Bill of disbursments [for the] sch[oone]r Lydia : manuscript, 1790

List of ship's expenses between Feb. 7 and May 25; dated at Aux Cayes, (Haiti) May 27, 1790; includes money paid to an interpreter at Tobago, workers for ship maintenance, and various harbor officials; and notation of purchases for goods such as sugar, coffee, rice, tar, food, and rum.

Hādhihi Tarjamat quṭb al-wāṣilīn wa-ghawth al-sālikīn al-ʻārif billāh Sayyidī Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Abī al-Maḥāsin al-Qāwuqjī al-Ḥasanī

min qalam ʻAbd al-Qādir al-Adʹhamī al-Ṭarābulusī.

al- Zajr wa-al-iqmāʻ bi-zawājir al-sharʻ al-muṭāʻ li-man kāna yuʼminu billāh wa-Rasūlihi wa-yawm al-ijtimāʻ ʻan ālāt al-lahw wa-al-samāʻ: wa-bi-hāmishihi al-Durar al-durrīyah al-mustanīrah bi-ḥadīth lā ʻadwá wa-lā ṭīrah

li-Abī ʻAbd Allāh Sayyidī Muḥammad ibn al-Madanī Jannūn.

Kitāb Tuḥfat al-silāk fī faḍl al-siwāk / min kalām sayyidinā al-Shaykh al-ʻĀrif billāh taʻālá al-Shaykh Shihāb al-Dīn Abū al-ʻAbbās Aḥmad al-Zāhid : manuscript, undated

Written in several hands, in one column, 23-24 lines per page, in black rubricated in red.

Sharḥ Kanz al-mughrimīn / lil-Shaykh al-ʻĀrif billāh Ibn Sabʻīn : manuscript, 1593

Title from f. 15r.

The effects of sympatry on patterns of bill morphology between closely related species of birds, worldwide

When closely related species co-occur in sympatry, they face a significant challenge. They must adapt to the same local conditions in their shared environment, which favours the convergent evolution of traits, while simultaneously minimizing the costs of competition for shared resources that typically favours the divergent evolution of traits. Here, we use a comparative sister lineage approach to test how most species have responded to these conflicting selection pressures in sympatry, focusing on a key ecological trait: the bill morphology of birds. If similar bill morphologies incur fitness costs due to species interactions, then we predicted that the bill morphologies of closely related species would differ more in sympatry compared with allopatry. Alternatively, if similar bill morphologies incur fitness benefits due to local adaptation, then we predicted that the bill morphologies would be more similar in sympatry compared with allopatry. We used museum specimens to measure five aspects of bill (maxilla) morphology – depth, length, width, side shape, and bottom shape – in diverse bird species from around the world to test our alternative hypotheses. We found support for both divergent evolution and convergent evolution (or trait retention) in one ecological trait: closely related sympatric species diverged in bill depth, but converged in side shape. These patterns of bill evolution were influenced by the genetic distance between closely related sister taxa and the geographic distance between allopatric lineages. Overall, our results highlight species interactions as an important mechanism for the evolution of some (bill depth), but not all (bill shape), aspects of bill morphology in closely related species in sympatry, and provide strong support for the bill as a key ecological trait that can adapt in different ways to the conflicting challenges of sympatry.

Trade with Cuba. Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Eighty-seventh Congress, first session, on H. R. 8465, a bill to prohibit the shipment in interstate or foreign commerce of articles imported into the United States from Cuba, and for other purposes (and identical bills); H.R. 8866, a bill tp prohibit the shipment in interstate or foreign commerce of articles imported into the United States from Cuba, to provide penalties for such shipment, and for other purposes. August 29 and September 1, 1961.

Mode of access: Internet.

1974 University of Michigan Football Team