Caracterização tecnológica e beneficiamento mineral para a produção de concentrado de zircão de alta qualidade, partindo de pré-concentrado e concentrado de zircão de baixa qualidade, produzidos na mina do Guaju (PB)

Este estudo foi dirigido para identificar as causas que determinam a formação de concentrados de zircão de baixa qualidade, mineral extraído de dunas da jazida do Guaju, no Estado da Paraíba, e beneficiado em uma rota industrial desenvolvida pela empresa Millennium Inorganic Chemicals do Brasil S/A. A caracterização tecnológica indicou que a jazida do Guaju corresponde a sedimentos de origem eólica, inconsolidados, constituídos por quartzo (95%), argila (2%) e minerais pesados (3%) disseminados nas dunas. Ilmenita, zircão, rutilo e cianita são os minerais pesados de interesse econômico na jazida. Devido a características mineralógicas e texturais, o pacote foi dividido, neste estudo, em dois compartimentos: TOPO e BASE. O primeiro corresponde à parte superior do pacote sedimentar; o segundo, à parte inferior. No TOPO, 95% dos grãos têm brilho vítreo, 5% são opacos, e 20% dos grãos de ilmenita têm alteração parcial ou total para leucoxeno. Na BASE, 2% dos grãos têm brilho vítreo, 98% são opacos, e 90% da ilmenita tem alteração parcial ou total para leucoxeno. O TOPO possui concentração de minerais pesados quatro vezes maior que a BASE. A opacidade dos grãos decorre de uma película argilo-ferruginosa fortemente aderida e que os envolve. A empresa produz seis tipos de concentrados de zircão, cujas qualidades variam conforme o teor de ZrO2 e das substâncias contaminantes Fe2O3, TiO2, Al2O3 e P2O5. Quanto maior o teor de ZrO2 e menores os teores das substâncias contaminantes, melhor é a qualidade do concentrado. Pesquisas desenvolvidas em um concentrado de baixa qualidade, denominado Zirconita B, indicaram que a formação dessa matéria-prima é decorrente de três fatores principais: excesso de minerais contaminantes, que não são eliminados nos processos eletrostáticos e magnéticos devido à película argilo-ferruginosa; presença de inclusões minerais nos zircões; processo de metamitização nos zircões Identificadas as causas, o estudo progrediu para o estabelecimento de uma rota alternativa de beneficiamento, para a produção de concentrados de zircão mais puros. A remoção da película ocorreu com a implementação do processo de atrição (escrubagem), tendo sido definidos os parâmetros operacionais otimizados, tanto em escala de bancada de laboratório, como em equipamento semipiloto. Removida a película, a matéria-prima foi submetida a separadores eletrostático e magnético para a retirada dos minerais condutores e/ou magnéticos do concentrado. Posteriormente, para a remoção das inclusões minerais dos zircões, foi implementada uma rota que iniciou com o aquecimento prévio do concentrado em forno de microondas, para fraturar as zonas de contato entre as inclusões minerais e a massa zirconítica, considerando as diferenças entre os coeficientes de dilatação dos minerais; seguiuse com o processo de moagem, para provocar a quebra dos zircões portadores de inclusões e liberar ou expor as mesmas; posteriormente, o material foi peneirado e a fração retida na malha 0,063 mm foi repassada nos separadores eletrostático e magnético, para a remoção das inclusões liberadas, ou expostas nos zircões quebrados Tecnicamente, esta rota foi considerada parcialmente eficaz, devido, principalmente, à baixa granulometria dos grãos de zircão. Essa característica afetou as performances na moagem e na separação magnética, determinando uma baixa recuperação do produto final. Apesar disso, esse produto final teve teor de ZrO2 compatível com o do produto de melhor qualidade produzido na mina do Guaju; entretanto, os teores das substâncias contaminantes ficaram levemente superiores aos mínimos exigidos para um produto de alta qualidade. Devido à baixa produção anual da matéria-prima, acredita-se que a rota para a remoção das inclusões minerais não seja economicamente viável. A atrição, no entanto, é perfeitamente viável, devido aos baixos investimentos de implantação e custos operacionais. Deverá ser implementada no produto denominado Pré-Concentrado de Zircão (PCZ), gerado no beneficiamento da ilmenita. A atrição do PCZ vai condicionar a produção de massas maiores de concentrados de zircão de qualidade superior, diminuindo, conseqüentemente, a formação dos produtos de menor qualidade.

Sistemas de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde : contribuição ao estudo das variáveis que interferem no processo de implantação, monitoramento e custos decorrentes

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os sistemas de gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde frente aos instrumentos legais e normativos vigentes no Brasil, acerca dos quais existem poucos estudos. O estudo envolveu coleta de dados reais, por um período contínuo de dois anos, analisando a eficiência da segregação, os sistemas de tratamento, e os custos decorrentes, em duas instituições de assistência à saúde em nível terciário (Hospital Escola do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS e Hospital Conveniado). O sistema de gerenciamento de resíduos iniciou com um diagnóstico da situação das unidades hospitalares, definição das estratégias educativas de sensibilização, treinamento e capacitação do quadro funcional, com ênfase na segregação de resíduos. A avaliação dos custos, decorrentes da utilização de tecnologias de tratamento via esterilização por vapor úmido (hospital do SUS), e por oxidação térmica (hospital Conveniado), bem como dos custos estendeu-se ainda à disposição final dos resíduos. Foram analisados os índices e percentuais de geração das diferentes categorias de resíduos (infectantes, especiais, comuns e recicláveis) nos dois estabelecimentos. Estudo piloto prévio à implantação do sistema de gerenciamento, revelou um índice de geração total de resíduos de 3,5 kg/leito/dia no Hospital Conveniado, e de 2,6 kg/leito/dia no Hospital SUS. Os índices de geração de infectantes nos referidos hospitais foram de 1,3 (Conveniado) e 1,1 kg/leito/dia (SUS). Os dados do monitoramento contínuo (24 meses), demonstraram, em nível de significância de 5%, uma redução nos índices de geração de resíduos infectantes de cerca de 35% no Hospital Conveniado e de 38% no Hospital SUS, e um aumento significativo nos índices de geração de resíduos comuns e recicláveis, após a implantação dos sistemas de gerenciamento e dos programas educativos, indicando falhas na segregação anteriormente a estes. Os resultados confirmaram a influência positiva dos programas educativos e do sistema organizacional, e a possibilidade de serem alcançadas índices e percentuais ainda mais baixos que os preconizados pela literatura. Os resultados apresentaram, também, altas taxas de reencape de agulhas (41% das conectadas e 51% das desconectadas no Hospital SUS; 68% das conectadas e 55% das desconectadas no hospital Conveniado), dando indicativos do potencial de risco com saúde ocupacional a que estão expostos os profissionais, e da necessidade de reforçar os conceitos de auto cuidado com os mesmos. No tocante aos custos com os sistemas de gerenciamento, o Hospital Conveniado tem um custo final menor que o Hospital SUS. Porém, quando traduzido para paciente/dia, o Hospital SUS tem um custo de R$ 3,54 enquanto que no Hospital Conveniado o custo é de R$ 5,13, ou seja, 45,1% maior que no Hospital SUS, apesar da oferta de serviços ser semelhante. Para o tratamento de resíduos infectantes junto à fonte geradora com tecnologia de esterilização via vapor úmido e microondas, somados à despesa com serviços terceirizados para situações de contingência, tratamento de peças anatômicas e pérfuro-cortantes, o Hospital SUS tem um custo de R$ 0,57 paciente/dia enquanto o tratamento via incineração do Hospital Conveniado tem um custo de R$ 0,86 paciente/dia. Estes resultados evidenciam que o tratamento junto à fonte geradora, consideradas as situações avaliadas é mais vantajoso do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental. Os custos ambientais totais obtidos para o hospital SUS são de R$ 3,54 paciente/dia para R$ 5,13 por paciente/dia no hospital Conveniado. O trabalho fornece subsídios metodológicos para definição de índices e percentuais de geração, bem como para o cálculo dos custos envolvidos no gerenciamento que podem servir de base para aplicação em outros estabelecimentos de assistência à saúde.

Grau de conversão, temperatura de transição vítrea, microdureza e resistência ao impacto de uma resina acrílica quimicamente ativada submetida a diferentes condições de polimerização

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes condições de polimerização sobre: microdureza Knoop, resistência ao impacto, grau de conversão e temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) de uma resina acrílica quimicamente ativada (Jet - Artigos Odontológicos Clássico Ltda.). O material foi polimerizado de acordo com as seguintes condições: grupo 1, as amostras foram polimerizadas em contato com o ar, durante 1h, sob temperatura e pressão ambiente; grupo 2, após a polimerização da resina em contato com o ar, durante 1h, sob temperatura e pressão ambiente, a mesma foi submetida a um ciclo adicional de aquecimento em forno de microondas, durante 3 min, a 500W; grupo 3, as amostras foram polimerizadas em água, sob pressão de 20 psi, em uma temperatura de 50°C, durante 15 minutos. Para o ensaio de microdureza Knoop, foram confeccionados sete corpos-de-prova, para cada um dos três grupos experimentais. O corpo-de-prova consistiu de uma placa de resina acrílica quimicamente ativada, com grampos, simulando aparelhos ortodônticos removíveis. Dos sete corpos-de-prova, de cada grupo, dois também foram utilizados para a determinação do grau de conversão e Tg, através da Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC). Para o ensaio de resistência ao impacto, foram confeccionados 12 corpos-de-prova para cada grupo, com dimensões de 64,00x10,00x3,20mm. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre os grupos, através da ANOVA e do teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,01), apresentando maiores valores de microdureza para o grupo 3, seguido dos grupos 2 e 1. Para o ensaio de resistência ao impacto, os valores obtidos para as amostras do grupo 3 foram superiores aos demais grupos, não havendo diferença estatística entre os grupos 1 e 2 O grau de conversão e Tg foram avaliados de forma descritiva, apresentando um padrão de comportamento coerente com as demais propriedades, ou seja, o grupo 3 apresentou valores mais altos de grau de conversão e Tg, seguido pelos grupos 2 e 1. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que o melhor comportamento clínico poderá ser esperado do grupo submetido à polimerização em água a 50°C, sob pressão de 20 psi (grupo 3), seguido do grupo 2 (com ciclo adicional em microondas) e, por fim, pelo grupo 1 (polimerizado ao ar).

Efeito da exposição subcrônica a ondas de radiofreqüência geradas por um aparelho de telefone celular convencional na função testicular de ratos Wistar adultos

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Estudo da síntese e sinterização de pós compósitos do sistema Ta-Cu

Ta-Cu bulk composites combine high mechanical resistance of the Ta with high electrical and thermal conductivity of the Cu. These are important characteristics to electrical contacts, microwave absorber and heat skinks. However, the low wettability of Ta under Cu liquid and insolubility mutual these elements come hard sintering this composite. High-energy milling (HEM) produces composite powders with high homogeneity and refines the grain size. This work focus to study Ta-20wt%Cu composite powders prepared by mechanical mixture and HEM with two different conditions of milling in a planetary ball mill and then their sintering using hydrogen plasma furnace and a resistive vacuum furnace. After milling, the powders were pressed in a steel dye at a pressure of 200 MPa. The cylindrical samples pressed were sintered by resistive vacuum furnace at 10-4torr with a sintering temperature at 1100ºC / 60 minutes and with heat rate at 10ºC/min and were sintered by plasma furnace with sintering temperatures at 550, 660 and 800ºC without isotherm under hydrogen atmosphere with heat rate at 80ºC/min. The characterizations of the powders produced were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser granulometry. After the sintering the samples were analyzed by SEM, XRD and density and mass loss tests. The results had shown that to high intense milling condition produced composite particles with shorter milling time and amorphization of both phases after 50 hours of milling. The composite particles can produce denser structure than mixed powders, if heated above the Cu melting point. After the Cu to arrive in the melting point, liquid copper leaves the composite particles and fills the pores

Obtenção e caracterização de nanopartículas de argilominerais

Natural nanoclays are of great interest particularly for the production of polymer-based nanocomposites. In this work, kaolinite clays from two natural deposits in the State of the Rio Grande do Norte and Paraiba were purified with thermal treatment and chemical treatments, and characterized. Front to the gotten data, had been proposals methodologies for elimination or reduction of coarse particle texts, oxide of iron and organic substance. These methodologies had consisted of the combination of operations with thermal treatments, carried through in electric oven, and acid chemical attacks with and hydrogen peroxide. The Analyzers Thermogravimetric was used to examine the thermal stability of the nanoclays. The analysis indicated weight losses at temperatures under 110 ºC and over the temperature range of 350 to 550 ºC. Based on the thermal analysis data, the samples were submitted to a thermal treatment at 500 °C, for 8 h, to remove organic components. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that thermal treatment under 500 °C affect the basic structure of kaolinite. The BET surface area measurements ranged from 32 to 38 m2/g for clay samples with thermal treatment and from 36 to 53 m2/g for chemically treated samples. Thus, although the thermal treatment increased the surface area, through the removal of organic components, the effect was not significant and chemical treatment is more efficient, not affect the basic structure of kaolinite, to improve particle dispersion. SEM analysis confirms that the clay is agglomerated forming micron-size particles

Desenvolvimento de tubulação em compósito polimérico revestida externamente com poliuretano de alta densidade

Pipelines for the transport of crude oil from the production wells to the collecting stations are named production lines . These pipes are subjected to chemical and electrochemical corrosion according to the environment and the type of petroleum transported. Some of these lines, depending upon the composition of the fluid produced, may leak within less than one year of operation due to internal corrosion. This work aims at the development of composite pipes with an external protecting layer of high density polyurethane for use in production lines of onshore oil wells, meeting operational requirements. The pipes were manufactured using glass fibers, epoxy resin, polyester resin, quartz sand and high density polyurethane. The pipes were produced by filament winding with the deposition of high density polyurethane on the external surface and threaded ends (API 15 HR/PM-VII). Three types of pipes were manufactured: glass/epoxy, glass/epoxy with an external polyurethane layer and glass/epoxy with an intermediate layer of glass fiber, polyester, sand and with an external polyurethane layer. The three samples were characterized by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and for the determination of constituent content. In addition, the following tests were conducted: hydrostatic test, instant rupture, shorttime failure pressure, Gardner impact, transverse stiffness and axial tension. Field tests were conducted in Mossoró RN (BRAZIL), where 1,677 meters of piping were used. The tests results of the three types of pipes were compared in two events: after two months from manufacturing of the samples and after nine months of field application. The results indicate that the glass/epoxy pipes with an intermediate layer of fiber glass composite, polyester e sand and with an external layer of high density polyurethane showed superior properties as compared to the other two and met the requirements of pressure class, axial tensile strength, transverse stiffness, impact and environmental conditions, for onshore applications as production lines

Caracterização de compósitos Nb-20%cu obtidos por moagem de alta energia e sinterizados por fase líquida

In this work, was studied the formation of a composite of the refractory metal niobium with copper, through the process of high-energy milling and liquid phase sintering. The HEM can be used to synthesize composite powders with high homogeneity and fine size particle distribution. It may also produce the solid solubility in immiscible systems such as Nb-Cu, or extend the solubility of systems with limited solubility. Therefore, in the immiscible system Cu-Nb, the high-energy milling was successfully used to obtain the composite powder particles. Initially, the formation of composite particles during the HEM and the effect of preparation technique on the microstructure of the material was evaluated. Four loads of Nb and Cu powders containing 20%wt Cu were synthesized by MAE in a planetary type ball mill under different periods of grinding. The influence of grinding time on the metal particles is evaluated during the process by the withdrawal of samples at intermediate times of milling. After compaction under different forces, the samples were sintered in a vacuum furnace. The liquid phase sintering of these samples prepared by HEM produced a homogeneous and fine grained. The composite particles forming the sintered samples are the addition of a hard phase (Nb) with a high melting point, and a ductile phase (Cu) with low melting point and high thermal and electrical conductivities. Based on these properties, the Nb-Cu system is a potential material for many applications, such as electrical contacts, welding electrodes, coils for generating high magnetic fields, heat sinks and microwave absorbers, which are coupled to electronic devices. The characterization techniques used in this study, were laser granulometry, used to evaluate the homogeneity and particle size, and the X-ray diffraction, in the phase identification and to analyze the crystalline structure of the powders during milling. The morphology and dispersion of the phases in the composite powder particles, as well the microstructures of the sintered samples, were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, the sintered samples are evaluated for density and densification. And finally, they were characterized by techniques of measuring the electrical conductivity and microhardness, whose properties are analyzed as a function of the parameters for obtaining the composite

Degradação do PMMA através da reação despolimerização uitlizando catalisadores de óxidos mistos

In this work, mixed oxides were synthesized by two methods: polymeric precursor and gel-combustion. The oxides, Niquelate of Lanthanum, Cobaltate of Lanthanum and Cuprate of Lanthanum were synthesized by the polymeric precursor method, and treated at 300 º C for 2 hours, calcined at 800 º C for 6h in air atmosphere. In gel-combustion method were produced and oxides using urea and citric acid as fuel, forming for each fuel the following oxides Ferrate of Lanthanum, Cobaltato of Lanthanum and Ferrato of Cobalt and Lanthanum, which were submitted to the combustion process assisted by microwave power maximum of 10min. The samples were characterized by: thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction; fisisorção of N2 (BET method) and scanning electron microscopy. The reactions catalytic of depolymerization of poly (methyl methacrylate), were performed in a reactor of silica, with catalytic and heating system equipped with a data acquisition system and the gas chromatograph. For the catalysts synthesized using the polymeric precursor method, the cuprate of lanthanum was best for the depolymerization of the recycled polymer, obtaining 100% conversion in less time 554 (min), and the pure polymer, was the Niquelate of Lanthanum, with 100% conversion in less time 314 (min). By gel-combustion method using urea as fuel which was the best result obtained Ferrate of Lanthanum for the pure polymer with 100% conversion in less time 657 (min), and the recycled polymer was Cobaltate of Lanthanum with 100 % conversion in less time 779 (min). And using citric acid to obtain the best result for the pure polymer, was Ferrate of Lanthanum with 100% conversion in less time 821 (min and) for the recycled polymer, was Ferrate of Lanthanum with 98.28% conversion in less time 635 (min)

Síntese de catalisadores do tipo LaNixFe1-xO3 como precursores catalíticos para reação oxidação parcial do metano

Nickel-bases catalysts have been used in several reform reactions, such as in the partial oxidation of methane to obtain H2 or syngas (H2 + CO). High levels of conversion are usually obtained using this family of catalysts, however, their deactivation resulting from carbon deposition still remains a challenge. Different approaches have been tested aiming at minimizing this difficulty, including the production of perovskites and related structures using modern synthesis methods capable of producing low cost materials with controlled microstructural characteristics at industrial scale. To establish grounds for comparison, in the present study LaNixFe1-xO3 (x=0, 0.3 or 0.7) perovskites were prepared following the Pechini method and by microwave assisted self-combustion. All samples were sub sequently calcined at 900 °C to obtain the target phase. The resulting ceramic powders were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, X ray diffraction, specific area and temperature programmed reduction tests. Calcined samples were also used in the partial oxidation reaction of methane to evaluate the level of conversion, selectivity and carbon deposition. The results showed that the calcined samples were crystalline and the target phase was formed regardless of the synthesis method. According to results obtained by Rietveld refinement, we observed the formation of 70.0% of LaNi0.3Fe0.7O3 and 30.0% of La2O3 for samples LN3F7-900- P, LN3F7-900-M and 41,6% of LaNi0.7Fe0.3O3, 30.7% of La2NiO4 and 27.7% of La2O3 for samples LN7F3-900-P and LN7F3-900-M.Temperature-programmed profiles of the LaNiO3 sample revealed the presence of a peak around 510 °C, whereas the LaFeO3 sample depicted a peak above 1000°C. The highest l evel of methane conversion was obtained for LaNiO3 synthesized by the Pechini method. Overall, catalysts prepared by the Pechini method depicted better conversion levels compared to those produced by microwave assisted self-combustion

Preparação de óxidos mistos de níquel e zinco nanoparticulados a partir de combustíveis alternativos

The field of "Materials Chemistry" has been developing in recent years and there has been a great increase of interest in the synthesis and chemical and physical properties of new inorganic solids. New routes of synthesis and synthesis modified has been developed with the aim not only to optimize the processes in laboratory scale, but also on an industrial scale, and make them acceptable by current environmental legislation. The phenomenology of current solid state chemistry properties coupled with the high temperature superconductivity, ferromagnetism, porosity molecular and colors are evidence affected by the synthesis method, which in turn can influence the technological application of these materials. From this understanding, mixed oxides of nickel and zinc nanoparticulate were synthesized by microwave-assisted combustion route using three specific types of organic fuels employing the weight ratios 1:1/2 and 1:1 of cation metallic/fuel, in order to investigate the influence of such proportions to obtain the solids. The new fuels were chosen to replace, for example, urea or glycine that are the fuels most commonly preferred in this kind of synthesis. The powders without heat treatment were studied by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and then calcined at 900°C. After heat treatment, the samples were characterized by analysis of X Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The modified synthesis route porposed was effective for obtaining powders. Both the alternative fuels chosen as the different weight ratios employed, influenced in the morphology and obtaining oxides

Comportamento magnético de compósitos de matriz polimérica com adição de ferritas

Polymer matrix composites offer advantages for many applications due their combination of properties, which includes low density, high specific strength and modulus of elasticity and corrosion resistance. However, the application of non-destructive techniques using magnetic sensors for the evaluation these materials is not possible since the materials are non-magnetizable. Ferrites are materials with excellent magnetic properties, chemical stability and corrosion resistance. Due to these properties, these materials are promising for the development of polymer composites with magnetic properties. In this work, glass fiber / epoxy circular plates were produced with 10 wt% of cobalt or barium ferrite particles. The cobalt ferrite was synthesized by the Pechini method. The commercial barium ferrite was subjected to a milling process to study the effect of particle size on the magnetic properties of the material. The characterization of the ferrites was carried out by x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Circular notches of 1, 5 and 10 mm diameter were introduced in the composite plates using a drill bit for the non-destructive evaluation by the technique of magnetic flux leakage (MFL). The results indicated that the magnetic signals measured in plates with barium ferrite without milling and cobalt ferrite showed good correlation with the presence of notches. The milling process for 12 h and 20 h did not contribute to improve the identification of smaller size notches (1 mm). However, the smaller particle size produced smoother magnetic curves, with fewer discontinuities and improved signal-to-noise ratio. In summary, the results suggest that the proposed approach has great potential for the detection of damage in polymer composites structures

Processamento e caracterização da blenda poli (metacrilato de metila) (PMMA) elastomerico e poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET) pós-consumo

This work studied the immiscible blend of elastomeric poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottle grade with and without the use of compatibilizer agent, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate - co-ethyl acrylate) (MGE). The characterizations of torque rheometry, melt flow index measurement (MFI), measuring the density and the degree of cristallinity by pycnometry, tensile testing, method of work essential fracture (EWF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed in pure polymer and blends PMMA/PET. The rheological results showed evidence of signs of chemical reaction between the epoxy group MGE with the end groups of the PET chains and also to the elastomeric phase of PMMA. The increase in the concentration of PET reduced torque and adding MGE increased the torque of the blend of PMMA/PET. The results of the MFI also show that elastomeric PMMA showed lower flow and thus higher viscosity than PET. In the results of picnometry observed that increasing the percentage of PET resulted in an increase in density and degree crystallinity of the blends PMMA/PET. The tensile test showed that increasing the percentage of PET resulted in an increase in ultimate strength and elastic modulus and decrease in elongation at break. However, in the phase inversion, where the blend showed evidence of a co-continuous morphology and also, with 30% PET dispersed phase and compatibilized with 5% MGE, there were significant results elongation at break compared to elastomeric PMMA. The applicability of the method of essential work of fracture was shown to be possible for most formulations. And it was observed that with increasing elastomeric PMMA in the formulations of the blends there was an improvement in specific amounts of essential work of fracture (We) and a decrease in the values of specific non-essential work of fracture (βWp)

Estudo comparativo de pás para aerogeradores de grande porte fabricadas em materiais compósitos reforçadas com fibra de carbono ou fibra de vidro

The research and development of wind turbine blades are essential to keep pace with worldwide growth in the renewable energy sector. Although currently blades are typically produced using glass fiber reinforced composite materials, the tendency for larger size blades, particularly for offshore applications, has increased the interest on carbon fiber reinforced composites because of the potential for increased stiffness and weight reduction. In this study a model of blade designed for large generators (5 MW) was studied on a small scale. A numerical simulation was performed to determine the aerodynamic loading using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. Two blades were then designed and manufactured using epoxy matrix composites: one reinforced with glass fibers and the other with carbon fibers. For the structural calculations, maximum stress failure criterion was adopted. The blades were manufactured by Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM), typical for this type of component. A weight comparison of the two blades was performed and the weight of the carbon fiber blade was approximately 45% of the weight of the fiberglass reinforced blade. Static bending tests were carried out on the blades for various percentages of the design load and deflections measurements were compared with the values obtained from finite element simulations. A good agreement was observed between the measured and calculated deflections. In summary, the results of this study confirm that the low density combined with high mechanical properties of carbon fibers are particularly attractive for the production of large size wind turbine blades

Síntese hidrotérmica assistida por micro-ondas de tiO2, e aplicação em nanocompósito

In recent decades have seen a sharp growth in the study area of nanoscience and nanotechnology and is included in this area, the study of nanocomposites with self-cleaning properties. Since titanium dioxide (TiO2) has high photocatalytic activity and also antimicrobial, self-cleaning surfaces in your application has been explored. In this study a comparison was made between two synthesis routes to obtain TiO2 nanoparticles by hydrothermal method assisted by microwave. And after analysis of XRD and SEM was considered the best material for use in nanocomposites. It was deposited nanocomposite film of poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) with 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% by weight of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) by the spraying method. The nanocomposite was diluted with hexane and the suspension was deposited onto glass substrate, followed by curing in an oven with forced air circulation. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite impregnated with methylene blue was evaluated by UV- vis spectroscopy from the intensity variation of absorption main peak at 660nm with time of exposure to the UV chamber. Changes in the contact angle and microhardness were analyzed before and after UV aging test. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the chemical structure of the PDMS matrix was evaluated by spectrophotometry Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).The results indicated that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles in the coating PDMS gave high photocatalytic activity in the decomposition of methylene blue, an important characteristic for the development of self-cleaning coatings