than the uneducated and the employed happier than the unemployed. People working in neat “white collar” jobs are more likely happier than those working in factories or outdoors. Money makes us happier, until certain level is reached. Work is important to people and the importance of work adds happiness. Work is also highly appreciated, but there are more happy people among those who do not appreciate work that highly. Safety matters the most when looking for a job, and there are more happy people among those who have selected the importance of work as the first choice when looking for a job, than among those to whom an income is the most important aspect. People are more likely happy when the quality of work is high, that is when their job consists of creative and cognitive tasks and when they have a feeling of independence.

Ympäristö- ja energianhallintajärjestelmän suunnittelu valaisinpylväitä valmistavalle yritykselle

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia, miten ympäristö- ja energianhallintajärjestelmät tulisi yrityksessä rakentaa. Tarkoituksena oli myös analysoida toimipaikkojen ominaisuuksien perusteella, olisiko Tehomet-konsernin tehtaille kannattavampaa rakentaa yhteinen vai oma hallintajärjestelmä. Lisäksi analysoitiin ympäristö- ja energianhallintajärjestelmien integroimista olemassa olevaan laatujärjestelmään. Kansainvälisten ISO-standardien pohjalta rakennetaan hallintajärjestelmä, joka toimii johtamisen työkaluna. Järjestelmä sisältää käytännössä sovitut toimintatavat ja kirjatut menetelmät, joilla voidaan hallita yrityksen todettuja ja mahdollisia ympäristövaikutuksia. Työssä keskityttiin yrityksen toiveiden mukaisesti erityisesti ympäristöjärjestelmään. Tapaustutkimuksen menetelmänä käytettiin kyselyä, haastatteluja ja tehdaskatselmuskierrosta. Standardien sisältöjen ja toimijan nykytilanteen kartoittamisen sekä jatkotoimenpiteiden pohtimisen tuloksena syntyivät teoriakatsaus järjestelmistä, alustavan ympäristökatselmuksen tulokset sekä toimintamalli ympäristöjärjestelmän käyttöönottamiseksi. Toimintamallin esimerkkien avulla yrityksen on mahdollista rakentaa ympäristöjärjestelmä. Työn sovellusosassa kerrottiin, miltä osin energiajärjestelmä eroaa ympäristöjärjestelmästä, eli mitkä asiat tulisi vielä huomioida, jotta energia-asioita voitaisiin jatkossa hallita standardin mukaisesti. Työn toimenpidesuositusten avulla on siten annettu ohjeet myös energianjärjestelmän rakentamiseksi. Järjestelmän rakentamisen jälkeen alkaa ylläpitotyö jatkuvan parantamisen periaatteen mukaisesti.

Wastewater Treatment and Deinking Sludge Utilization Possibilities for Energy and Material Recovery in the Leningrad Region

Operation of pulp and paper mills generates waste including wastewater treatment sludge and deinking sludge. Both sludge types are generated in large amounts and are mainly disposed of in landfills in the Leningrad Region resulting in environmental degradation. The thesis was aimed at seeking new sustainable ways of sludge utilization. Two paper mills operating in the Leningrad Region and landfilling their sludge were identified: “SCA Hygiene Products Russia” and “Knauf”. The former generates 150 t/day of deinking sludge, the latter – 145 t/day of secondary sludge. Chemical analyses of deinking sludge were performed to assess applicability of sludge in construction materials production processes. Higher heating value on dry basis of both sludge types was determined to evaluate energy potential of sludge generated in the Leningrad Region. Total energy output from sludge incineration was calculated. Deinking sludge could be utilized in the production process of “LSR-Cement” or “Slantsy Cement Plant Cesla” factories, and “Pobeda” and “Nikolsky” brick mills without exceeding current sludge management costs.

Sisäisten tuotevirtojen hallinta elintarviketeollisuudessa

Elintarvikealan yritysten tulee kehittää laadukkaita, kustannustehokkaita ja monipuolisen sisällön omaavia tuotteita elintarvikealan standardeja noudattaen nopeammin kuin koskaan. Uusien lopputuotteiden kehittämisen myötä myös puolivalmisteiden kokonaismäärä kasvaa, mikä vaikeuttaa erityisesti sisäisten tuotevirtojen hallittavuutta tehtaalla. Toimintaympäristön muutoksien seurauksena yritysten on automatisoitava toimintoja tehostaakseen tuotantoaan ja saavuttaakseen kilpailuetua. Tutkimuksen tekemiseen käytettiin kvalitatiivista eli laadullista lähestymistapaa, jonka tarkoituksena on tutkia kohdetta mahdollisimman monipuolisesti. Kvalitatiivisen tiedon hankkimiseen käytettiin haastatteluja sekä osallistuvaa ja passiivista tarkkailua. Toimintatutkimuksen tavoin tarkoituksena oli kehittää ratkaisu kohdeyrityksen ongelmaan soveltamalla olemassa olevaa teoreettista tietämystä ja kentällä tehtyjä havaintoja. Tutkimuksen tuloksena löydettiin parhaiten kohdeyrityksen tehdasympäristöön sisäisten tuotevirtojen hallintaan soveltuva seuranta- ja tunnistustekniikka. Lisäksi haastatteluiden pohjalta saatiin määritettyä liikkeellepanevat ja vastustavat voimat, jotka ohjaavat mahdollisen investointisuunnitelman etenemistä ja päätöksentekoa.

Time to volume through efficient multi-site ramp-up

The aim of this thesis was to create a process for all multi-site ramp-up (MSRU) projects in the case company in order to have simultaneous ramp-ups early in the market. The research was done through case study in one company and semi-structured interviews. There are already processes, which are now in use in MSRU-cases. Interviews of 20 ramp-up specialists revealed topics to be improved. Those were project team set up, roles and responsibilities and recommended project organization, communication, product change management practices, competence and know how transfer practices and support model. More R&D support and involvement is needed in MSRU-projects. DCM’s role is very important in the MSRU-projects among PMT-team; he should be the business owner of the project. Recommendation is that product programs could take care of the product and repair training of new products in volume factories. R&D’s participation in competence transfers is essential important in MSRU-projects. Communication in projects could be shared through special intranet commune. Blogging and tweeting could be considered in the communication plan. If hundreds of change notes are open in ramp-up phase, it should be considered not to approve the product into volume ramp-up. PMTs’ supports are also important and MSRU-projects should be planned, budgeted and executed together. Finally a new MSRU-process is presented in this thesis to be used in all MSRU-projects.

Physical and chemical properties of granulated cane sugar "panelas"

"Panela" is a natural sweetener obtained by concentrating sugar cane juice and handmade in small factories. In the study carried out, the physical and chemical properties of two commercial brands of artisanal granulated panelas and of one made on an experimental level were determined. Three lots of each sample were analyzed. The parameters measured were moisture, a w, protein, ash, minerals, reducing sugars, sucrose, pH, color (L, a and b), insoluble solids (IS), transmittance a 720 nm and filterability. In addition, a qualitative test to detect sulphur dioxide was performed. The parameters with higher variability were moisture (1.66-4.36 g.100 g-1), a w (0.51-0.69), reducing sugars (4.58-11.48 g.100 g-1), pH (5.58-6.90), and color. Potassium was the most abundant mineral (229.52-1027.18 mg.100 g-1). An inverse relationship between IS and transmittance at 720 nm (R² = 0.96) and a direct relationship between IS and ash (R² = 0.94) were found. The sulphur dioxide test was negative for all the samples.

Culture alternative medium for the growth of extreme halophilic bacteria in fish products

Halotolerant or halophilic (Archaeabacteria) microorganisms can be found in salted and ripening fish products that are not affected by salt. They can be moderate or extremely halophilic bacteria. The extremely halophilic bacteria require between 15-30% of NaCl for growth. The extremely halophilic archaeobacteria may be selectively isolated in different media. The aim of this work was to determine the effectiveness of the Salt-Agar-Milk medium, a medium modified in our laboratory through the addition of MgSO4 and KCl - named SAMm, and its effect on the bacterial growth by means of comparison with other media, with and without milk, determining time of incubation and counting. Two samples of salted fish from local fish salting factories and two laboratory strains were used. The factory samples were matured anchovy and anchovy fillets in oil, and the laboratory strains were: Haloarcula spp. (proteolytic) and Halococcus spp. (non-proteolytic). The following media were alternatively used for the isolation of extremely halophilic bacteria: IRAM; Formulation of Gibbons and collaborators, Cod Milk agar, and SAMm. IRAM and Gibbons were also used enriched with milk. In the SAMm medium, there were obtained count values similar or higher than the ones of the traditional media; besides the simplicity of its elaboration, the possibility to obtain positive results two or three days earlier also added to its benefit. Consequently, it can be considered an alternative to the media traditionally used for the studied halophilic bacteria.

The effect of chemical treatments on the pH & microbial flora of cassava residues during storage

Cassava starch factories produce residues that can be commercialized as food ingredients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological safety of cassava peel and bagasse during storage, with and without chemical treatment. The bagasse was acidified with lactic acid, and the peel was immersed in a sodium hypochlorite solution. The microbiological analyses were carried out for 72 h after harvest. All of the samples showed the absence of pathogenic microorganisms, and the acidification and sanitization were effective in controlling total coliforms. Cassava bagasse and peel samples can be considered safe for consumption by humans as ingredients for other food products.

Automated sugar analysis

Abstract Sugarcane monosaccharides are reducing sugars, and classical analytical methodologies (Lane-Eynon, Benedict, complexometric-EDTA, Luff-Schoorl, Musson-Walker, Somogyi-Nelson) are based on reducing copper ions in alkaline solutions. In Brazil, certain factories use Lane-Eynon, others use the equipment referred to as “REDUTEC”, and additional factories analyze reducing sugars based on a mathematic model. The objective of this paper is to understand the relationship between variations in millivolts, mass and tenors of reducing sugars during the analysis process. Another objective is to generate an automatic model for this process. The work herein uses the equipment referred to as “REDUTEC”, a digital balance, a peristaltic pump, a digital camcorder, math programs and graphics programs. We conclude that the millivolts, mass and tenors of reducing sugars exhibit a good mathematical correlation, and the mathematical model generated was benchmarked to low-concentration reducing sugars (<0.3%). Using the model created herein, reducing sugars analyses can be automated using the new equipment.

Toimittajien suorituskykymittariston suunnittelu ja toteutus

Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena oli kehittää teollisuusyrityksen toimittajahallintaa suorituskykymittauksen avulla. Työssä suunnitellaan ja toteutetaan toimittajien suorituskykymittaristo teoriatiedon avulla. Projektin lopputuloksena case-yrityksellä on käytössään kokonaisvaltainen toimittajien suorituskykymittaristo ja kehittyneet toimittajahallinnan prosessit. Työn teoriaosuudessa syvennytään erilaisiin suorituskykymittariston kehittämisen viitekehyksiin. Lisäksi teoriaosuudessa käsitellään hyvän suorituskykymittariston vaatimuksia ja suositeltuja mittauksen seuranta-alueita. Työn empiriaosuudessa rakennetaan suorituskykymittaristo vaihe vaiheelta perustuen tapaustutkimukseen. Kehitettyä suorituskykymittaristoa testattiin simulaatiovaiheen aikana case-yrityksen kolmella tehtaalla. Käyttäjäpalautteen perusteella mittaristo täytti teoriaosuudessa löydetyt tärkeimmät vaatimukset suorituskykymittaristolle. Mittaristo on helppokäyttöinen, visuaalinen ja sen raportoinnista saa arvokasta informaatiota toimittajien arviointiin. Diplomityön konkreettisia hyötyjä case-yritykselle ovat olleet laatupoikkeamien kehittynyt havaitseminen ja toimittajan hintakilpailukyvyn parantunut arviointi. Kaikkein merkittävin hyöty case-yritykselle on kuitenkin ollut systemaattinen toimittaja-arviointiprosessi, minkä suorituskykymittaristo mahdollistaa.

Total cost model to compare own and partner manufacturing

Target of this study was to develop a total cost calculation model to compare all costs from manufacturing and logistics from own factories or from partner factories to global distribution centers in a case company. Especially the total cost calculation model was needed to simulate an own factory utilization effect in the total cost calculation context. This study consist of the theoretical literature review and the empirical case study. This study was completed using the constructive research approach. The result of this study was a new total cost calculation model. The new total cost calculation model includes not only all the costs caused by manufacturing and logistics, but also the relevant capital costs. Using the new total cost calculation model, case company is able to complete the total cost calculations taking into account the own factory utilization effect in different volume situations and volume shares between an own factory and a partner factory.

Maple Leaf Mills Records 1955, 1960-1964, 1975-1987, 1989, n.d.

Ontario Editorial Bureau (O.E.B.)

Canadian Shredded Wheat Company Fonds

In 1893 Attorney Henry Drushel Perky and William H. Ford invented a machine for the preparation of cereals for food. Perky soon realized that the actual cereal biscuits were more popular than the machines and he opened Shredded Wheat plants in Massachusetts and Niagara Falls, New York. In 1904, the Niagara Falls, Canada plant was opened. These factories also served as tourist attractions. In 1907, one hundred thousand people visited the plants on both sides of the border. In 1928, the company was sold to The National Biscuit Company and the product name changed to Nabisco Shredded Wheat. The name of the plant was changed to Nabisco Foods in 1956 to reflect the variety of foods that were being produced at that time. In 1985, Nabisco was purchased by J.R. Reynolds thus forming RJR Nabisco. In 1994, RJR sold its breakfast cereal business to Kraft Foods and the international licenses to General Mills. Shredded Wheat is now integrated into the Post Foods portfolio. with information from: Niagara Falls Canada a History by The Kiwanis Club of Stamford, Ontario Inc. and Business Source Complete

Hendershot & Brother - Vignette

A vignette of the Hendershot & Brother Store, "dealers of dry goods, groceries, hardware, boots & shoes, iron and steel, dealers in grain and farmer's produce". The proprietors are Paul H. Hendershott and Abraham Hendershott and the business is located in St. Catharines.