Individual Video Training - Entwicklung einer nationalen Infrastruktur f��r Video-unterst��tztes Lernen

Video-basiertes Lernen ist besonders effektiv, wo es um Fertigkeiten und Verhalten geht. Videoaufzeichnungen von Gespr��chen, Unterrichtssituationen oder der Durchf��hrung praktischer T��tigkeiten wie dem N��hen einer Wunde erlauben es den Ausf��hrenden, ihren Peers und ihren Tutoren, die Qualit��t der Leistung zu beurteilen und Anregungen zur Verbesserung zu formulieren. Wissend um den grossen didaktischen Wert von Videoaufzeichnungen haben sich vier P��dagogische Hochschulen (Z��rich, Freiburg, Thurgau, Luzern) und zwei Medizinische Fakult��ten (Bern, Lausanne) zusammen getan, um eine nationale Infrastruktur f��r Video-unterst��tztes Lernen anzustossen. Ziel was es, ein System zu entwickeln, das einfach zu bedienen ist, bei dem viele Arbeitsschritte automatisiert sind und das die Videos im Internet bereit stellt. Zusammen mit SWITCH, der nationalen IT-Support-Organisation der Schweizer Hochschulen, wurde basierend auf den vorbestehenden Technologien AAI und SWITCHcast das Programm iVT (Individual Video Training) entwickelt. Die Integration des nationalen Single Logon System AAI (Authentification and Authorization Infrastructure) erlaubt es, die Videos mit dem jeweiligen User eindeutig zu verkn��pfen, so dass die Videos nur f��r diesen User im Internet zug��nglich sind. Mit dem Podcast-System SWITCHcast k��nnen Videos automatisch ins Internet hochgeladen und bereit gestellt werden. Es wurden je ein Plugin f��r die Learning Management Systeme ILIAS (PH Z��rich, Uni Bern) und Moodle (Uni Lausanne) entwickelt. Dank dieser Plugins werden die Videos in den jeweiligen LMS verf��gbar gemacht. Der Einsatz von iVT ist beim Kommunikationstraining unserer Medizinstudierenden in Bern inzwischen Standard. Das Login gilt gleichzeitig als Beleg f��r das Testat. Studierende, die keine Videoaufzeichnung w��nschen, k��nnen diese nach dem Login stoppen. Bis anhin ist das Betrachten der Videos freiwillig. Szenarios mit Peer Feedback sind geplant. Eine entsprechende Erweiterung des Systems um gegenseitige Annotationsm��glichkeiten besteht bereits und wird fortlaufend weiterentwickelt.

PARP Inhibitor Resistance - What Is Beyond BRCA1 or BRCA2 Restoration?

Nearly 10 years ago the usefulness of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors to kill BRCA1 or BRCA2-deficient cells was reported, and this finding has served as a prime example of the concept of synthetic lethality in the context of anticancer therapy. The clinical translation of this finding has undergone several ups and downs, however. Despite spectacular responses seen in some patients with BRCA-deficient breast or ovarian cancers, other patients did not show the expected benefit from PARP inhibitor therapy. Thus, like for all novel tailored anti-cancer drugs, upfront and secondary resistance remain major hurdles in the implementation of the initial preclinical finding. We know at least one clinically relevant mechanism of PARP inhibitor resistance: the reversion of BRCA function by secondary mutations. Nevertheless, it is also clear that this mechanism does not explain all cases of resistance. At the moment, we only have a poor understanding of BRCA reversion-independent resistance mechanisms. Preclinical data have pointed in several directions, e.g. increased drug efflux, reduced drug target levels, or alternative DNA repair. Here, we discuss these mechanisms with a focus on potential DNA repair adaptations.

Novel molecular insights into human tooth agenesis

The development of dentition is a fascinating process that involves a complex series of epithelial-mesenchymel signaling interactions. That such a precise process frequently goes awry is not surprising. Indeed, tooth agenesis is one of the most commonly inherited disorders in humans that affects up to twenty percent of the population and imposes significant functional, emotional and financial burdens on patients. Mutations in the paired box domain containing transcription factor PAX9 result in autosomal dominant tooth agenesis that primarily involves posterior dentition. Despite these advances, little is known about how PAX9 mediates key signaling actions in tooth development and how aberrations in PAX9 functions lead to tooth agenesis. As an initial step towards providing evidence for the pathogenic role of mutant PAX9 proteins, I performed a series of molecular genetic analyses aimed at resolving the structural and functional defects produced by a number of PAX9 mutations causing non-syndromic posterior tooth agenesis. It is likely that the pathogenic mechanism underlying tooth agenesis for the first two mutations studied (219InsG and IIe87Phe) is haploinsufficiency. For the six paired domain missense mutations studied, the lack of functional defects observed for three of the mutant proteins suggests that these mutations altered PAX9 function through alternate mechanisms. Next, I explored further the nature of the partnership between Pax9 and the Msx1 homeoprotein and their role in the expression of a downstream effector molecule, Bmp4. When viewed in the context of events occurring in dental mesenchyme, the results of these studies indicate that the Pax9-Msx1 protein interaction involves the localized up-regulation of Bmp4 activity that is mediated by synergistic interactions between the two transcription factors. Importantly, these assays corroborate in vivo data from mouse genetic studies and support reports of Pax9-dependent expression of Bmp4 in dental mesenchyme. Taken together, these results suggest that PAX9 mutations cause an early developmental defect due to an inability to maintain the inductive potential of dental mesenchyme through involvement in a pathway involving Msx1 and Bmp4. ^

A novel DNA damage inducible inhibitor of p53

p53 is required for the maintenance of the genomic stability of cells. Mutations in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene occur in more than 50% of human cancers of diverse types. In addition, 70% of families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome have a germline mutation in p53, predisposing these individuals to multiple forms of cancer. In response to DNA damage, p53 becomes stabilized and activated. However the exact mechanism by which DNA damage signals the stabilization and activation of p53 still remains elusive. The biochemical activity of p53 that is required for tumor suppression, and presumably the cellular response to DNA damage, involves the ability of the protein to bind to specific DNA sequences and to function as a transcription factor. For the downstream targets, p53 transactivates many genes involved in growth arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair such as p21, Bax and GADD45, respectively. An open question in the field is how cells can determine the downstream effects of p53. ^ We hypothesize that, through its associated proteins, p53 can differentially transactivate its target genes, which determine its downstream effect. Additionally, p53 interacting proteins may be involved in signaling for the stabilization and activation of p53. Therefore, a key aspect to understanding p53 function is the identification and analysis of proteins that interact with it. We have employed the Sos recruitment system (SRS), a cytoplasmic yeast two-hybrid screen to identify p53 interacting proteins. The SRS is based on the ability of Sos to activate Ras when it becomes localized to the plasma membrane. The system takes advantage of an S. cerevisiae strain, cdc25-2 temperature sensitive mutant, harboring a mutation in Sos. In this strain, fusion proteins containing a truncated Sos will only localize to the membrane by protein-protein interaction, which allows growth at non-permissive temperature. This system allows the use of intact transcriptional activators such as p53. ^ To date, using a modified SRS library screen to identify p53 interacting proteins, I have identified p53 (known to interact with itself) and a novel p53-interacting protein (PIP). PIP is a specific p53 interacting protein in the SRS. The interaction of p53 and PIP was further confirmed by performing in vitro and in vivo binding assays. In the in vivo binding study, the interaction can only be detected in the presence of ionizing radiation suggesting that this interaction might be involved in DNA-damage induced p53-signalling pathway. After screening cDNA and genomic libraries, a full-length PIP-cDNA clone ( ��� 3kb) was obtained which encodes a protein of 429 amino acids with calculated molecular weight of 46 kDa. The results of genebank search indicated that the PIP is an unidentified gene and contains a conserved ring-finger domain, which is present in a diverse family of regulatory proteins involved in different aspects of cellular function. Northern blot analysis revealed that the size of its messenge is approximately 3 kb preferentially expressed in brain, heart, liver and kidney. The PIP protein is mainly located in the cytoplasm as determined by the cellular localization of a green fluorescence fusion protein. Preliminary functional analysis revealed that PIP downregulated the transactivation activity of p53 on both p21 and mdm2 promoters. Thus, PIP may be a novel negative regulator of p53 subsequent to DNA damage. ^

Late Pliocene stratigraphic distribution of Globoconella taxa in the North Atlantic

Quantitative records of Globorotalia puncticulata and Globorotalia inflata, the last two members of the Globorotalia (Globoconella) lineage, obtained from North Atlantic sediments collected at DSDP Site 552, ODP Site 659 and ODP Site 665, are used to examine fluctuations in the biogeographic distribution of these species in the Late Pliocene between 3 and 2 Ma. Abundance data indicate that prior to the expansion of Northern Hemisphere glaciation at about 2.5 Ma, Gr. puncticulata was an important component of the planktonic foraminiferal fauna and had a geographic distribution ranging from 2��N to at least 56��N in the North Atlantic. A previously undescribed 6 chambered variant of Gr. puncticulata is found at both Sites 659 and 665. The stratigraphic distribution of this morphotype is restricted, first occurring at 2.9 Ma and then disappearing when glacial intensity increased at 2.75 Ma (isotope stage 110). Similar declines in Gr. puncticulata abundances occurred during glacial isotope stages 102, 100, and 98 immediately prior to the extinction of Gr. puncticulata during glacial isotope stage 96. It appears that this extinction event was latitudinally diachronous within the North Atlantic, occurring earliest in the north at Site 552 (2.453 Ma), then at Site 659 (2.443 Ma) and later still in the Site 665 equatorial record (2.438 Ma). At Site 665 the first record of Gr. inflata occurs during glacial isotope stage 94 (2.416 Ma), shortly after the extinction of Gr. puncticulata. In the mid latitude North Atlantic there was a 340,000 year period following the disappearance of Gr. puncticulata when the Globoconella lineage was absent (the Gr. inflata gap). The Gr. inflata population found in the equatorial Atlantic must therefore have been introduced from the South Atlantic, probably by the South Equatorial Current. Faunal records from Sites 552 and 659 show that it was not until glacial isotope stage 78 (2.10 Ma) that Gr. inflata became widely established in the North Atlantic. Prior to this large-scale migration event, there were two limited colonisation events during glacial isotope stages 86 and 82 when Gr. inflata populations reached as far as Site 659 in the eastern North Atlantic. These incursions are believed to be reflect the entrainment of Gr. inflata within South Atlantic Central Water and the northward subsurface transport of individuals to the coastal upwelling zone off northwest Africa. It seems likely that the same mechanism was responsible for the re-establishment of the Globoconella lineage in the North Atlantic at 2.10 Ma, but in this instance additional factors, such as enhanced glacial circulation patterns and ecological changes within planktonic foraminiferal faunas, resulted in the successful expansion of Gr. inflata across the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean.

Isotopic composition and lithic grains concentration of sediment core SI90-09

Theories explaining the origin of the abrupt, massive discharges of ice-rafted detritus (IRD) into the glacial North Atlantic (the Heinrich layers (HLs)) generally point to the Laurentide ice sheet as the sole source of these events, until it was found that the IRDs also originated from Icelandic and European ice sheets (Bond and Lotti, 1995, doi:10.1126/science.267.5200.1005; Snoeckx et al., 1999, doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00168-6; Grousset et al., 2000, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<123:WTNAHE>2.0.CO;2). This apparent contradiction must be reconciled as it raises fundamental questions about the mechanism(s) of HL origin. We have analyzed two ~12 cm thick HLs in an ultrahigh-resolution mode (1-2 century intervals) in a mid-Atlantic ridge piston core. The d18O record (N. pachyderma left coiling) reveals strong excursions induced by the melting of the icebergs; these excursions are associated with a strong decrease in the amount of planktic foraminafersand with a 3��C cooling of the surface waters. Counts of coarse detrital grains reveal that IRD are deposited according to a typical sequence (1) volcanic glass, (2) quartz and feldspars, (3) detrital carbonate, that implies a chronology in the melting of the differentpan-Atlantic ice sheets. Sr and Nd isotopic composition confirm that in both Heinrich layers H1 and H2, "precursor" IRD came from first Europe/Iceland, followed then by Laurentide-derived IRD. An internal cyclicity can be identified: during H1 and H2, about four to six major, abrupt discharges occurred roughly on a century timescale. The d13C and d15N records reveal that dominant inputs of continent-derived organic matter are associated with IRD within the HLs, hiding the plankton productivity signal.

Transformation of the Financial Sector in Indonesia

Introduction : The source and deployment of finance are central issues in economic development. Since 1966, when the Soeharto Administration was inaugurated, Indonesian economic development has relied on funds in the form of aid from international organizations and foreign countries. After the 1990s, a further abundant inflow of capital sustained a rapid economic development. Foreign funding was the basis of Indonesian economic growth. This paper will describe the mechanism for allocating funds in the Indonesian economy. It will identify the problems this mechanism generated in the Indonesian experience, and it will attempt to explain why there was a collapse of the financial system in the wake of the Asian Currency Crisis of 1997. History of the Indonesian Financial system The year 1966 saw the emergence of commercial banks in Indonesia. It can be said that before 1966 a financial system hardly existed, a fact commonly attributed to economic disruptions like the consecutive runs of fiscal deficit and hyperinflation under the Soekarno Administration. After 1996, with the inauguration of Soeharto, a regulatory system of financial legislation, e.g. central banking law and banking regulation, was introduced and implemented, and the banking sector that is the basis of the current financial system in Indonesia was built up. ���������The Indonesian financial structure was significantly altered at the first financial reform of 1983. Between 1966 and 1982, the banking sector consisted of Bank Indonesia (the Central Bank) and the state-owned banks. There was also a system for distributing the abundant public revenue derived from the soaring oil price of the 1970s. The public finance distribution function, incorporated in Indonesian financial system, changed after the successive financial reforms of 1983 and 1988, when there was a move away from the monopoly-market style dominated by state-owned banks (which was a system of public finance distribution that operated at the discretion of the government) towards a modern market mechanism. The five phases of development The Indonesian financial system developed in five phases between 1966 and the present time. The first period (1966-72) was its formative period, the second (1973-82) its policy based finance period under soaring oil prices, the third (1983-91) its financial-reform period, the fourth (1992-97) its period of expansion, and the fifth (1998-) its period of financial restructuring. The first section of this paper summarizes the financial policies operative during each of the periods identified above. In the second section changes to the financial sector in response to policies are examined, and an analysis of these changes shows that an important development of the financial sector occurred during the financial reform period. In the third section the focus of analysis shifts from the general financial sector to particular commercial banks��� performances. In the third section changes in commercial banks��� lending and fund-raising behaviour after the 1990s are analysed by comparing several banking groups in terms of their ownership and foundation time. The last section summarizes the foregoing analyses and examines the problems that remain in the Indonesian financial sector, which is still undergoing restructuring.

Adapting mode switches into the hierarchical scheduling

Mode switches are used to partition the system���s behavior into different modes to reduce the complexity of large embedded systems. Such systems operate in multiple modes in which each one corresponds to a specific application scenario; these are called Multi-Mode Systems (MMS). A different piece of software is normally executed for each mode. At any given time, the system can be in one of the predefined modes and then be switched to another as a result of a certain condition. A mode switch mechanism (or mode change protocol) is used to shift the system from one mode to another at run-time. In this thesis we have used a hierarchical scheduling framework to implement a multi-mode system called Multi-Mode Hierarchical Scheduling Framework (MMHSF). A two-level Hierarchical Scheduling Framework (HSF) has already been implemented in an open source real-time operating system, FreeRTOS, to support temporal isolation among real-time components. The main contribution of this thesis is the extension of the HSF featuring a multimode feature with an emphasis on making minimal changes in the underlying operating system (FreeRTOS) and its HSF implementation. Our implementation uses fixed-priority preemptive scheduling at both local and global scheduling levels and idling periodic servers. It also now supports different modes of the system which can be switched at run-time. Each subsystem and task exhibit different timing attributes according to mode, and upon a Mode Change Request (MCR) the task-set and timing interfaces of the entire system (including subsystems and tasks) undergo a change. A Mode Change Protocol specifies precisely how the system-mode will be changed. However, an application may not only need to change a mode but also a different mode change protocol semantic. For example, the mode change from normal to shutdown can allow all the tasks to be completed before the mode itself is changed, while changing a mode from normal to emergency may require aborting all tasks instantly. In our work, both the system mode and the mode change protocol can be changed at run-time. We have implemented three different mode change protocols to switch from one mode to another: the Suspend/resume protocol, the Abort protocol, and the Complete protocol. These protocols increase the flexibility of the system, allowing users to select the way they want to switch to a new mode. The implementation of MMHSF is tested and evaluated on an AVR-based 32 bit board EVK1100 with an AVR32UC3A0512 micro-controller. We have tested the behavior of each system mode and for each mode change protocol. We also provide the results for the performance measures of all mode change protocols in the thesis. RESUMEN Los conmutadores de modo son usados para particionar el comportamiento del sistema en diferentes modos, reduciendo as�� la complejidad de grandes sistemas empotrados. Estos sistemas tienen multiples modos de operaci��n, cada uno de ellos correspondiente a distintos escenarios y para distintas aplicaciones; son llamados Sistemas Multimodales (o en ingl��s ���Multi-Mode Systems��� o MMS). Normalmente cada modo ejecuta una parte de c��digo distinto. En un momento dado el sistema, que est�� en un modo concreto, puede ser cambiado a otro modo distinto como resultado de alguna condicion impuesta previamente. Los mecanismos de cambio de modo (o protocolos de cambio de modo) son usados para mover el sistema de un modo a otro durante el tiempo de ejecuci��n. En este trabajo se ha usado un modelo de sistema operativo para implementar un sistema multimodo llamado MMHSF, siglas en ingl��s correspondientes a (Multi-Mode Hierarchical Scheduling Framework). Este sistema est�� basado en el HSF (Hierarchical Scheduling Framework), un modelo de sistema operativo con jerarqu��a de dos niveles, implementado en un sistema operativo en tiempo real de libre distribuci��n llamado FreeRTOS, capaz de permitir el aislamiento temporal entre componentes. La principal contribuci��n de este trabajo es la ampliaci��n del HSF convirtiendolo en un sistema multimodo realizando los cambios m��nimos necesarios sobre el sistema operativo FreeRTOS y la implementaci��n ya existente del HSF. Esta implementaci��n usa un sistema de planificaci��n de prioridad fija para ambos niveles de jerarqu��a, ocupando el tiempo entre tareas con un ���modo reposo���. Adem��s el sistema es capaz de cambiar de un modo a otro en tiempo de ejecuci��n. Cada subsistema y tarea son capaces de tener distintos atributos de tiempo (prioridad, periodo y tiempo de ejecuci��n) en funci��n del modo. Bajo una demanda de cambio de modo (Mode Change Request MCR) se puede variar el set de tareas en ejecuci��n, as�� como los atributos de los servidores y las tareas. Un protocolo de cambio de modo espeficica precisamente c��mo ser�� cambiado el sistema de un modo a otro. Sin embargo una aplicaci��n puede requerir no solo un cambio de modo, sino que lo haga de una forma especifica. Por ejemplo, el cambio de modo de ���normal��� a ���apagado��� puede permitir a las tareas en ejecuci��n ser finalizadas antes de que se complete la transici��n, pero sin embargo el cambio de ���normal��� a ���emergencia��� puede requerir abortar todas las tareas instantaneamente. En este trabajo ambas caracter��sticas, tanto el modo como el protocolo de cambio, pueden ser cambiadas en tiempo de ejecuci��n, pero deben ser previamente definidas por el desarrollador. Han sido definidos tres protocolos de cambios: el protocolo ���suspender/continuar���, protocolo ���abortar��� y el protocolo ���completar���. Estos protocolos incrementan la flexibilidad del sistema, permitiendo al usuario seleccionar de que forma quieren cambiar hacia el nuevo modo. La implementaci��n del MMHSF ha sido testada y evaluada en una placa AVR EVK1100, con un micro-controlador AVR32UC3A0. Se ha comprobado el comportamiento de los distintos modos para los distintos protocolos, definidos previamente. Como resultado se proporcionan las medidades de rendimiento de los distintos protocolos de cambio de modo.

Estudio comparativo y completo de la oferta de software libre para centros de educaci��n primaria

La Organizaci��n de Estados Iberoamericanos para la Educaci��n, la Ciencia y la Cultura (OEI) pretende llevar energ��a solar y acceso a internet a m��s de 66.000 escuelas en Iberoam��rica, la mayor parte de ellas ubicadas en zonas rurales y de dif��cil acceso. Con el proyecto ���Luces para aprender��� se quiere reducir la brecha digital y poner fin al aislamiento de las comunidades rurales, facilitando su acceso a las tecnolog��as de la comunicaci��n, con el fin de favorecer su desarrollo educativo, econ��mico, social y cultural. La OEI que coordina el proyecto ���Luces para Aprender��� se dirigi�� a TEDECO (Tecnolog��a para el Desarrollo y la Cooperaci��n), que es un grupo de cooperaci��n al desarrollo de la Facultad de Inform��tica de la UPM, para solicitar asesoramiento en la parte software a instalar en el proyecto. Surge la necesidad de dotar de sistema operativo a los computadores que tendr��n las escuelas beneficiarias de este proyecto. Por lo tanto, se ha decido crear un sistema operativo que consiste en una distribuci��n GNU/Linux que se adapte a las necesidades de dicho proyecto. Esta distribuci��n va acompa��ada de un manual de usuario y una gu��a de instalaci��n para facilitar la implantaci��n en los respectivos centros. Se pretende que la distribuci��n est�� disponible en un repositorio web y adem��s est�� basada en la filosof��a de c��digo libre y abierto. ---ABSTRACT---The OEI (Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture) hopes to provide solar energy and Internet access to more than 66.000 schools in Ibero-America, most of them, located in rural zones and of difficult access. With the project ���Luces para aprender��� (lights to learn), they would like to reduce the digital gap and put an end to the deprivation of the rural communities, supplying access to the Information Technologies, with the aim of contributing to its educative, economic, social and cultural development. The OEI that coordinates "Luces para Apreder" project, requested TEDECO (Technology for Development and Cooperation), which is a group of development cooperation of Facultad de Inform��tica of the UPM, to advice in the part of software installation in the project. There is a need for an operative system that the computers will have in schools that will benefit from that project. Therefore, it has been decided to create an operative system that consists of a GNU/Linux distribution adapted to the needs of the project. That distribution will be accompanied by a user���s manual and an installation guide to help the implementing in the centres. The distribution is supposed to be available in a web, and moreover, will be based on the philosophy of free and opened codes.

Energy-based Fair Queuing: Energy-centric Processor Scheduling Algorithm for Battery-limited Mobile Systems

Los dispositivos m��viles modernos disponen cada vez de m��s funcionalidad debido al r��pido avance de las tecnolog��as de las comunicaciones y computaciones m��viles. Sin embargo, la capacidad de la bater��a no ha experimentado un aumento equivalente. Por ello, la experiencia de usuario en los sistemas m��viles modernos se ve muy afectada por la vida de la bater��a, que es un factor inestable de dif��cil de control. Para abordar este problema, investigaciones anteriores han propuesto un esquema de gestion del consumo (PM) centrada en la energ��a y que proporciona una garant��a sobre la vida operativa de la bater��a mediante la gesti��n de la energ��a como un recurso de primera clase en el sistema. Como el planificador juega un papel fundamental en la administraci��n del consumo de energ��a y en la garant��a del rendimiento de las aplicaciones, esta tesis explora la optimizaci��n de la experiencia de usuario para sistemas m��viles con energ��a limitada desde la perspectiva de un planificador que tiene en cuenta el consumo de energ��a en un contexto en el que ��sta es un recurso de primera clase. En esta tesis se analiza en primer lugar los factores que contribuyen de forma general a la experiencia de usuario en un sistema m��vil. Despu��s se determinan los requisitos esenciales que afectan a la experiencia de usuario en la planificaci��n centrada en el consumo de energ��a, que son el reparto proporcional de la potencia, el cumplimiento de las restricciones temporales, y cuando sea necesario, el compromiso entre la cuota de potencia y las restricciones temporales. Para cumplir con los requisitos, el algoritmo cl��sico de fair queueing y su modelo de referencia se extienden desde los dominios de las comunicaciones y ancho de banda de CPU hacia el dominio de la energ��a, y en base a ��sto, se propone el algoritmo energy-based fair queueing (EFQ) para proporcionar una planificaci��n basada en la energ��a. El algoritmo EFQ est�� dise��ado para compartir la potencia consumida entre las tareas mediante su planificaci��n en funci��n de la energ��a consumida y de la cuota reservada. La cuota de consumo de cada tarea con restricciones temporales est�� protegida frente a diversos cambios que puedan ocurrir en el sistema. Adem��s, para dar mejor soporte a las tareas en tiempo real y multimedia, se propone un mecanismo para combinar con el algoritmo EFQ para dar preferencia en la planificaci��n durante breves intervalos de tiempo a las tareas m��s urgentes con restricciones temporales.Las propiedades del algoritmo EFQ se evaluan a trav��s del modelado de alto nivel y la simulaci��n. Los resultados de las simulaciones indican que los requisitos esenciales de la planificaci��n centrada en la energ��a pueden lograrse. El algoritmo EFQ se implementa m��s tarde en el kernel de Linux. Para evaluar las propiedades del planificador EFQ basado en Linux, se desarroll�� un banco de pruebas experimental basado en una sitema empotrado, un programa de banco de pruebas multihilo, y un conjunto de pruebas de c��digo abierto. A trav��s de experimentos espec��ficamente dise��ados, esta tesis verifica primero las propiedades de EFQ en la gesti��n de la cuota de consumo de potencia y la planificaci��n en tiempo real y, a continuaci��n, explora los beneficios potenciales de emplear la planificaci��n EFQ en la optimizaci��n de la experiencia de usuario para sistemas m��viles con energ��a limitada. Los resultados experimentales sobre la gesti��n de la cuota de energ��a muestran que EFQ es m��s eficaz que el planificador de Linux-CFS en la gesti��n de energ��a, logrando un reparto proporcional de la energ��a del sistema independientemente de en qu�� dispositivo se consume la energ��a. Los resultados experimentales en la planificaci��n en tiempo real demuestran que EFQ puede lograr de forma eficaz, flexible y robusta el cumplimiento de las restricciones temporales aunque se d�� el caso de aumento del el n��mero de tareas o del error en la estimaci��n de energ��a. Por ��ltimo, un an��lisis comparativo de los resultados experimentales sobre la optimizaci��n de la experiencia del usuario demuestra que, primero, EFQ es m��s eficaz y flexible que los algoritmos tradicionales de planificaci��n del procesador, como el que se encuentra por defecto en el planificador de Linux y, segundo, que proporciona la posibilidad de optimizar y preservar la experiencia de usuario para los sistemas m��viles con energ��a limitada. Abstract Modern mobiledevices have been becoming increasingly powerful in functionality and entertainment as the next-generation mobile computing and communication technologies are rapidly advanced. However, the battery capacity has not experienced anequivalent increase. The user experience of modern mobile systems is therefore greatly affected by the battery lifetime,which is an unstable factor that is hard to control. To address this problem, previous works proposed energy-centric power management (PM) schemes to provide strong guarantee on the battery lifetime by globally managing energy as the first-class resource in the system. As the processor scheduler plays a pivotal role in power management and application performance guarantee, this thesis explores the user experience optimization of energy-limited mobile systemsfrom the perspective of energy-centric processor scheduling in an energy-centric context. This thesis first analyzes the general contributing factors of the mobile system user experience.Then itdetermines the essential requirements on the energy-centric processor scheduling for user experience optimization, which are proportional power sharing, time-constraint compliance, and when necessary, a tradeoff between the power share and the time-constraint compliance. To meet the requirements, the classical fair queuing algorithm and its reference model are extended from the network and CPU bandwidth sharing domain to the energy sharing domain, and based on that, the energy-based fair queuing (EFQ) algorithm is proposed for performing energy-centric processor scheduling. The EFQ algorithm is designed to provide proportional power shares to tasks by scheduling the tasks based on their energy consumption and weights. The power share of each time-sensitive task is protected upon the change of the scheduling environment to guarantee a stable performance, and any instantaneous power share that is overly allocated to one time-sensitive task can be fairly re-allocated to the other tasks. In addition, to better support real-time and multimedia scheduling, certain real-time friendly mechanism is combined into the EFQ algorithm to give time-limited scheduling preference to the time-sensitive tasks. Through high-level modelling and simulation, the properties of the EFQ algorithm are evaluated. The simulation results indicate that the essential requirements of energy-centric processor scheduling can be achieved. The EFQ algorithm is later implemented in the Linux kernel. To assess the properties of the Linux-based EFQ scheduler, an experimental test-bench based on an embedded platform, a multithreading test-bench program, and an open-source benchmark suite is developed. Through specifically-designed experiments, this thesis first verifies the properties of EFQ in power share management and real-time scheduling, and then, explores the potential benefits of employing EFQ scheduling in the user experience optimization for energy-limited mobile systems. Experimental results on power share management show that EFQ is more effective than the Linux-CFS scheduler in managing power shares and it can achieve a proportional sharing of the system power regardless of on which device the energy is spent. Experimental results on real-time scheduling demonstrate that EFQ can achieve effective, flexible and robust time-constraint compliance upon the increase of energy estimation error and task number. Finally, a comparative analysis of the experimental results on user experience optimization demonstrates that EFQ is more effective and flexible than traditional processor scheduling algorithms, such as those of the default Linux scheduler, in optimizing and preserving the user experience of energy-limited mobile systems.

Decodificar Sejima���SANAA: Estrategias formales y estructurales en su trayectoria de proyecto, 1987 a 2010; de la Casa Platform I al Centro Rolex

La Tesis decodifica una selecci��n de veinte proyectos representativos de Sejima-SANAA, desde su primer proyecto construido, la Casa Platform I, 1987, hasta el Centro Rolex, 2010, a��o en que Sejima y Nishizawa ���SANAA- reciben el Premio Pritzker. De los veinte proyectos once son de Sejima: Casa Platform I, Casa Platform II, Residencia de Mujeres, Casa N, Pachinco Parlor I, Villa en el Bosque, Comisar��a en Chofu, Casa Y, Apartamentos en Gifu, Edificio de equipamientos en la Expo Tokio 96, Pachinko Parlor III; y nueve de SANAA: edificio Multimedia en Oogaki, estudio de viviendas metropolitanas,Park Caf�� en Koga, De Kunstlinie en Almere, Museo de Kanazawa, Pabell��n de Toledo, Escuela de Zollverein, Casa Flor y Centro Rolex. La decodificaci��n lee la obra de Sejima-SANAA a la inversa para ���reconstruir���, en un ejercicio de simulaci��n ficticia, una versi��n veros��mil y coherente de los que podr��an haber sido sus procesos proyectuales; podr��an, porque los verdaderos son imposibles de dilucidar. Los que se proponen se pretenden exclusivamente veros��miles y plausibles. Con ello se pretende contribuir al entendimiento y comprensi��n de la arquitectura de Sejima-SANAA y, tangencialmente y en menor medida, a la teor��a sobre el ejercicio proyectual arquitect��nico. La decodificaci��n se centra en dos aspectos concretos: la forma arquitect��nica y el papel proyectual de la estructura portante. Ambas decodificaciones se extienden inevitablemente a otros aspectos relacionados, como, por ejemplo, la naturaleza del espacio arquitect��nico. El procedimiento de investigaci��n parti�� de una descripci��n objetiva y pormenorizada de los significantes formales y estructurales de cada proyecto desde su propia configuraci��n f��sica y geom��trica. Esa descripci��n ���objetiva���, llevada al l��mite, permiti�� que afloraran estructuras conceptuales y l��gicas subyacentes de cada proyecto. Unida a interpretaci��n cr��tica, ���mediante su relaci��n y confrontaci��n con otras arquitecturas y otros modos de hacer conocidos- permiti�� trazar la reconstituci��n ficticia que persigue la decodificaci��n. Ese trabajo se materializ�� en veinte ensayos cr��ticos y se acompa���� de un conjunto de otros textos sobre temas sugeridos o reclamados por el proceso de investigaci��n. El conjunto de todos esos textos constituye el material de trabajo de la tesis. A partir de ah��, con una visi��n de conjunto, la tesis identifica una trayectoria de estrategias formales y una trayectoria de estrategias proyectuales relacionadas con lo portante. Juntas conforman el grueso de la tesis que se expone en los cuatro cap��tulos centrales. Los precede un cap��tulo introductorio que expone el recorrido biogr��fico de K. Sejima y la trayectoria profesional de Sejima-SANAA; y los siguen de unos textos transversales sobre forma, lugar y espacio. La tesis termina con una s��ntesis de sus conclusiones. Las estrategias formales se exponen en tres cap��tulos. El primero, ���Primeras estrategias formales��� agrupa proyectos de la primera etapa de Sejima. El segundo cap��tulo est�� dedicado enteramente al proyecto de los apartamentos en Gifu, 1994-98, que seg��n esta tesis, supuso un importante punto de inflexi��n en la trayectoria de Sejima; tanto el tercer cap��tulo lleva por nombre ���Estrategias formales despu��s de Gifu��� y recoge los proyectos que le siguieron. Las ���Primeras estrategias formales���, varias y balbucientes, se mueven en general en torno a dos modos o procedimientos de composici��n, bien conocidos: por partes y sistem��tico. ��ste ��ltima inicia en la trayectoria de SANAA un aspecto que va a ser relevante de aqu�� en adelante: entender el proyecto como propuesta gen��rica en la que, m��s all�� de su realidad espec��fica y tangible, subyace una l��gica, en cada proyecto la suya, extrapolable a otros lugares, otras dimensiones, incluso otros programas: cada proyecto podr��a dar lugar a otros proyectos de la misma familia. La composici��n sistem��tica incluye, entre otros, la Casa Platform II, basada en la definici��n de un elemento constructivo, y la formulaci��n de unas leyes de repetici��n y de posibles modos de agrupaci��n. Incluye tambi��n la Residencia de Mujeres Saishunkan Seiyaku- proyecto que lanz�� a Sejima a la fama internacional-, que tambi��n ser��a un sistema, pero distinto: basado en la repetici��n regular de una serie de elementos a lo largo de una directriz generando un hipot��tico contenedor infinito del que el proyecto ser��a tan solo un fragmento. La estrategia formal del edificio de Gifu ahondar��a en la voluntad gen��rica del proyecto, adoptando la l��gica de un juego. El proyecto ser��a una partida del juego, pero no la ��nica posible, podr��an jugarse otras. Esta hip��tesis del juego est�� verificada en ���El Juego de Gifu��� que - tras formular el juego identificando sus elementos (tablero y fichas), reglas y procedimientos- juega una partida: la que habr��a dado lugar al edificio proyectado por Sejima. Gifu extiende el concepto de ���repetir��� un elemento constructivo a la de repetir un patr��n espacial, lo que conlleva: la desvinculaci��n entre forma y funci��n; y un nuevo concepto de flexibilidad, que deja de referirse al uso flexible del edificio construido para pertenecer al momento proyectual en que se asignan funciones espec��ficas a los patrones espaciales. Esta tesis propone que esa asignaci��n de funciones ser��a uno de los ��ltimos eslabones del proceso proyectual, algo opuesto a la premisa moderna de ���la forma sigue a la funci��n���. Las estrategias formales ���Despu��s de Gifu��� tienen tambi��n l��gicas de juego, pero cada estrategia responde a un juego distinto, como dejan entrever sus nombres: ���Tableros de Juego���, que con distintos grados de madurez estar��a presente en varios proyectos; ���Elementos de Cat��logo��� en el Museo de Kanazawa; ���Forma aprior��stica���, en la Casa Flor y ���Repetici��n de una situaci��n topol��gica���, en el Centro Rolex. Todas esas estrategias, o juegos, mantienen aspectos comunes relativos a la forma arquitect��nica, precisamente los aspectos Gifu: la repetici��n aplicada al patr��n espacial, y lo que conlleva: desvinculaci��n entre forma y funci��n y la nueva acepci��n de flexibilidad. ���Tableros de Juego��� consiste en configurar cada sistema de proyecto (estructura, cerramientos, particiones y mobiliario) eligiendo elementos ofrecidos por una geometr��a de base, en cada proyecto la suya, en general reticular: intersecciones, l��neas, m��dulos. Cada sistema se configura, en principio, sin relaci��n de subordinaci��n con cualquiera de los dem��s; cuando esa subordinaci��n es ineludible, el juego determina que el sistema portante no puede materializar el orden geom��trico de base, lo que se traduce en que no ejerce el papel dominante. Por lo tanto, ���Tableros de Juego��� transgrede la l��gica de la planta libre moderna: la estructura ni refleja ni revela el orden de base y los sistemas no respetan las relaciones de subordinaci��n jer��rquica y encadenada que aquella determinaba. Esta estrategia de ���Tableros de juego��� deriva en soluciones y proyectos formales muy distintos: los proyectos de Oogaki y Park Caf��, que presentar��an ���Tableros de Juego��� incipientes; De Kunstlinie en Almere y la Escuela de Zollverein, que presentar��an una consolidaci��n de esta estrategia; y el Pabell��n de Vidrio de Toledo que resultar��a de la subversi��n de la estrategia. Este ��ltimo proyecto, adem��s, lleva el concepto de repetici��n m��s all�� del elemento constructivo y del patr��n espacial (que en este caso tiene forma de burbuja) parar acabar afectando a la propia experiencia del espectador, que est�� donde est��, siempre tiene la sensaci��n de estar en el mismo sitio. Esta tesis denomina a ese espacio repetitivo como ���espacio mantra���. La estrategia ���Elementos de Cat��logo��� se ilustra con el Museo de Kanazawa. Su l��gica parte de la definici��n de una serie de elementos, muy pocos, y se basa en el ingente n��mero de posibles combinaciones entre s��. Gifu habr��a anunciado el catalogo de elementos en la caracterizaci��n de sus patrones espaciales. La estrategia ���Forma Aprior��stica��� se ilustra con la Casa Flor. La decisi��n sobre el tipo de forma -en este caso la de una ameba- estar��a al principio del proceso proyectual, lo que no quiere decir que sea una forma arbitraria: la forma de la ameba lleva impl��cita la repetici��n de un patr��n espacial (el seud��podo) y una apoteosis del concepto de repetici��n que, alcanzando la experiencia espacial, da lugar a un espacio repetitivo o mantra. El ���Espacio Mantra��� es uno de los leitmotivs, que se emplean como argumento en la ��ltima estrategia formal que la Tesis decodifica: el Centro Rolex. Con respecto a la estructura portante, la tesis identifica y traza una trayectoria de cinco estrategias proyectuales: preeminencia, ocultaci��n, disoluci��n, desaparici��n y desvirtuaci��n. --Ocultaci��n, reduce el papel dominante de la estructura. Al principio es una ocultaci��n literal, casi un tapado de los elementos estructurales, como en Gifu; luego se hace m��s sofisticada, como la ocultaci��n por camuflaje o la parad��jica ocultaci��n por multiplicaci��n de Park Caf��. --La disoluci��n merma la condici��n dominante de la estructura que en lugar de configurarse como sistema unitario u homog��neo se fragmenta en varios subsistemas. --La desaparici��n se refiere a estructuras que desaparecen como sistemas propios y aut��nomos, a proyectos en los que la funci��n portante es desempe��ada por otros sistemas como el de las particiones. La desaparici��n culmina con la Casa Flor, cuyo per��metro ejerce la funci��n portante y adem��s es transparente, est�� desmaterializado: la estructura se ha hecho invisible, ha desaparecido. --La desvirtuaci��n se refiere a estructuras que s�� se presentan como sistemas propios y aut��nomos, pero dejan de tener un papel preeminente por cuanto no materializan el orden de base: esta estrategia es correlativa a la estrategia formal ���Tableros de juego���. Las conclusiones de la tesis est��n en la propia organizaci��n de la tesis: la identificaci��n de las estrategias. A��n as��, y como ep��logos, se exponen seis. Las dos primeras subrayan el hilo conductor del trabajo realizado, que radica en la cualidad gen��rica de las estrategias proyectuales en Sejima-SANAA. Las cuatro siguientes dilucidan hasta qu�� punto hay, en sus proyectos, rasgos o significantes formales y/o estructurales que sean a su vez se��ales caracter��sticas del panorama arquitect��nico contempor��neo; y plantean la pregunta estrella: ��hay algunos que, apuntando m��s lejos, supongan aportaciones originales? --Como aportaciones originales la tesis destaca: la identificaci��n entre el ideal gen��rico y proyecto concreto; y la propuesta de un espacio nuevo, h��brido, una suerte de estadio intermedio entre el espacio subdividido y compartimentado de la tradici��n y el continuo moderno. --Como s��ntomas de contemporaneidad se destacan: respecto de la forma, la traslaci��n de la especificidad formal de la parte al conjunto; y respecto de la estructura, la tendencia contempor��nea a hacer estructuras cada vez m��s ligeras y livianas, que tienden a lo evanescente. ��sta ��ltima, la tendencia al evanescencia estructural, podr��a tener la condici��n de aportaci��n original, no en vano la desaparici��n de la estructura lleva la evanescencia hacia sus ��ltimas consecuencias, y en el caso de estructuras con presencia f��sica, hace que dejen de ser el sistema ordenador orquestador del proceso proyectual. ABSTRACT The Thesis decodes a selection of twenty representative Sejima-SANAA projects, from the first one built, the Platform I House in 1987, to the Rolex Center in 2010, year in which Sejima and Nishizawa ���SANAA- received the Pritzker Prize. Eleven projects are from Sejima: Platform I, Platform II, Saishunkan Seiyaku Women��s Dormitory, N- House, Pachinco Parlor I, Villa in the Forest, Policy Box at Chofu Station, Y-House, Gifu Kitigata Apartment, World City Expo ��96 Facilities Building, Pachinko Parlor III; and nine from SANAA: Multimedia Workshop in Ogaki, Metropolitan Housing Studies, Park Caf�� in Koga, De Kunstlinie in Almere, Kanazawa Museum, Glass Pavilion at the Toledo Museum of Art, Zollverein School, Flower House and the Rolex Center. This decoding reads the Sejima-SANAA���s projects inversely aiming ���to reconstruct', in a fictitious simulation exercise, a likely and coherent version of what her/their projectual processes ���could��� have been; ���could���, because the true ones are impossible to explain. The ones proposed here pretend only to be likely and reasonable. By so doing the Thesis tries to contribute to the understanding and comprehension of Sejima-SANAA architecture and, tangentially and to a lesser extent, to the theory of architectural projects exercise. Decoding centers in two specific aspects: architectural form, and projectual role of the load bearing structure. Both decodes inevitably extend to other related aspects such as, for example, the nature of space. The research procedure begun by carrying out an objective and detailed description of the formal and structural signifiers of each project; looking at them from their physical and geometric configuration. Taken to the limit, the ���objective��� descriptions allowed the conceptual structures and underlying logics of each project to arise. Together with critical interpretations, which related and confronted them with other architectures and well-known projectual working ways, it became possible to outline and trace the intended fictitious reconstruction decodes. The descriptive analytical work materialized in twenty critical essays, and was accompanied by a set of other essays on subjects suggested or demanded by the research process. Together, all those texts were the material basis on which thesis work was built. Looking at the whole and taking it from there, the thesis identifies two related projectual trajectories: a trajectory of formal strategies and a trajectory of strategies having to do with structural systems and components. Both, together, constitute the bulk of the thesis, as presented in the four central chapters. Preceding them there is an introductory chapter outlining the biographical path of Kazuyo Sejima and the professional trajectory of Sejima-SANAA. And following them there is another one containing transversal texts on form, place and space. The thesis ends with a synthesis on conclusions. The formal strategies are displayed in three chapters. The first one, `Early formal strategies' groups the first phase projects by Sejima. The second one, ���Formal strategies of Gifu���s paradigm���, is entirely dedicated to the Gifu apartments project, 1994-98, which according to this thesis meant an important inflexion point in Sejima���s trajectory; so much so that the third chapter is named `Formal strategies after Gifu' and gathers the selected projects that followed it. The ���Early formal strategies', diverse and tentative, move in general around two well-known projectual composition methods ���composition by parts���, and ���systematic composition���. This last one ���systematic composition- begins and leads in SANAA���s trajectory an aspect which will remain relevant from here on: the understanding of the project as if it were an specific instance of a generic proposal in which -below and beyond the project tangible reality- there lays a logic that could be applicable at other places, for other dimensions, even with other programs; from each project, other projects of the same family could rise. The set of projects using this systematic composition method include, among others, the ���Platform II House, based on the definition of a constructive element and of rules having to do with its replicas and their possible groupings. It also includes the Saishunkan Seiyaku Women Residence -project that launched Sejima to international fame- that could also be seen as a system, but of a different kind: a system based on the regular repetition of a series of elements along a directive line, thus generating a hypothetical infinite container of which the project would be only a fragment. The formal strategy of the Gifu apartments building would push further towards the generic project concept, adopting the logic of a game. The project would be a bout, a round, one play���, but not the only possible one; others could be played. The thesis confirms this game hypothesis -after having formulated `The Game of Gifu' and identified its elements (board, chips, rules and procedures)- playing the one play from which the building as projected by Sejima would have raised. Gifu extends the concept of ���repeating a constructive element��� to that of ���repeating a space pattern element���, and to what it implies: the decoupling of form and function, leading to a new concept of flexibility that no longer refers to the flexible use of the constructed building but to the projectual moment at which the specific functions are assigned to the space patterns. This thesis proposes that this allocation of functions would be one of the last steps in projectual process, quite opposite from the modern premise: ���form follows function���. The Formal strategies after Gifu do also have a game logic; but, as their names reveal, each strategy responds to a different game: ���Game Boards���, present with different maturity levels in several projects; ���Elements from a Catalogue���, in the Kanazawa Museum; ���Aprioristic Form���, in the Flower House; and ���Repetition of a topologic situation', in the Rolex Center. All of these strategies, or games, maintain common aspects having to do with architectural form; aspects that were already present, precisely, in Gifu: repetition of space pattern units, uncoupling of form and function, and a new meaning of flexibility. -`Game Boards��� consists on setting up a base geometry -each project his, generally reticular- and give form to each project system (structure, closings, partitions and furniture) by choosing elements -intersections, lines, modules- it offers. Each project system is formed, in principle, with no subordinated relation with any of the others; when subordination is unavoidable, the game rules determine that the load bearing structural system may not be the one to materialize the base geometric order, which means that it does not exert the dominant role. Therefore, ���Game Boards' transgresses the Modern logic, because the structure neither reflects nor reveals the base order, and because the systems do not respect any of the hierarchic and chained subordination relations that the ���free plan��� called for. ���Game Boards' leads to quite different solutions and formal projects: the Oogaki and Park Coffee projects show incipient Game Boards; The Almere Kunstlinie and the Zollverein School present consolidations of this strategy; and the Toledo���s Glass Pavilion results from subverting the strategy. In addition, the Toledo project takes the repetition concept beyond that of using a constructive element and a space pattern element (in this case with a bubble form) to end up affecting the personal experience of the spectator, who, wherever he is, feels to always be in the same place. This thesis denominates that repetitive space as ���Mantra space '. -���Elements from a Catalogue��� is shown with the Kanazawa Museum. Its logic starts from the definition of a series of elements, very few, and it is based on the huge number of possible combinations among them. The ���Elements from a Catalogue��� approach was announced in the Gifu project when characterizing its space pattern elements. -Aprioristic Form' is illustrated by the Flower House. The decision on the type of form -in this case the form of an amoeba- would be the beginning of the projectual process, but it does not mean it is arbitrary form: the amoeba form implies repeating a space pattern (pseudopodia) and an apotheosis of the repetition concept: embracing the space experience, it gives rise to a repetitive or mantra space. ���Mantra Space��� is one of leitmotivs used as an argument in the last formal strategy Thesis decodes: the Rolex Center. With respect to the ���Projectual strategies of the load bearing structure���, the thesis finds and traces a trajectory of five projectual strategies: ���preeminence, concealment, dissolution, disappearance and desvirtuaci��n���. --Preeminence is present in Sejima���s first works in which she resorts to structures which have a dominant preeminent role in the project in so far as they impersonate the greater scale and/or materialize the base geometric order. In later works that preeminence will be inverted, the projects aiming towards its opposite: lighter, slighter, smaller structures. -Concealment reduces the dominant role of the structure. At the outset concealment is literal, almost hiding the structural elements, as in Gifu; soon it will become more sophisticated, such as the concealment by camouflage or the paradoxical concealment by multiplication in the Koga Park Caf��. -Dissolution diminishes the dominant condition of the structure: instead of its��� being configured as unitary or homogenous system is fragmented in several subsystems. -Disappearance talks about structures that fade away as self referred and independent systems; projects in which the load bearing function is carried out by other systems such as the set of partitions. Disappearance reaches its zenith at the Flower House, whose perimeter functions structurally being, in addition, transparent, immaterial: its structure has become invisible, has disappeared. -Desvirtuaci��n talks about structures that do appear like independent self-systems, but which that do not longer have a preeminent paper, inasmuch as they do not materialize the base order. This strategy correlates with the ���Game Boards��� formal strategy. The thesis conclusions are show by the organization of the thesis itself: its identification of the different strategies. Even so, as epilogues, the thesis exposes six ���Conclusions���. The first two emphasize the leading thread of the work done, rooted in the generic quality of the Sejima-SANAA projectual strategies. The following four expound to what extent their projects show features, or formal and/or structural signifiers, which also are or can be read as characteristic signals of the contemporary architectonic panorama, and raise the key question: aiming farther, may some of them be taken as original contributions? -As original contributions the conclusions highlight: the identification between the generic ideal and the concrete project; and the proposal of a new, hybrid space, kind of an intermediate stage between the traditional subdivided compartmented space and the continuous modern. -As symptoms of contemporaneousness: in relation to the form it highlights the transferring of the formal specificity from the part to the whole; and in relation to the structure, it underscore the contemporary tendency towards lighter and growingly slimmer structures, tending to the evanescent. This last one, the tendency towards structural evanescence, could have condition of being an original contribution, not in vain it carries the structural disappearance towards its last consequences; and in the case of structures with physical presence, it makes them to cease being the ordering system orchestrating the projectual process.

Gesti��n de dispositivos integrados en una Arquitectura de la Red de las Cosas

La Arquitectura de la Red de las Cosas (IoT) hace referencia a una red de objetos cotidianos interconectados digitalmente. Gracias a IoT, no s��lo podemos almacenar, analizar e intercambiar informaci��n y datos con dichos objetos, sino que adem��s ellos pueden tener la capacidad de interactuar entre ellos de forma aut��noma. Para ellos, los objetos cotidianos disponen de actuadores y sensores que permiten modificar su comportamiento y conocer su estado y propiedades, respectivamente. La gesti��n de IoT combina todas las funcionalidades necesarias para coordinar un sistema con una Arquitectura de la Red de las Cosas. Una buena gesti��n del sistema puede reducir costes, mejorar la asistencia a problemas de uso inesperado, corregir fallos y permitir la escalabilidad del sistema permiti��ndole la incorporaci��n de nuevos m��dulos y funcionalidades. En este Proyecto Fin de Grado se realizar�� primero un an��lisis de los aspectos de IoT relacionados con la gesti��n de dispositivos integrados en la Arquitectura de la Red de las Cosas. Despu��s se proceder�� a realizar la especificaci��n y el dise��o de plataforma de gesti��n. Y finalmente se desarrollar��n un caso de uso que permita validar algunos elementos de la plataforma dise��ada. Se realizar��n distintas pruebas para comprobar una correcta gesti��n de los dispositivos como el correcto funcionamiento del dise��o previamente establecido, por medio, entre otras, de las siguientes operaciones: listar los elementos conectados, posibilidad de obtener y/o modificar dichos elementos (su configuraci��n y su estado) o presentar informes y comprobar el estado en el que se encuentran los dispositivos: operativos o no operativos. De tal forma, en esta memoria se plasma como se ha desarrollado la gesti��n de dispositivos integrados en un sistema con Arquitectura de la Red de las Cosas utilizando tanto plataformas Intel Galileo como Arduino. ABSTRACT. The Architecture of the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of digitally interconnected everyday objects. With IoT, not only we can store, analyze and exchange information and data with objects, but they can also autonomously interact among them. To accomplish that, the everyday objects are made of actuators and sensors that let us act on their behavior and know their state and properties, respectively. Management of IoT combines all the functionalities needed for coordinating a system with an Architecture of the Internet of Things. A good management system can reduce faults, improve assistance to reduce unexpected problems, correct errors and allow the scalability of the system, allowing the addition of new modules and functionalities. In this Degree Final Project, an analysis about aspects of IoT related to the management of devices integrated into the Architecture of the Internet of things is carried out first. Then, the specification and the design of the management platform is made. Finally, a use case will be developed to validate some elements of the designed platform. Several tests will be run to check the correct management of the devices such as the proper functioning of the design previously established, requesting, among others, the following set of operations: list the connected elements, possibility to obtain or modify these elements (their configuration and their state) or reporting and checking which devices are operating or non-operating. So, in this memory it is explained how it has been carried out the management of devices integrated in a system with an Architecture of the Internet of Things (IoT), based on the Intel Galileo and Arduino platforms.

A framework for mixed-criticality partitioned real-time embedded systems

Los sistemas empotrados son cada d��a m��s comunes y complejos, de modo que encontrar procesos seguros, eficaces y baratos de desarrollo software dirigidos espec��ficamente a esta clase de sistemas es m��s necesario que nunca. A diferencia de lo que ocurr��a hasta hace poco, en la actualidad los avances tecnol��gicos en el campo de los microprocesadores de los ��ltimos tiempos permiten el desarrollo de equipos con prestaciones m��s que suficientes para ejecutar varios sistemas software en una ��nica m��quina. Adem��s, hay sistemas empotrados con requisitos de seguridad (safety) de cuyo correcto funcionamiento depende la vida de muchas personas y/o grandes inversiones econ��micas. Estos sistemas software se dise��an e implementan de acuerdo con unos est��ndares de desarrollo software muy estrictos y exigentes. En algunos casos puede ser necesaria tambi��n la certificaci��n del software. Para estos casos, los sistemas con criticidades mixtas pueden ser una alternativa muy valiosa. En esta clase de sistemas, aplicaciones con diferentes niveles de criticidad se ejecutan en el mismo computador. Sin embargo, a menudo es necesario certificar el sistema entero con el nivel de criticidad de la aplicaci��n m��s cr��tica, lo que hace que los costes se disparen. La virtualizaci��n se ha postulado como una tecnolog��a muy interesante para contener esos costes. Esta tecnolog��a permite que un conjunto de m��quinas virtuales o particiones ejecuten las aplicaciones con unos niveles de aislamiento tanto temporal como espacial muy altos. Esto, a su vez, permite que cada partici��n pueda ser certificada independientemente. Para el desarrollo de sistemas particionados con criticidades mixtas se necesita actualizar los modelos de desarrollo software tradicionales, pues estos no cubren ni las nuevas actividades ni los nuevos roles que se requieren en el desarrollo de estos sistemas. Por ejemplo, el integrador del sistema debe definir las particiones o el desarrollador de aplicaciones debe tener en cuenta las caracter��sticas de la partici��n donde su aplicaci��n va a ejecutar. Tradicionalmente, en el desarrollo de sistemas empotrados, el modelo en V ha tenido una especial relevancia. Por ello, este modelo ha sido adaptado para tener en cuenta escenarios tales como el desarrollo en paralelo de aplicaciones o la incorporaci��n de una nueva partici��n a un sistema ya existente. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es mejorar la tecnolog��a actual de desarrollo de sistemas particionados con criticidades mixtas. Para ello, se ha dise��ado e implementado un entorno dirigido espec��ficamente a facilitar y mejorar los procesos de desarrollo de esta clase de sistemas. En concreto, se ha creado un algoritmo que genera el particionado del sistema autom��ticamente. En el entorno de desarrollo propuesto, se han integrado todas las actividades necesarias para desarrollo de un sistema particionado, incluidos los nuevos roles y actividades mencionados anteriormente. Adem��s, el dise��o del entorno de desarrollo se ha basado en la ingenier��a guiada por modelos (Model-Driven Engineering), la cual promueve el uso de los modelos como elementos fundamentales en el proceso de desarrollo. As�� pues, se proporcionan las herramientas necesarias para modelar y particionar el sistema, as�� como para validar los resultados y generar los artefactos necesarios para el compilado, construcci��n y despliegue del mismo. Adem��s, en el dise��o del entorno de desarrollo, la extensi��n e integraci��n del mismo con herramientas de validaci��n ha sido un factor clave. En concreto, se pueden incorporar al entorno de desarrollo nuevos requisitos no-funcionales, la generaci��n de nuevos artefactos tales como documentaci��n o diferentes lenguajes de programaci��n, etc. Una parte clave del entorno de desarrollo es el algoritmo de particionado. Este algoritmo se ha dise��ado para ser independiente de los requisitos de las aplicaciones as�� como para permitir al integrador del sistema implementar nuevos requisitos del sistema. Para lograr esta independencia, se han definido las restricciones al particionado. El algoritmo garantiza que dichas restricciones se cumplir��n en el sistema particionado que resulte de su ejecuci��n. Las restricciones al particionado se han dise��ado con una capacidad expresiva suficiente para que, con un peque��o grupo de ellas, se puedan expresar la mayor parte de los requisitos no-funcionales m��s comunes. Las restricciones pueden ser definidas manualmente por el integrador del sistema o bien pueden ser generadas autom��ticamente por una herramienta a partir de los requisitos funcionales y no-funcionales de una aplicaci��n. El algoritmo de particionado toma como entradas los modelos y las restricciones al particionado del sistema. Tras la ejecuci��n y como resultado, se genera un modelo de despliegue en el que se definen las particiones que son necesarias para el particionado del sistema. A su vez, cada partici��n define qu�� aplicaciones deben ejecutar en ella as�� como los recursos que necesita la partici��n para ejecutar correctamente. El problema del particionado y las restricciones al particionado se modelan matem��ticamente a trav��s de grafos coloreados. En dichos grafos, un coloreado propio de los v��rtices representa un particionado del sistema correcto. El algoritmo se ha dise��ado tambi��n para que, si es necesario, sea posible obtener particionados alternativos al inicialmente propuesto. El entorno de desarrollo, incluyendo el algoritmo de particionado, se ha probado con ��xito en dos casos de uso industriales: el sat��lite UPMSat-2 y un demostrador del sistema de control de una turbina e��lica. Adem��s, el algoritmo se ha validado mediante la ejecuci��n de numerosos escenarios sint��ticos, incluyendo algunos muy complejos, de m��s de 500 aplicaciones. ABSTRACT The importance of embedded software is growing as it is required for a large number of systems. Devising cheap, efficient and reliable development processes for embedded systems is thus a notable challenge nowadays. Computer processing power is continuously increasing, and as a result, it is currently possible to integrate complex systems in a single processor, which was not feasible a few years ago.Embedded systems may have safety critical requirements. Its failure may result in personal or substantial economical loss. The development of these systems requires stringent development processes that are usually defined by suitable standards. In some cases their certification is also necessary. This scenario fosters the use of mixed-criticality systems in which applications of different criticality levels must coexist in a single system. In these cases, it is usually necessary to certify the whole system, including non-critical applications, which is costly. Virtualization emerges as an enabling technology used for dealing with this problem. The system is structured as a set of partitions, or virtual machines, that can be executed with temporal and spatial isolation. In this way, applications can be developed and certified independently. The development of MCPS (Mixed-Criticality Partitioned Systems) requires additional roles and activities that traditional systems do not require. The system integrator has to define system partitions. Application development has to consider the characteristics of the partition to which it is allocated. In addition, traditional software process models have to be adapted to this scenario. The V-model is commonly used in embedded systems development. It can be adapted to the development of MCPS by enabling the parallel development of applications or adding an additional partition to an existing system. The objective of this PhD is to improve the available technology for MCPS development by providing a framework tailored to the development of this type of system and by defining a flexible and efficient algorithm for automatically generating system partitionings. The goal of the framework is to integrate all the activities required for developing MCPS and to support the different roles involved in this process. The framework is based on MDE (Model-Driven Engineering), which emphasizes the use of models in the development process. The framework provides basic means for modeling the system, generating system partitions, validating the system and generating final artifacts. The framework has been designed to facilitate its extension and the integration of external validation tools. In particular, it can be extended by adding support for additional non-functional requirements and support for final artifacts, such as new programming languages or additional documentation. The framework includes a novel partitioning algorithm. It has been designed to be independent of the types of applications requirements and also to enable the system integrator to tailor the partitioning to the specific requirements of a system. This independence is achieved by defining partitioning constraints that must be met by the resulting partitioning. They have sufficient expressive capacity to state the most common constraints and can be defined manually by the system integrator or generated automatically based on functional and non-functional requirements of the applications. The partitioning algorithm uses system models and partitioning constraints as its inputs. It generates a deployment model that is composed by a set of partitions. Each partition is in turn composed of a set of allocated applications and assigned resources. The partitioning problem, including applications and constraints, is modeled as a colored graph. A valid partitioning is a proper vertex coloring. A specially designed algorithm generates this coloring and is able to provide alternative partitions if required. The framework, including the partitioning algorithm, has been successfully used in the development of two industrial use cases: the UPMSat-2 satellite and the control system of a wind-power turbine. The partitioning algorithm has been successfully validated by using a large number of synthetic loads, including complex scenarios with more that 500 applications.

Los programas municipales de ocupaci��n guiada: instrumentos preferentes de habitabilidad b��sica versus la urbanizaci��n informal futura. El caso de Trujillo (Per��)

El crecimiento demogr��fico y el proceso de urbanizaci��n que ha experimentado el planeta en el ��ltimo siglo se ha traducido, en contextos de pobreza, en la generaci��n de tugurios y en el aumento de la poblaci��n viviendo en condiciones de habitabilidad precaria (HaP) fruto de la urbanizaci��n informal. Situaci��n que, seg��n las estimaciones de Naciones Unidas continuar�� teniendo lugar en las pr��ximas d��cadas, especialmente en las ciudades de las regiones menos desarrolladas. Este ha sido el problema espec��fico que se ha querido atender con el presente trabajo: la b��squeda de un instrumento urbano que incida en la reducci��n de las tasas de precariedad habitacional urbana futuras, la b��squeda de instrumentos que eviten que ese aumento de la urbanizaci��n se traduzca en aumento de poblaci��n condenada a vivir en tugurios durante d��cadas. Dicha b��squeda ha tenido lugar en el marco de la teor��a de la Habitabilidad B��sica (HaB) desarrollada por el ICHaBC��tedra UNESCO de Habitabilidad B��sica de la UPM. Una HaB que consiste en la satisfacci��n de las necesidades fundamentales de habitabilidad pero, a su vez, o m��s importante a��n, en una esperanza de mejora y progreso paulatino de esas condiciones elementales entendida como herramienta de desarrollo y lucha contra la pobreza. Como herramienta b��sica, no se trata de ofrecer las condiciones ideales, sino de brindar un camino razonable, que se considera posible, para que miles de millones de personas que viven en HaP o parecen condenadas a tener que hacerlo, puedan acceder a mejores condiciones de vida en tiempos m��s cortos. Entre las pol��ticas habitacionales no convencionales puestas en marcha desde H��bitat I en 1976, las de habilitaci��n urbana progresiva, y m��s en particular, la Ocupaci��n Guiada, resultan ser en contextos de escasez econ��mica, el mejor instrumento para hacer frente a la urbanizaci��n informal, un instrumento paradigm��tico m��nimo preferente de implantaci��n ex novo de HaB. Lo es, por la atenci��n prestada en la elecci��n del suelo y la parcelaci��n, las dos etapas cabecera del proceso, as�� como por los mecanismos implementados para atender la etapa de urbanizaci��n en su fase provisional, y por dejar la ��ltima etapa, la de la edificaci��n de las viviendas, en manos de la poblaci��n. El proceso de urbanizaci��n que se favorece es parecido al de los tugurios y ocupaciones ilegales en lo referente a las etapas y mecanismos de crecimiento. Sin embargo, la diferencia est�� en las condiciones en las que se produce, en los niveles de salubridad y de seguridad, y en la proyecci��n de futuro. El Programa de Ocupaci��n Guiada 'Alto Trujillo' (POG), puesto en marcha por la municipalidad de Trujillo (Per��) entre 1995 y 2006 fue concebido para hacer frente a los procesos de urbanizaci��n informal que estaban teniendo lugar en la ciudad y ha demostrado ser un mecanismo adecuado para garantizar el acceso regulado al suelo, las infraestructuras, los servicios b��sicos y la vivienda en condiciones de fuerte restricci��n econ��mica mediante un cogesti��n acertada entre municipalidad, poblaci��n y dem��s actores del proceso. El POG eligi�� un suelo no vulnerable y en continuidad con el tejido urbano, con la parcelaci��n estableci�� el orden geom��trico del asentamiento y reserv�� los espacios p��blicos destinados a equipamientos, zonas verdes y viario, y fij�� las dimensiones de las parcelas, acompa���� a la poblaci��n en el proceso de ocupaci��n guiada de las mismas, as�� como en el posterior desarrollo progresivo del asentamiento haciendo una fuerte apuesta por lo p��blico, relegando la construcci��n de las viviendas al esfuerzo de los pobladores. Los POG municipales resultan ser un instrumento replicable siempre que se den cinco condiciones: la existencia de un marco institucional adecuado que contemple la descentralizaci��n de competencias, que haya inter��s y continuidad pol��tica en el gobierno local, acceso a suelo urbano disponible y voluntad de co-gesti��n con la poblaci��n. El an��lisis del POG ha permitido elaborar una propuesta de replicabilidad del POG basada en la experiencia de soluciones ya implementadas, que han sido contrastadas emp��ricamente y analizadas para aprender de sus fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas, as�� como de sus aciertos y errores. La estrategia de replicabilidad del POG se plantea como alternativa a la urbanizaci��n informal con mecanismos mejorados para que las ciudades se desarrollen siguiendo unos par��metros m��nimos de HaB y no a trav��s de asentamientos informales que dificulten el progreso futuro de las familias que los habitan y de las mismas ciudades de las que forman parte. Esta propuesta de replicabilidad, que precisa ser adaptada a cada contexto, ten��a una clara vocaci��n: intentar ser instrumento en la regi��n del planeta donde, seg��n las estimaciones, en los pr��ximos treinta a��os el crecimiento demogr��fico y el proceso de urbanizaci��n ser��n m��s fuertes: ��frica Subsahariana. Por ello, con el apoyo de expertos mozambique��os en temas de habitabilidad, se estudi�� la replicabilidad en Mozambique incorporando las medidas necesarias que dar��an respuesta a los condicionantes particulares del pa��s. ABSTRACT The demographic growth and the urbanisation process that the planet has experienced in the last century has turned into the generation of slums and in the increase of population living in conditions of precarious habitability (HaP) result of the informal urbanisation, in contexts of poverty. According to the United Nations estimations, this situation will continue taking place in the next decades, especially in the cities of the least developed regions. The present work has wanted to attend this specific problem by the search of an urban instrument that has an impact on the reduction of the urban future precarious housing rates, a search of instruments that prevent that this urbanisation spread become an increase of population doomed to live in slums during decades. The above mentioned search has taken place in the frame of the Basic Habitability theory (HaB) developed by the ICHaB-C��tedra UNESCO of Basic Habitability of the UPM. HaB consists of the satisfaction of the fundamental habitability needs but, in turn, or still more important, it is the hope of improvement and gradual progress of these elementary conditions. The HaB is understood as a tool of development and fight against poverty. As a basic tool, it does not offer the ideal conditions, but it offers a reasonable way, which is considered to be possible, so that thousands of million persons who live in HaP or that seem to be doomed to have to do it, could gain access to better living conditions in shorter times. Between the non conventional housing policies started up from Habitat I in 1976, those of urban progressive fitting out, and more especially, the Guided Occupation, has turned out to be, in contexts of economic shortage, the best instrument to face the informal urbanisation, a preferential and minimum paradigmatic instrument of ex-novo HaB implementation. It is so due to the attention given to the appropriate site selection and the land allotment, both headboard stages of the process, as well as to the mechanisms implemented to attend the urbanisation stage in its provisional phase, and to leave the last stage, the building process, in population hands. The urbanisation process that is favored is similar to that of the slums and squatting in what concerns the stages and mechanisms of growth. Nevertheless, the difference is in the conditions in which it takes place, in the levels of health and safety, and in the future projection. The Program of Guided Occupation 'Alto Trujillo' (PGO), turned on by the Provincial City Hall of Trujillo (Peru) between 1995 and 2006, was conceived to face the processes of informal urbanisation that took place in the city and it has demonstrated to be a mechanism adapted to guarantee the regulated access to soil, infrastructures, basic services and housing in conditions of strong economic restriction by means of a succeeded co-management between municipality, population and other process actors. The PGO chose a non vulnerable soil in continuity with the urban fabric, with the land allotment established the settlement geometric order, reserved the public spaces allocated for urban facilities, green spaces and streets, and fixed the plot dimensions, accompanied the population in the plot guided occupation process, as well as in the later progressive settlement development betting strongly for the public components, relegating the housing construction to the settlers effort. The municipal PGO turn out to be a replicable instrument under five conditions: the existence of an institutional suitable frame that contemplates the decentralization competitions, interest and political continuity in the local government, access to urban available soil and will of co-management with the population. The PGO analysis has allowed to elaborate a replicability proposal of the PGO based on the experience of the already implemented solutions, which have been empirically confirmed and analyzed to learn of its strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats, as well as of its successes and mistakes. The replicability strategy of the PGO is considered an alternative to the informal urbanisation with improved mechanisms in order that the cities can develop following a few HaB's minimal parameters, but not through informal settlements that would make difficult the families future progress and that of the cities where they live. This replicability proposal, that needs to be adapted to every context, had a clear vocation: try to be an instrument in the region of the planet where, according to the estimations, in the next thirty years the demographic growth and the urbanisation process will be stronger: Sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, with the support of Mozambican experts in habitability topics, the replicability was studied in Mozambique incorporating the necessary measures that would give response to the country's determinants.

Opening of a monomer-monomer interface of the trimeric bacteriophage T4-coded GP45 sliding clamp is required for clamp loading onto DNA

The replication system of bacteriophage T4 uses a trimeric ring-shaped processivity clamp (gp45) to tether the replication polymerase (gp43) to the template-primer DNA. This ring is placed onto the DNA by an ATPase-driven clamp-loading complex (gp44/62) where it then transfers, in closed form, to the polymerase. It generally has been assumed that one of the functions of the loading machinery is to open the clamp to place it around the DNA. However, the mechanism by which this occurs has not been fully defined. In this study we design and characterize a double-mutant gp45 protein that contains pairs of cysteine residues located at each monomer-monomer interface of the trimeric clamp. This mutant protein is functionally equivalent to wild-type gp45. However, when all three monomer-monomer interfaces are tethered by covalent crosslinks formed (reversibly or irreversibly) between the cysteine pairs these closed clamps can no longer be loaded onto the DNA nor onto the polymerase, effectively eliminating processive strand-displacement DNA synthesis. Analysis of the individual steps of the clamp-loading process shows that the ATPase-dependent interactions between the clamp and the clamp loader that precede DNA binding are hyperstimulated by the covalently crosslinked ring, suggesting that binding of the closed ring induces a futile, ATP-driven, ring-opening cycle. These findings and others permit further characterization and ordering of the steps involved in the T4 clamp-loading process.