Fluxo de carbono orgânico particulado e dissolvido no estuário do rio Barra Grande em Vila Dois Rios, Ilha Grande, RJ.

Os estuários são ambientes costeiros semifechados, que atuam como um sítio de troca de água e de matéria. De acordo com suas características, estuários podem exportar ou importar matéria orgânica (MO). A MO é um complexo bioquímico formado por diversos compostos orgânicos, e sua quantificação é normalmente traduzida pela quantidade de carbono orgânico total (COT), seu elemento mais abundante, tanto na forma de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), quanto carbono orgânico particulado (COP). Determinar a origem do carbono orgânico pode auxiliar na compreensão da dinâmica da MO, podendo ser feita com auxílio de isótopos estáveis de carbono (13C) e de nitrogênio (15N). Vila Dois Rios, é um vilarejo localizado ao sul da Ilha Grande, onde se localiza o rio Barra Grande, que possui pouca intervenção antrópica. Esse é um rio de porte pequeno, com uma mata ciliar bem preservada, representada por espécies de Mata Atlântica, com presença de manguezal, ao lado está localizado o Centro de Estudos Ambientais e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (CEADS). Foram realizadas amostragens sazonais, todas em maré de sizígia, ao longo do ano de 2012, totalizando quatro coletas trimestrais. Todas as campanhas ocorreram em uma estação fixa, na foz do rio Barra Grande. A amostragem de água foi realizada em duas profundidades, superfície e fundo, coletadas em intervalos de 30 minutos, ao longo de 25 horas, para as seguintes determinações: carbono orgânico particulado (COP), carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) e isótopos estáveis de carbono (13C) e de nitrogênio (15N). Concomitantemente, foram medidos in situ: pH, salinidade, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido (OD), profundidade do Disco de Secchi e medidas de fluxo. Ao fim da amostragem na Ilha Grande, o material coletado foi transportado para o Laboratório de Geoquímica Orgânica Marinha (LaGOM), na UERJ, onde foi analisado posteriormente. Durante todas as campanhas, foi observada uma maré mista, predominantemente semidiurna com desigualdade. Os resultados de temperatura e salinidade evidenciaram uma estratificação vertical em todas as campanhas. Os valores medianos de MPS foram sempre maiores no fundo em relação às amostras coletadas na superfície. O carbono orgânico apresentou maiores concentrações sob a forma dissolvida do que na particulada, variando entre as profundidades e as campanhas, sendo observadas maiores concentrações medianas, tanto de COD quanto de COP, em superfície e no fundo, na campanha de verão. As concentrações medianas de Nt observadas ao longo das três campanhas foram baixas, estando relacionadas às baixas concentrações de COP. A razão molar C/N e as isotópicas indicaram que o manguezal demonstrou ser a fonte mais abundante de COP nesse estuário. Os cálculos de fluxo indicaram que o estuário tanto importou, quanto exportou material, e apenas o COD foi importado em todas as campanhas.

针茅属植物锥形繁殖体打钻及其适应意义的研究羊草草原群落植物水分来源对放牧干扰的响应

锥形繁殖体是具有吸湿芒和锐利尖端的一种繁殖体类型。芒的吸湿运动促使锥形繁殖体穿透土壤，而存在于繁殖体上的短硬刚毛阻止它在芒再次打开螺旋时从土壤中退出。通过这个过程，种子被埋藏到一定深度，称之为种子（繁殖体）的打钻作用，这是锥形繁殖体最主要的功能。锥形繁殖体的结构和功能代表了繁殖体在生活史各个阶段的适应，可能是植物在群落内占优势的原因之一。针茅属植物是具有锥形繁殖体的植物中较大的一类，常常被看作是识别地带性植被的优势种。小针茅分布于荒漠草原，克氏针茅和大针茅分别分布于典型草原较干和较湿的区域。沿着环境梯度的变化这些植物呈现明显的生态替代。因此，我们以小针茅、克氏针茅和大针茅为研究对象，从种子打钻、种子埋藏、种子生理特征出发研究针茅属植物的繁殖体特征对地带性分布的适应。结果表明： 小针茅的实生苗主要由当年种子产生，克氏针茅和大针茅在当年的冷秋季节和第二年的春季均能够产生实生苗。根据土壤种子库分类，三种针茅均具有瞬时种子库，所不同的是小针茅具有I型种子库的特征，克氏针茅和大针茅具有II型种子库的特征。针茅属植物通过芒的吸湿运动将繁殖体埋入土壤，这个过程可以造成种子损伤，但大部分只是引起基盘的脱落，而这不影响萌发，受到严重损伤的种子仅占种子库很小的一部分。 繁殖体吸湿芒的损伤程度和繁殖体的入土角度都影响繁殖体的埋藏。当芒被过度损伤以致不能提供杠杆作用时繁殖体不能埋藏。而繁殖体入土角度和埋藏深度之间存在显著的负相关关系。繁殖体的埋藏能力并不总是与土壤条件有关，大针茅和克氏针茅的繁殖体埋藏与土壤类型有关，而小针茅的埋藏主要与环境的湿度条件有关。 种子埋藏深度通过减少实生苗出现率和推迟实生苗的出现时间来影响实生苗的出现。埋藏深度与实生苗的出现率呈显著负相关，与实生苗出现时间呈显著的正相关关系。棕钙土内种子埋藏深度对实生苗出现的影响比在栗钙土内的影响更明显。不同针茅物种具有不同的最适埋藏深度范围，小针茅的最适埋藏深度更浅而范围也更窄，这与它出现的环境有关。因此，繁殖体的形态和生理特征都体现了不同针茅繁殖体对环境条件的进化适应，可以从有性更新的角度解释针茅属植物的地带性分布和生态替代的原因。 放牧是羊草草原的主要利用方式。放牧引起的植被变化影响水分的可用性，而反过来植物所获取的水分来源也可以影响物种的分布。通过测定内蒙古羊草草原群落放牧和不放牧区内主要植物种和土壤的氢同位素值来研究植物 的水分来源，确定放牧对植物使用水分来源的影响，调查放牧前后植物的水分来源变化和相对生物量变化的关系。 我们发现120 cm深的土壤剖面在统计学上可以分为三层：0-20 cm, 20-50 cm和50-120 cm。低于50 cm土壤层的氢同 位素信号类似于地下水，这部分水分很少受到降雨的影响也不被任何植物所利用。群落内，灌木小叶锦鸡儿主要使 用来自20-50 cm土壤层的水分，除此之外大多数物种则主要使用来自水分含量频繁波动的地下20 cm土壤层内的水分。放牧使群落倾向于利用更浅层的土壤水，对植物的水分来源的影响则直接反映到它们的生物量变化上。此外，植 物水分来源对放牧的响应和生物量对放牧的响应存在显著的相关关系，水分来源受到放牧影响越大的植物对放牧的响应越敏感。因此，我们有可能能够通过植物对水分来源的利用来估计物种在放牧演替中的丰富度分布。

Large carbon isotope fractionation associated with oxidation of methyl halides by methylotrophic bacteria

The largest biological fractionations of stable carbon isotopes observed in nature occur during production of methane by methanogenic archaea. These fractionations result in substantial (as much as 70) shifts in 13C relative to the initial substrate. We now report that a stable carbon isotopic fractionation of comparable magnitude (up to 70) occurs during oxidation of methyl halides by methylotrophic bacteria. We have demonstrated biological fractionation with whole cells of three methylotrophs (strain IMB-1, strain CC495, and strain MB2) and, to a lesser extent, with the purified cobalamin-dependent methyltransferase enzyme obtained from strain CC495. Thus, the genetic similarities recently reported between methylotrophs, and methanogens with respect to their pathways for C1-unit metabolism are also reflected in the carbon isotopic fractionations achieved by these organisms. We found that only part of the observed fractionation of carbon isotopes could be accounted for by the activity of the corrinoid methyltransferase enzyme, suggesting fractionation by enzymes further along the degradation pathway. These observations are of potential biogeochemical significance in the application of stable carbon isotope ratios to constrain the tropospheric budgets for the ozone-depleting halocarbons, methyl bromide and methyl chloride.

Long-term hydroclimatic change and interannual variability in water sources, Apex River (Iqaluit), Baffin Island, Nunavut

The eastern Canadian Arctic is home to Canada’s largest Indigenous population, which depends on local freshwater sources for drinking water. However, small watersheds have rarely been analyzed for long-term hydrologic response to changing climate. This study aims to address this issue by examining the Apex River, a small watershed with a long hydroclimatic record, near Iqaluit, Nunavut. Particular emphasis was placed on the long-term changes in climate and river discharge, and the seasonal variability of water sources between two snapshots in time, 1983 and 2013. Long-term hydrological data were obtained from gauge station 10UH002, operated by Environment and Climate Change Canada, and long-term meteorological data were acquired from Environment Canada–operated stations near Iqaluit Airport. Breakpoint analysis suggested that long-term mean annual surface air temperatures have increased since 1994. In contrast, no long-term total precipitation or annual discharge changes were observed. However, river flow initiation and cessation analyses of the Apex River flow season indicates that flow extended into the autumn since the 2000s. The 2013 flow season lasted 44 days longer than the 1983 flow season. Systematic river sampling was undertaken throughout the 2013 thaw season to determine contributing proportions of event (snowmelt or rainfall) and pre-event (baseflow) water to river runoff. Results from the stable isotope hydrograph separation for 2013 were compared to findings for 1983. Snow was the main source of water to the river during the snowmelt period in 1983 and 2013, however baseflow was still an important contributor. Although there was high similarity of water sources early in the season in 1983 and 2013, the two years differed during the autumn. In 2013 there was a high rainfall runoff response that was not present in 1983, suggesting high release of late-season sub-surface water storage and an increased sensitivity to late-season rainfall events in 2013. This research provides insights into the hydrologic response of the Apex River to long-term climatic change, and highlights the need for high-quality precipitation and discharge data for effective long-term hydrological assessment.

Degradation of carbon disulphide (CS2) in soils and groundwater from a CS2 -contaminated site

This study is the first investigation of biodegradation of carbon disulphide (CS₂) in soil that provides estimates of degradation rates and identifies intermediate degradation products and carbon isotope signatures of degradation. Microcosm studies were undertaken under anaerobic conditions using soil and groundwater recovered from CS₂-contaminated sites. Proposed degradation mechanisms were validated using equilibrium speciation modelling of concentrations and carbon isotope ratios. A first-order degradation rate constant of 1.25 × 10-2 h-1 was obtained for biological degradation with soil. Carbonyl sulphide (COS) and hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) were found to be intermediates of degradation, but did not accumulate in vials. A 13C/12C enrichment factor of -7.5 ± 0.8 ‰ was obtained for degradation within microcosms with both soil and groundwater whereas a 13C/12C enrichment factor of -23.0 ± 2.1 ‰ was obtained for degradation with site groundwater alone. It can be concluded that biological degradation of both CS2-contaminated soil and groundwater is likely to occur in the field suggesting that natural attenuation may be an appropriate remedial tool at some sites. The presence of biodegradation by-products including COS and H₂S indicates that biodegradation of CS₂ is occurring and stable carbon isotopes are a promising tool to quantify CS₂ degradation.

Pathways of recent fine-grained sediment transport on the central Portuguese continental margin

Com o intuito de estudar as principais vias de transporte de sedimentos finos recentes na zona central da margem continental Oeste Portuguesa, parâmetros geoquímicos, mineralógicos e granulométricos foram analisados em sedimentos superficiais e em matéria particulada colhida em armadilhas de sedimentos e integrados com observações da hidrodinâmica de fundo. Os parâmetros geoquímicos foram também estudados na coluna de sedimentos depositada nos últimos 150 anos e em sedimentos pré-industriais. Os referidos parâmetros determinados foram: concentrações elementares, isótopos estáveis de Pb, teores em materiais litogénicos, carbonato de cálcio e carbono orgânico. Os canhões de Lisboa-Setúbal e Cascais tiveram especial destaque no presente estudo dado que, até à data, encontram-se menos estudados que o Canhão da Nazaré. Os resultados mostram que a distribuição de sedimentos na zona central da margem ocidental Portuguesa é particionada pelos canhões e que a exportação de sedimentos da plataforma para zonas mais profundas da margem é restringida pelas correntes do talude, excepto onde os canhões funcionam como corredores para o transporte de sedimentos. Enquanto no Canhão de Lisboa-Setúbal, e provavelmente no Canhão de Cascais, o transporte de sedimentos até à zona inferior é limitada, provavelmente apenas despoletado por eventos de elevada energia, no Canhão da Nazaré o transporte ao longo do todo o canhão parece eficiente. As zonas superiores dos canhões de Lisboa-Setúbal e Cascais presentemente actuam como armadilhas de sedimentos finos, aprisionando partículas em suspensão provenientes da plataforma adjacente. A introdução directa de sedimentos provenientes das plumas dos rios Tejo e Sado nas zonas superiores dos canhões parece limitada, contudo a resuspensão dos sedimentos do prodelta do Tejo como resultado de ondas de tempestade e ondas de maré interna permite o transporte de sedimentos para os canhões adjacentes. Na plataforma de Lisboa-Setúbal-Sines foram identificadas as assinaturas geoquímicas e mineralógicas de diferentes fontes de sedimentos finos (e.g. estuários do Tejo e Sado, arribas costeiras, lagoas de St. André e Melides). As concentrações elementares pré-industriais são muito semelhantes nos canhões da Nazaré e Lisboa-Setúbal, mas variados graus de enriquecimento antrópico de metais traço estão presentes nos sedimentos recentes. A mais acentuada influência antrópica na última área referida é consistente com a sua proximidade a áreas densamente povoadas e industrializadas e com input de sedimentos originários dos rios Tejo e Sado, potenciais transportadores de partículas poluentes. A dispersão de Pb atmosférico parece também significativa sendo que toda a zona da plataforma continental adjacente aos canhões de Lisboa-Setúbal e Cascais apresenta-se enriquecida. A principal fonte de Pb antrópico identificada através de isótopos estáveis de Pb é consistente com a assinatura das cinzas de incineradoras. No Canhão de Lisboa a imersão de dragados contaminados parece ser também uma potencial importante fonte de metais traço antropogénicos.

Petrologic and geochemical characterization of São Jorge island volcanism, Azores

The island of São Jorge (38º 45’ 24’’ N - 28º 20’ 44’’W and 38º 33’ 00’’ N - 27º 44’ 32’’ W) is one of the nine islands of the Azores Archipelago that is rooted in the Azores Plateau, a wide and complex region which encompasses the triple junction between the American, Eurasia and Nubia plates. São Jorge Island has grown by fissural volcanic activity along fractures with the regional WNW-ESE trend, unveiling the importance of the regional tectonics during volcanic activity. The combination of the volcanostratigraphy (Forjaz & Fernandes, 1975; and Madeira, 1998) with geochronological data evidences that the island developed during two main volcanic phases. The first subaerial phase that occurred between 1.32 and 1.21 Ma ago (Hildenbrand et al. 2008) is recorded on the lava sequence forming the cliff at Fajã de São João, while the second phase started at 757 ka ago, is still active, and edified the rest of the island. This second phase edified the east side of the island that corresponds to Topo Volcanic Complex, in the period between 757 and 543 ka ago, while the west side named Rosais Volcanic Complex, started at 368 ka ago (Hildenbrand et al. 2008) and was still active at 117 ka ago. After the onset of Rosais, volcanic activity migrates to the center of São Jorge edifying Manadas Volcanic Complex. The volcanism on São Jorge is dominantly alkaline, with a narrow lithological composition ranging between the basanites/tefrites through the basaltic trachyandesites, in spite of this the two volcanic phases show distinct mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical characteristics that should be related with different petrogenetic conditions and growth rates of the island. Abstract viii During the first volcanic phase, growth rates are faster (≈3.4 m/ka), the lavas are slightly less alkaline and plagioclase-richer, pointing to the existence of a relative shallow and dynamic magma chamber where fractional crystallization associated with gravitational segregation and accumulation processes, produced the lavas of Fajã de São João sequence. The average growth rates during the second volcanic phase are lower (≈1.9 m/ka) and the lavas are mainly alkaline sodic, with a mineralogy composed by olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase and oxide phenocrysts, in a crystalline groundmass. The lavas are characterized by enrichment in incompatible trace element and light REE, but show differences for close-spaced lavas that unveil, in some cases, slight different degrees of fertilization of the mantle source along the island. These differences might also result from higher degrees of partial melting, as observed in the early stages of Topo and Rosais volcanic complexes, of a mantle source with residual garnet and amphibole, and/or from changing melting conditions of the mantle source as pressure. The subtle geochemical differences of the lavas contrast with the isotopic signatures, obtained from Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes, that São Jorge Island volcanism exhibit along its volcanic complexes. The lavas from Topo Volcanic Complex and from the submarine flank, i.e. the lavas located east of Ribeira Seca Fault, sample a mantle source with similar isotopic signature that, in terms of lead, overlaps Terceira Island. The lavas from Rosais and Manadas volcanic complexes, the western lavas, sample a mantle source that becomes progressively more distinct towards the west end of the island and that, in terms of lead isotopes, trends towards the isotopic composition of Faial Island. The two isotopic signatures of São Jorge, observed from the combination of lead isotopes with the other three systems, seem to result from the mixing of three distinct end-members. These end-members are (1) the common component related with the Azores Plateau and the MAR, (2) the eastern component with a FOZO signature and possibly related with the Azores plume located beneath Terceira, and (3) the western component, similar to Faial, where the lithosphere could have been entrained by an ancient magmatic liquid, isolated for a period longer than 2Ga. The two trends observed in the island reinforce the idea of small-scale mantle heterogeneities beneath the Azores region, as it has been proposed to explain the isotopic diversity observed in the Archipelago.

Analytical methodologies based on X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and Inductively Couple Plasma Spectroscopy (ICP) for the assessment of metal dispersal around mining environments

La investigació que es presenta en aquesta tesi es centra en l'aplicació i millora de metodologies analítiques existents i el desenvolupament de nous procediments que poden ser utilitzats per a l'estudi dels efectes ambientals de la dispersió dels metalls entorn a les zones mineres abandonades. En primer lloc, es van aplicar diferents procediments d'extracció simple i seqüencial per a estudiar la mobilitat, perillositat i bio-disponibilitat dels metalls continguts en residus miners de característiques diferents. Per altra banda, per a estudiar les fonts potencials de Pb en la vegetació de les zones mineres d'estudi, una metodologia basada en la utilització de les relacions isotòpiques de Pb determinades mitjançant ICP-MS va ser avaluada. Finalment, tenint en compte l'elevat nombre de mostres analitzades per a avaluar l'impacte de les activitats mineres, es va considerar apropiat el desenvolupament de mètodes analítics d'elevada productivitat. En aquest sentit la implementació d'estratègies quantitatives així com l'aplicació de les millores instrumentals en els equips de XRF han estat avaluades per a aconseguir resultats analítics fiables en l'anàlisi de plantes. A més, alguns paràmetres de qualitat com la precisió, l'exactitud i els límits de detecció han estat curosament determinats en les diverses configuracions de espectròmetres de XRF utilitzats en el decurs d'aquest treball (EDXRF, WDXRF i EDPXRF) per a establir la capacitat de la tècnica de XRF com a tècnica alternativa a les clàssiques comunament aplicades en la determinació d'elements en mostres vegetals.

Identification of Summer Origins of Songbirds Migrating through Southern Canada in Autumn

Stable hydrogen isotopes (δD) in flight feathers were measured to investigate the summer origins of five species of boreal-breeding warblers captured during fall migration at Canadian Migration Monitoring Network (CMMN) stations spread across southern Canada. Mean δD varied among stations and species within stations, but there was broad overlap in δD values. Although isotope ratios indicate that migrants at each station come from a wide range of latitudes, they are unable to provide much longitudinal discrimination. Band recoveries are sparse, but indicate that in general western Canadian warblers move southeast in fall, eastern birds move southwest, and there is a transition zone in the Great Lakes region. Combining knowledge of migratory direction with isotope results increases discrimination of breeding areas. Isotope results support fall migratory movements by Blackpoll Warbler (Dendroica striata) and Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus novaboracensis) that are more easterly than for other species, and in all study species, birds from more northern regions passed through southern Canada later in the season. Migration monitoring stations capture birds from broad areas of latitude, and migrants passing through each province appear to come from largely different portions of the Canadian breeding range, so a few stations placed in each province should suffice collectively to sample birds from most of the boreal forest. Migration monitoring in southern Canada, therefore, has the potential to monitor status of boreal forest birds in Canada that are unsampled by other monitoring programs.

Reconstructing paleosalinity from δ18O: coupled model simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum, Last Interglacial and Late Holocene

Reconstructions of salinity are used to diagnose changes in the hydrological cycle and ocean circulation. A widely used method of determining past salinity uses oxygen isotope (δOw) residuals after the extraction of the global ice volume and temperature components. This method relies on a constant relationship between δOw and salinity throughout time. Here we use the isotope-enabled fully coupled General Circulation Model (GCM) HadCM3 to test the application of spatially and time-independent relationships in the reconstruction of past ocean salinity. Simulations of the Late Holocene (LH), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and Last Interglacial (LIG) climates are performed and benchmarked against existing compilations of stable oxygen isotopes in carbonates (δOc), which primarily reflect δOw and temperature. We find that HadCM3 produces an accurate representation of the surface ocean δOc distribution for the LH and LGM. Our simulations show considerable variability in spatial and temporal δOw-salinity relationships. Spatial gradients are generally shallower but within ∼50% of the actual simulated LH to LGM and LH to LIG temporal gradients and temporal gradients calculated from multi-decadal variability are generally shallower than both spatial and actual simulated gradients. The largest sources of uncertainty in salinity reconstructions are found to be caused by changes in regional freshwater budgets, ocean circulation, and sea ice regimes. These can cause errors in salinity estimates exceeding 4 psu. Our results suggest that paleosalinity reconstructions in the South Atlantic, Indian and Tropical Pacific Oceans should be most robust, since these regions exhibit relatively constant δOw-salinity relationships across spatial and temporal scales. Largest uncertainties will affect North Atlantic and high latitude paleosalinity reconstructions. Finally, the results show that it is difficult to generate reliable salinity estimates for regions of dynamic oceanography, such as the North Atlantic, without additional constraints.

Avaliação do Metabolismo Nutricional em Poedeiras pela Técnica dos Isótopos Estáveis do Ccarbono (13C/12C)

Os isótopos estáveis do carbono que eram utilizados em estudos ecológicos e paleoecológicos apresentaram um incremento nos últimos trinta anos, na utilização em estudos dietéticos em animais. Entretanto, existem poucas informações sobre o padrão metabólico e sobre as taxas de turnover do 13C em aves. O presente experimento estabeleceu curvas de substituição e taxas de movimentação do 13C no ovo e no fígado de aves de postura adultas, pela substituição da ração comercial por dietas compostas de grãos dos ciclos fotossintéticos C3 e C4, durante 50 dias. A diferença no conteúdo isotópico do delta per mil do carbono-13 (delta 13C) entre as duas dietas foi de 16,13 . A taxa de substituição do 13C das dietas, nos tecidos, adequou-se num modelo exponencial, descrevendo o turnover do carbono nos tecidos analisados. As taxas de movimentação do 13C, nas aves alimentadas com dieta baseada em grãos C3, foi maior no fígado em relação ao ovo, com valores para a meia-vida de 2,9 e 3,7 dias, respectivamente. As aves que receberam ração com grãos C4 apresentaram uma taxa de turnover no ovo superior àquela obtida para o fígado, com meia-vida de 4,0 e 5,3 dias, respectivamente. Os valores do delta 13C observados para ovo e fígado diferiram em aproximadamente 2 daqueles referentes às dietas.

The dietary regime of detritivorous fish from the River Jacaré Pepira, Brazil

The diet of detritivorous fish was analysed at four distinct habitats in a tropical river during the wet and dry seasons. Two methodologies were used to determine the diet of the fish: (1) the direct analysis of the stomach contents; and (2) the use of stable carbon isotopes. Both methods indicated food partitioning among the fish. The stomach contents showed what the fish had ingested when captured and the 13C isotope indicated what it had assimilated over a long period of time. The 13C isotope suggested the existence of sectional differences in the feeding of the detritivorous fish along the river. Plants employing the C4 photosynthesis pathways seem to have little influence on the diet of these fish. This method proved to be more appropriate for the detection of the main food sources of the captured fish.

Estudo da eficiência do fosfato monoamônico na formação da piromorfita

Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Materiais - FEIS

Turnover isotópico do 13C em aves poedeiras

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FMVZ