A phospholipase A1 platelet activator from the wasp venom of Vespa magnifica (Smith)

Wasp is an impor tant venomous animal that can induce human fatalities. Aortic thrombosis and cerebral infarction are major clinical symptoms after massive wasp stings but the reason leading to the envenomation manifestation is still not known. In this paper, a toxin protein is purified and characterized by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, CM-Sephadex C-25 cationic exchange and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) from the venom of the wasp, Vespa magnifica (Smith). This protein, named magnifin, contains phospholipase-like activity and induces platelet aggregation. The cDNA encoding magnifin is cloned from the venom sac cDNA library of the wasp. The predicted protein was deduced from the cDNA with a sequence composed of 337 amino acid residues. Magnifin is very similar to other phospholipase A(1) (PLA(1)), especially to other wasp allergen PLA(1). Magnifin can activate platelet aggregation and induce thrombosis in vivo. The current results proved that PLA(1) in wasp venom could be contributable to aortic thrombosis after massive wasp stings. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterization and cloning of a novel phospholipase A(2) from the venom of Trimeresurus jerdonii snake

A phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) called jerdoxin, was isolated from Trimeresurus jerdonni snake venom and partially characterized. The protein was purified by three chromatographic steps. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence or absence of dithiothreitol showed that it had a molecular mass of 15 kDa. Jerdoxin had an enzymatic activity of 39.4 mumol/min/mg towards egg yolk phosphatidyl choline (PC). It induced edema in the footpads of mice. In addition, jerdoxin exhibited indirect hemolytic activity. About 97% hemolysis was observed when 2 mug/ml enzyme was incubated for 90 min in the presence of PC and Ca2+. No detectable hemolysis was noticed when PC was not added. Ca2+ was necessary for jerdoxin to exert its hemolytic activity, since only 52% hemolysis was seen when Ca2+ was absent in the reaction mixture. Furthermore, jerdoxin inhibited ADP induced rabbit platelet aggregation and the inhibition was dose dependent with an IC50 of 1.0 muM. The complete amino acid sequence of jerdoxin deduced from cDNA sequence shared high homology with other snake venom PLA(2)s, especially the D49 PLA(2)s. Also, the residues concerned to Ca2+ binding were conserved. This is the first report of cDNA sequence of T jerdonii venom PLA(2). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Biochemical and biological properties of Trimeresurus jerdonii venom and characterization of a platelet aggregation-inhibiting acidic phospholipase A(2)

Several biochemical and biological activities such as phospholipase A(2), arginine esterase, proteolytic, L-amino acid oxidase, 5'nucleotidase, acetylcholinesterase, thrombin-like, anticoagulant, and hemorrhagic activities were determined for whole desiccated venom of Trimeresurus jerdonii. An acidic phospholipase (named TJ-PLA(2)) was purified by anionic exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and reverse phase HPLC. TJ-PLA(2) had a molecular weight of 16,000 and a pI of 4.8. TJ-PLA(2) was non-lethal to mice up to an i.p. dose of 15 mg/kg body weight and lacked neurotoxicity and myotoxicity. It induced edema in the footpads of mice. The purified enzyme inhibited ADP- and collagen-induced human platelet aggregation in a manner which was both dose- and time-dependent.

Purification, characterization and cytokine release function of a novel Arg-49 phospholipase A(2) from the venom of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus

Group IIA phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) are major components in Viperidae/Crotalidae venom. In the present study, a novel PLA(2) named promutoxin with Arg at the site 49 has been purified from the venom of Protobothrops muerosquamatus by chromatography. It

N49 phospholipase A(2), a unique subgroup of snake venom group II phospholipase A(2)

A novel phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) with Asn at its site 49 was purified from the snake venom of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus by using SP-Sephadex C25, Superdex 75, Heparin-Sepharose (FF) and HPLC reverse-phage C-18 chromatography and designated as TM-N49

Cyclin A2 is differentially expressed during oocyte maturation between gynogenetic silver crucian carp and gonochoristic color crucian carp

Silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) is a unique gynogenetic fish. Because of its specific genetic background and reproduction mode, it is an intriguing model system for understanding regulatory mechanism of oocyte maturation division. It keeps its chromosomal integrity by inhibiting the first meiotic division (no extrusion of the first pole body). The spindle behavior during oocyte maturation is significantly different from that in gonochoristic fish. The chromosomes are first arranged in a tripolar spindle, and then they turn around and are reunited mutually to form a normal bipolar spindle. A new member of the fish A-type cyclin gene, cyclin A2, has been isolated by suppression of subtractive hybridization on the basis of its differential transcription in fully-grown oocytes between the gynogenetic silver crucian carp and gonochoristic color crucian carp. There are 18 differing amino acids in the total 428 residues of cyclin A2 between the two forms of crucian carps. In addition, cDNAs of cyclin A1 and cyclin B have also been cloned from them. Thus two members of A-type cyclins, cyclin A1 and cyclin A2, are demonstrated to exist in fish, just as in frog, humans, and mouse. Northern blotting reveals that cyclin A2 mRNA is more than 20-fold and cyclin A1 mRNA is about 2-fold in fully grown oocytes of gynogenetic silver crucian carp compared to gonochoristic color crucian carp. However, cyclin B does not show such a difference between them. Western blot analysis also shows that the cyclin A2 protein stockpiled in fully grown oocytes of gynogenetic crucian carp is much more abundant than in gonochoristic crucian carp. Moreover, two different cyclin A2 expression patterns during oocyte maturation have been revealed in the two closely related crucian carps. For color crucian carp, cyclin A2 protein is translated only after hormone stimulation. For silver crucian carp, cyclin A2 protein can be detected throughout the process of maturation division. The different expression of cyclin A2 may be a clue to understanding the special maturation division of gynogenetic silver crucian carp.

眼镜王蛇泛素融合蛋白和核糖体蛋白L30的分子克隆与分析及大蹼铃蟾膜联蛋白A2样蛋白的纯化与活性研究

本论文分为两个部分。第一部分利用分子生物学手段对广西产眼镜王蛇（OPhiophagushannah）泛素融合蛋白基因和核糖体蛋白L30基因进行了克隆及分析；第二部分利用生物化学手段对大蹼铃蟾（Bombinamaxima）膜联蛋白A2样蛋白进行了初步研究。首先，从广西产眼镜王蛇毒腺中抽提总RNA，经mRNA纯化后构建眼镜王蛇毒腺。DNA文库，得到大概1.8*105个独立的克隆。从所构建的cDNA文库中，我们随机筛选200个克隆测序，得到两个在进化上高度保守的基因：泛素融合蛋白基因（GenBahk登录号为AF297036）和核糖体蛋白L30基因（GenBank登录号是AF297033）。前者cDNA的开放阅读框为387bp，后者为348bp。前者编码128个氨基酸残基组成的泛素融合蛋白前体；后者编码1巧个氨基酸残基组成的核糖体蛋白L30前体。由cDNA序列推导出的氨基酸序列分析表明，泛素融合蛋白前体包括N-末端的泛素结构域（76个氨基酸残基）和C-末端的核糖体蛋白L40结构域（52个氨基酸残基）。该蛋白为一高碱性蛋白，C末端含有一个"锌指"结构域。与16个物种比较的结果表明，眼镜王蛇与脊椎动物的泛素融合蛋白氨基酸序列相似度较高，具有高度的保守性。我们克隆到的眼镜王蛇泛素融合蛋白基因和核糖体蛋白L30基因为泛素家族和核糖体家族提供新的序列信息，有助于深入研究泛素蛋白和核糖体蛋白的结构、功能以及与其他物种的类似分子之间的相互关系。其次，通过阴离子交换，凝胶过滤和阳离子交换层析我们从大蹼铃蟾皮肤匀浆物中纯化了一个表观分子量为33000Da的单链蛋白，N-末端序列比较分析显示它与脊椎动物膜联蛋白AZ亚群有较高的同源性，与来自非洲爪蟾、红色原鸡和人膜联蛋白AZ序列的annexin核心的第一个重复区结构域序列一致性分别为78.9％、89％和68％，因此命名为大蹼铃蟾膜联蛋白AZ样蛋白（BAllLP）。BAllLP具有钙依赖性的抑制专一性血小板膜受体GPVI激动剂一Stejnulxin诱导人血小板聚集的生物学功能。

圆斑蝰蛇毒磷脂酶A_2蛋白活性表现和分子进化探讨及菜花烙铁头、烙铁头蛇毒中Jerdonase、TmF的研究

磷脂酶AZ（PLA2）是蛇毒中含量较为丰富的一类作用于梭酷键的酶。迄今为止，己有多种形式的PLA2从不同地域、不同种属的蛇毒中得以纯化并进行了较为系统的研究。其中，以VipoXin为代表的异二聚体形式PLA2较为引人注目，原因在于这种形式不同于此类蛋白家族中的诸多其它个体。目前，己经有许多关于此异二聚体PL凡生物学特性的报道，包括对此类形式存在原因、活性变化、结构表现、系统进化等方面的讨论。然而至今，这种以异二聚体形式存在的PLA2仅发现于几种蛙亚科（ViperinaeSubfamily）蛇种的蛇毒中，其中就包括我国台湾岛的圆斑蜂蛇台湾亚种（Doboiarusselliiformosensis），而蝮亚科（CrotaiinaeSubfamil）蛇种的蛇毒至今却没有此类报道。我国大陆西南端接壤东南亚，存在于云南、福建一带的圆斑蛙蛇隶属圆斑蛙蛇泰国亚种（Daboiarusselliisiamensis），那么这种蛇毒中是否也含有异二聚体形式的PLA2呢？本工作就此疑问对云南产圆斑蛙蛇泰国亚种（D.r.siamensis）蛇毒中的PLA2进行了研究，结果得到三个新的PLAZ，分别命名为DRS-PLA2-I、DRS-PLA2-II和DRS-PLA2-III。其中，DRS-PLA2-I的分子量为13864.06Da，理论pI为4.56，PLA2活性为12.35μmol/mg/min；DRS-PLA2-II的分子量为13635.99Da，理论pI为8.74，PLA2活性为8.76μmol／mg/min；DRS-PLA2-III的分子量为13619.80Da，理论厂为4.61，无PLA2活性。这三个蛋白酶N端的30个氨基酸残基恰好和三个阳性克隆的cDNA序列推导的蛋白序列吻合，结合已经报道的PLA2蛋白家族蛋白序列的保守性表现，我们可以断定它们之间存在对应关系。分子系统学分析表明DRS-PLA2-II和DRS-PLA2-III在进化关系上和蛙亚科的异二聚体PLA2关系较近，并且二者酶活性分别与异二聚体PLA2的Normalchain和Inhibitorchain相一致，只是没有发现类似Vipoxin形式的异二聚体结合蛋白。这些分析表明DRS-PLA2-nORS-PLA2-III类似圆斑蛙蛇台湾亚种（D.r.forlnos翻s沽）中的PV-4/RV-7，是PLA2异二聚体的一种特殊形式，在进化上滞后于VinOXin。另夕卜本工作还相继从云南产菜花烙铁头（Trimeresrusjerdonii）蛇毒和湖南产烙铁头（Trimeresurusmucrosquamatus）蛇毒中分离得到Jerdonase和TmF。前者为一个丝氨酸蛋白酶性质的、具有纤维蛋白原水解作用和激肤释放酶原水解作用双重活性表现的、高分子量的份五brinogenase，其活性表现可以被PMSF彻底抑制，而EDTA对此却没有影响。其它的几种抑制剂如大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂、l-cysteine、DTT对Jerdonase的活性表现也有不同程度的影响。在Jerdonase的这些生化特性上中，分子量的大小和对纤维蛋白酶水解的特性这两方面有别于蛇毒中诸多其它来源的同类蛋白；后者T淤为一个舒缓激肚增强肤（BradykninPQtentiatingPePtide，BPP），电离质谱分析表明其分子量为1110.7Da。此小肚氨基酸序列为促进舒缓激肚（Bradki垃n，BK）诱导的豚鼠回肠纵行肌收缩的活力单位为（1.13±0.3）（m留L），T妊抑制血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）对BK水解的半数抑制剂量IC50为2μg。比较已报道的从Agkistrodon属和Bothrops属中纯化得到的BPP氨基酸序列发现：BPP的N端都是特征性的pGlu，C端为IIe-Pro-Pro，有高度的保守性。另外，TmF是Trimeresurus属中此类小肤的首次纯化。总之，本研究对国产的几种常见蛇毒中的几种常见蛋白多肤进行了一定程度的探讨和分析，和相同类别的其它蛋白、多肤比较可以看到，有许多相同的地方，也有许多不同的表现，研究结果为相应领域的深入研究提供资料和思路。

Fluorescence analysis of phospholipase A(2) isolated from Chinese agkistrodon blomhoffii Ussurensis venom

The general and synchronous spectra of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) isolated from Chinese agkistrodon blomhoffii Ussurensis snake venom were studied. The chromophores of PLA(2) were mainly contributed by tyrosine and tryptophane residues when the intervals between the excitation wavelength and the emssion waveleagth (Delta lambda) were 20nm and 75nm, respectively. The pH of buffers could change the fluorescence intensities of PLA(2) by changing the charge distribution of its amino acid chain. Ca2+ can not only increase the emission fluorescence intensity of PLA(2) but also improve the reaction rate of PLA(2) with its corresponding substrate DPPC.

长白山白眉蝮蛇蛇毒磷脂酶A2的分离和初步表征

东北长白山白眉蝮蛇(Agkistrodon blom hoffii Ussurensis)蛇毒经DEAE-Sephadex A-50离子交换层析柱，连续3步Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤柱得到了磷脂酶A2(PLA2)的纯品。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)以及基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时质谱(MALDI/TOF/MS)表征为单一蛋白，其准确分子量为(14.008±0.007）kD。最适PH范围8.0～9.0，最适的反应温度为45℃。在溶液中有多聚体的存在。