Lope de Vega y Madrid.

Cuaderno de trabajo dirigido al profesorado, perteneciente a la serie Recorridos Literarios por Madrid. Se propone por una parte el análisis de la figura de Lope de Vega y por otra, el estudio, a través de él y su obra, del Madrid de su época. Se recogen una serie de propuestas didácticas que tienen como eje central un recorrido por el Madrid de Lope de Vega. Además, se incluyen actividades interdisciplinares (dramatización, grabación de vídeos, dibujos, canciones, confección de un periódico del Madrid del XVII, informes, lecturas complementarias, etc.).

Medidas y educación sanitaria adoptadas en el control de enfermedades durante los siglos XIX y XX en Los Santos de Maimona (Badajoz).

Resumen basado en el de los autores. Resumen en inglés

Sagrados monumentos - relíquias de mártires e de santos em Portugal

Neste estudo, o autor propõe-se avaliar a problemática, centrada na realidade histórica de Portugal, das práticas devocionais em torno das relíquias de mártires e de santos.Depois de se propor uma síntese global sobre a evolução, em tempos medievais, deste universo religioso, passa-se à avaliação de um caso, o do Convento de Jesus de Setúbal, de monjas colectinas, em pleno século XVII, através da exploração de um tipo de recursos geralmente ignorado pelos historiadores: as notícias descritivas dos relicários produzidas em mosteiros e santuários nacionais dessa época. Constituindo uma expressão de devoção religiosa extremamente popular, nesses séculos, nem por isso deixam de merecer a mais profunda adesão das elites clericais e nobiliárquicas católicas.

A presença dos santos : martírios e relíquias sagradas na construção do território cristão na América portuguesa

O texto investiga atores sociais estratégicos para promover a ocupação do território da América Portuguesa no início da Idade Moderna, sem os quais dificilmente a colonização teria se viabilizado: os santos e mártires católicos. Os santos católicos se fizeram presentes na América tanto por meio de suas imagens e narrativas quanto por sua presença física, por meio de suas relíquias sagradas, como as pegadas de São Tomé encontradas na América, e também as relíquias de santos transportadas da Europa para o novo continente. As relíquias sagradas foram objetos de grande veneração pelos cristãos, mas também investidas de sentidos pelos índios. O texto investiga também o significado da construção contemporânea da santidade, por meio da busca - e por vezes da conquista - do martírio por missionários, principalmente jesuítas e franciscanos. Assim como as relíquias sagradas, o martírio e a figura do mártir constituíram elementos de tradução entre as culturas católica e ameríndia.

Los nuevos santos de la farándula y las estrategias discursivas de la comunicación mediática en sus libros autobiográficos

Las autobiografías de la gente de pantalla, famosos o celebridades tienen una gran proliferación, son una tendencia de actualidad y responden a una realidad comunicacional. Este trabajo tiene interés por los factores que hacen que las autobiografías sigan siendo tan producidas y consumidas. La investigación se centra en lo que cuentan las autobiografías, pero sobre todo en el cómo lo cuentan, para llamar la atención y lograr el interés del público. Se plantea responder a la pregunta ¿cómo se construyen discursivamente las personas de la farándula en los relatos autobiográficos para interpelar al público?, partiendo de la hipótesis que este tipo de autobiografías utilizan en sus narrativas estrategias provenientes de la comunicación mediática para interpelar y entretener; y, estrategias del discurso de virtudes, para promover a los protagonistas como ejemplos de vida, de ahí el calificativo de los nuevos santos de la farándula como una categoría narrativa de vidas que asemejan el llamado de las vidas en santidad. Para cumplir con este propósito, el trabajo se divide en tres capítulos. En el primer capítulo se realiza una propuesta teórica que permite un acercamiento con los principales descriptores: la autobiografía, la farándula y lo ejemplar. En el segundo, se analiza una muestra de cuatro autobiografías, a partir de las estrategias discursivas que utiliza la comunicación mediática. En el tercer capítulo se identifica la relación de las autobiografías con el discurso de virtudes. Para culminar se presenta un acápite de resultados que sintetizan el aprendizaje obtenido y que demuestra a las autobiografías como géneros discursivos que permiten la hibridación de distintos modelos narrativos, en una constante relación de las vidas contadas entre la realidad y la ficcionalización propia de la comunicación de masas y de la industria del entretenimiento, que ahora además incorpora el modelo de la ejemplaridad.

Upper limit on the cosmic-ray photon flux above 10(19) eV using the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

A method is developed to search for air showers initiated by photons using data recorded by the surface detector of the Auger Observatory. The approach is based on observables sensitive to the longitudinal shower development, the signal risetime and the curvature of the shower front. Applying this method to the data, tipper limits on the flux of photons of 3.8 x 10(-3), 2.5 x 10(-3), and 2.2 x 10(-3) km(-2) sr(-1) yr(-1) above 10(19) eV, 2 x 10(19) eV, and 4 x 10(19) eV are derived, with corresponding limits on the fraction of photons being 2.0%, 5.1%, and 31% (all limits at 95% c.l.). These photon limits disfavor certain exotic models of sources of cosmic rays. The results also show that the approach adopted by the Auger Observatory to calibrate the shower energy is not strongly biased by a contamination from photons. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Correlation of the highest-energy cosmic rays with the positions of nearby active galactic nuclei

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory provide evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of the cosmic rays with the highest-energies, which are correlated with the positions of relatively nearby active galactic nuclei (AGN) [Pierre Auger Collaboration, Science 318 (2007) 938]. The correlation has maximum significance for cosmic rays with energy greater than similar to 6 x 10(19) eV and AGN at a distance less than similar to 75 Mpc. We have confirmed the anisotropy at a confidence level of more than 99% through a test with parameters specified a priori, using an independent data set. The observed correlation is compatible with the hypothesis that cosmic rays with the highest-energies originate from extra-galactic sources close enough so that their flux is not significantly attenuated by interaction with the cosmic background radiation (the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz`min effect). The angular scale of the correlation observed is a few degrees, which suggests a predominantly light composition unless the magnetic fields are very weak outside the thin disk of our galaxy. Our present data do not identify AGN as the sources of cosmic rays unambiguously, and other candidate sources which are distributed as nearby AGN are not ruled out. We discuss the prospect of unequivocal identification of individual sources of the highest-energy cosmic rays within a few years of continued operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Advanced functionality for radio analysis in the Offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The advent of the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) necessitates the development of a powerful framework for the analysis of radio measurements of cosmic ray air showers. As AERA performs ""radio-hybrid"" measurements of air shower radio emission in coincidence with the surface particle detectors and fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory, the radio analysis functionality had to be incorporated in the existing hybrid analysis solutions for fluorescence and surface detector data. This goal has been achieved in a natural way by extending the existing Auger Offline software framework with radio functionality. In this article, we lay out the design, highlights and features of the radio extension implemented in the Auger Offline framework. Its functionality has achieved a high degree of sophistication and offers advanced features such as vectorial reconstruction of the electric field, advanced signal processing algorithms, a transparent and efficient handling of FFTs, a very detailed simulation of detector effects, and the read-in of multiple data formats including data from various radio simulation codes. The source code of this radio functionality can be made available to interested parties on request. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Trigger and aperture of the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consists of 1600 water-Cherenkov detectors, for the study of extensive air showers (EAS) generated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We describe the trigger hierarchy, from the identification of candidate showers at the level of a single detector, amongst a large background (mainly random single cosmic ray muons), up to the selection of real events and the rejection of random coincidences. Such trigger makes the surface detector array fully efficient for the detection of EAS with energy above 3 x 10(18) eV, for all zenith angles between 0 degrees and 60 degrees, independently of the position of the impact point and of the mass of the primary particle. In these range of energies and angles, the exposure of the surface array can be determined purely on the basis of the geometrical acceptance. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Atmospheric effects on extensive air showers observed with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger observatory

Atmospheric parameters, Such as pressure (P), temperature (T) and density (rho proportional to P/T), affect the development of extensive air showers initiated by energetic cosmic rays. We have Studied the impact of atmospheric variations on extensive air showers by means of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The rate of events shows a similar to 10% seasonal modulation and similar to 2% diurnal one. We find that the observed behaviour is explained by a model including the effects associated with the variations of P and rho. The former affects the longitudinal development of air showers while the latter influences the Moliere radius and hence the lateral distribution of the shower particles. The model is validated with full simulations of extensive air showers using atmospheric profiles measured at the site of the Pierre Auger Observatory. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Upper limit on the cosmic-ray photon fraction at EeV energies from the Pierre Auger Observatory

From direct observations of the longitudinal development of ultra-high energy air showers performed with the Pierre Auger Observatory, upper limits of 3.8%, 2.4%, 3.5% and 11.7% (at 95% c.l.) are obtained on the fraction of cosmic-ray photons above 2, 3, 5 and 10 EeV (1 EeV equivalent to 10(18) eV), respectively. These are the first experimental limits on ultra-high energy photons at energies below 10 EeV. The results complement previous constraints on top-down models from array data and they reduce systematic uncertainties in the interpretation of shower data in terms of primary flux, nuclear composition and proton-air cross-section. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anisotropy and chemical composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays using arrival directions measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Collaboration has reported. evidence for anisotropy in the distribution of arrival directions of the cosmic rays with energies E > E(th) = 5.5 x 10(19) eV. These show a correlation with the distribution of nearby extragalactic objects, including an apparent excess around the direction of Centaurus A. If the particles responsible for these excesses at E > E(th) are heavy nuclei with charge Z, the proton component of the sources should lead to excesses in the same regions at energies E/Z. We here report the lack of anisotropies in these directions at energies above E(th)/Z (for illustrative values of Z = 6, 13, 26). If the anisotropies above E(th) are due to nuclei with charge Z, and under reasonable assumptions about the acceleration process, these observations imply stringent constraints on the allowed proton fraction at the lower energies.

Search for first harmonic modulation in the right ascension distribution of cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present the results of searches for dipolar-type anisotropies in different energy ranges above 2.5 x 10(17) eV with the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, reporting on both the phase and the amplitude measurements of the first harmonic modulation in the right-ascension distribution. Upper limits on the amplitudes are obtained, which provide the most stringent bounds at present, being below 2% at 99% C.L. for EeV energies. We also compare our results to those of previous experiments as well as with some theoretical expectations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.